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'''Lüqiu Xiaotong''' (26 March 1924 - 23 February 1987) was a {{wp|China|Chinese}} politician, economist, and political philosopher who served as Premier of China from 1968 to 1970 and President of China from 1982 to his death in 1987. Ideologically a {{wp|Three Principles of the People|Principled}} {{wp|Communism|Communist}} and {{wp|civic nationalism|civic nationalist}}, Lüqiu promoted his philosophy of [[traditional socialism]] as a {{wp|democratic socialism|democratic socialist}} alternative to the {{wp|Marxism-Leninism}} of the {{wp|France|French Commune}} and the {{wp|liberal democracy|liberal}} {{wp|capitalism}} of the {{wp|United States}}. Accordingly, as President Lüqiu led China to challenge France and the United States; first, Lüqiu funded anti-colonial {{wp|guerrilla warfare|guerrillas}} in {{wp|French Indochina}} and {{wp|French Africa}}, destabilizing the French Commune and leading to [[Vasturia|Operation Just Cause]], a multilateral invasion of the French Commune, that led to the Commune's dissolution and the establishment of {{wp|democratic socialism|democratic socialist}} states in French Africa and {{wp|social democracy|social democratic}} states in Indochina and France proper; second, Lüqiu helped end the Sino-American alliance that existed since World War II and make the two countries each other's greatest rivals by, among other anti-American actions, helping form the [[Vasturia|International Solidarity Pact]], a {{wp|defense pact}} of democratic socialist states implicitly standing in opposition to the United States's [[Vasturia|Pacific-Atlantic Treaty Organization]]. These policies, amongst others, made Lüqiu Xiaotong one of the most consequential and controversial politicians in Chinese history.
'''Lüqiu Xiaotong''' (26 March 1924 - 23 February 1987) was a {{wp|China|Chinese}} politician, economist, and political philosopher who served as Premier of China from 1968 to 1970 and President of China from 1982 to his death in 1987. Ideologically a {{wp|Three Principles of the People|Principled}} {{wp|Communism|Communist}} and {{wp|left-wing nationalism|left-wing nationalist}}, Lüqiu promoted his philosophy of [[traditional socialism]] as a {{wp|democratic socialism|democratic socialist}} alternative to the {{wp|Marxism-Leninism}} of the {{wp|France|French Commune}} and the {{wp|liberal democracy|liberal}} {{wp|capitalism}} of the {{wp|United States}}. Accordingly, as President Lüqiu led China to challenge France and the United States. First, Lüqiu funded anti-colonial {{wp|guerrilla warfare|guerrillas}} in {{wp|French Indochina}} and {{wp|French Africa}}, destabilizing the French Commune and leading to [[Vasturia|Operation Just Cause]], a multilateral invasion of the French Commune that led to its's dissolution and the establishment of {{wp|democratic socialism|democratic socialist}} states in French Africa and {{wp|social democracy|social democratic}} states in Indochina and France proper. Second, Lüqiu helped end the Sino-American alliance that existed since World War II and make the two countries each other's greatest rivals by, among other anti-American actions, forming the [[Vasturia|International Solidarity Pact]], a {{wp|defense pact}} of democratic socialist states implicitly opposed to the United States's [[Vasturia|Pacific-Atlantic Treaty Organization]]. These policies, amongst others, made Lüqiu Xiaotong one of the most consequential and controversial politicians in Chinese history.


Lüqiu Xiaotong was born in {{wp|Shanghai}} in 1924 to a middle-class, politically active family supportive of the liberal {{wp|Minmeng}} in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Lüqiu attended {{wp|Zhejiang University}} as a student of political economy from 1942 to 1946, becaming a {{wp|Marxism|Marxist}}. After graduating from Zhejiang, Lüqiu enlisted in the {{wp|National Revolutionary Army}}, serving as a Sergeant during the late stages of {{wp|World War II}}. After the War ended, Lüqiu - traumatized thanks to his wartime experiences, although those he knew venerated him as a war hero - temporarily served as a {{wp|Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monk}}, a practice relatively common in Southeast Asia but less so in China. Lüqiu then studied {{wp|international relations}} at the {{wp|London School of Economics}} from 1949 to 1952, coming under {{wp|Harold Laski}}'s influence.
Lüqiu Xiaotong was born in {{wp|Shanghai}} in 1924 to a middle-class, politically active family supportive of the liberal {{wp|Minmeng}} in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Lüqiu attended {{wp|Zhejiang University}} as a student of political economy from 1942 to 1946, becaming a {{wp|Marxism|Marxist}}. After graduating from Zhejiang, Lüqiu enlisted in the {{wp|National Revolutionary Army}}, serving as a Sergeant during the late stages of {{wp|World War II}}. After the War ended, Lüqiu - traumatized thanks to his wartime experiences, although those he knew venerated him as a war hero - temporarily served as a {{wp|Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monk}}, a practice relatively common in Southeast Asia but less so in China. Lüqiu then studied {{wp|international relations}} at the {{wp|London School of Economics}} from 1949 to 1952, coming under {{wp|Harold Laski}}'s influence.
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Lüqiu was then nominated and successfully elected to the {{wp|Legislative Yuan}} in 1956 as a member of the far-left [[Vasturia|Solidarity Party]], formed by After independent, Workers' Party-aligned union activists. His academic and political background eventually caused the ruling Government to appoint him Chairman of the [[Western China Development Authority]] in 1960. Lüqiu performed admirably as Chair of the WCDA, helping spread spreading the prosperity of the early 1960s to the impoverished West, leading to his appointment as Minister of Economic Affairs in 1962. Then, Lüqiu's 1964 [[Martyrs' Blood speech]], praising the Plural Left Coalition's economic policies and denouncing the KMT's campaigning tactics, catapulted him to national political prominence. Though the Plural Left Coalition failed to win reelection in 1964, the Spech helped elect Lüqiu Xiaotong Leader of the Patriotic Labour Party, a merger of the largest parties in the Plural Left Coalition, in 1965. As PLP Leader, his major electoral strategy - appealing to rural, historically KMT voters - mirrored his support for a social conservative-socialist alliance, which led him to author ''From Zongzu to Minsheng: On Tradition and Socialism'', beginning the [[traditional socialism|traditional socialist]] movement.
Lüqiu was then nominated and successfully elected to the {{wp|Legislative Yuan}} in 1956 as a member of the far-left [[Vasturia|Solidarity Party]], formed by After independent, Workers' Party-aligned union activists. His academic and political background eventually caused the ruling Government to appoint him Chairman of the [[Western China Development Authority]] in 1960. Lüqiu performed admirably as Chair of the WCDA, helping spread spreading the prosperity of the early 1960s to the impoverished West, leading to his appointment as Minister of Economic Affairs in 1962. Then, Lüqiu's 1964 [[Martyrs' Blood speech]], praising the Plural Left Coalition's economic policies and denouncing the KMT's campaigning tactics, catapulted him to national political prominence. Though the Plural Left Coalition failed to win reelection in 1964, the Spech helped elect Lüqiu Xiaotong Leader of the Patriotic Labour Party, a merger of the largest parties in the Plural Left Coalition, in 1965. As PLP Leader, his major electoral strategy - appealing to rural, historically KMT voters - mirrored his support for a social conservative-socialist alliance, which led him to author ''From Zongzu to Minsheng: On Tradition and Socialism'', beginning the [[traditional socialism|traditional socialist]] movement.


After the Patriotic Labour Party made gains during the 1968 parliamentary elections during an economic recession, Lüqiu Xiaotong became Premier at the helm ofa coalition government between the PLP, the {{wp|Islamic socialism|Islamic socialist}} and {{wp|regionalism|regionalist}} Fidesian Workers' Coalition, and the centrist Progressive Party. During Lüqiu's Premiership, the government endeavored to establish a {{wp|social democracy|social-democratic}} {{wp|welfare state}}, successfully establishing universal {{wp|childcare}} and two free school meals daily through the [[Vasturia|Families First Program]] and old-age pensions through the [[Vasturia|State Pension Fund]], though the Pension Fund only came into effect in 1980. Lüqiu's Premiership also enacted {{wp|agrarian reform}} through the {{wp|Canadian Wheat Board|National Agricultural Board}} and [[Vasturia|Regional Agricultural Boards]], enjoying a {{wp|monopsony}} on staple crops and owning agricultural machinery and warehouses in accordance with the principle of an {{wp|Ever-Normal Granary}}.
After the Patriotic Labour Party made gains during the [[Vasturia|1968 parliamentary election]] during an economic recession, Lüqiu Xiaotong became Premier at the helm ofa coalition government between the PLP, the {{wp|Islamic socialism|Islamic socialist}} and {{wp|regionalism|regionalist}} Fidesian Workers' Coalition, and the centrist Progressive Coalition. During Lüqiu's Premiership, the government endeavored to establish a {{wp|social democracy|social-democratic}} {{wp|welfare state}}, successfully establishing universal {{wp|childcare}} and two free school meals daily through the [[Vasturia|Families First Program]] and old-age pensions through the [[Vasturia|State Pension Fund]], though the Pension Fund only came into effect in 1980. Lüqiu's Premiership also enacted {{wp|agrarian reform}} through the {{wp|Canadian Wheat Board|National Agricultural Board}} and [[Vasturia|Regional Agricultural Boards]], enjoying a {{wp|monopsony}} on staple crops and owning agricultural machinery and warehouses in accordance with the principle of an {{wp|Ever-Normal Granary}}. Lüqiu Xiaotong's government also nationalised the {{wp|Four Northern Banks}} and {{wp|Three Southern Banks}}, bringing China's already state-dominated financial industry further into state control, and reorganised China's mining and extractive industries into the [[Vasturia|State Mining and Extraction Corporation]], and, seeking to weaken the power of a {{wp|capital strike}}, established the State Investment Fund, a {{wp|sovereign wealth fund}} which, by owning plurality or majority shares in {{wp|government-linked companies}}, helps ensure substantial state power over the Chinese economy to this day. However, Lüqiu's election also led to severe {{wp|capital flight}} by American investors, and measures to assuage concerns by establishing additional {{wp|Special Economic Zones}} only made Lüqiu's government unpopular and failed to prevent captal flight. China's export-oriented economy entered in recession in late 1969, and right-wing government member [[Vasturia|Lishan Hebei]] attempted a [[Vasturia|coup d'état]] in early 1970. While this attempt failed, it nevertheless caused most Progressives and many moderate Patriotic Labourites to leave the government, triggering an [[Vasturia|election in 1970]] that the rump Patriotic Labour Party lost in a landslide.
 
Politically isolated and out of power, Lüqiu emigrated to Communist-ruled {{wp|India}}, where he had political connections since the 1960s, serving as a Professor at {{wp|Delhi University}} and economic advisor to the Indian government, whilst still serving part-time as a Legislator. However, after the [[Vasturia|Lei Machine scandal]] revealed most elections since 1964 were fraudulent, to the Progressive Coalition's benefit, and after the Chinese economy entered into an economic recession in 1980 following several years of prosperity, Lüqiu returned to China, forging strong relations with FECR leaders, engaging in a high-profile campaign against the Coalition of Hope and for the PLP, and becoming elected [[President of China|President]] after the Patriotic Labour Party and its allies won a {{wp|landslide victory}} in the [[Vasturia|1982]].

Revision as of 23:20, 12 April 2020

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His Excellency
Lüqiu Xiaotong
陆秋晓彤
Mr. Lee Kuan Yew Mayoral reception 1965 (cropped).jpg
Lüqiu Xiaotong in 1970
14th President of China
In office
25 January 1982 – 23 February 1987
PremierZhu Min
(1982–83)
Li Hwei-ru
(1983-86)
Luísa Wong
(1986-88)
Vice PresidentYang Lei
Cao Fen
Preceded byTatiana Antonova
Succeeded byCao Fen
27th Premier of China
In office
21 January 1968 – 11 April 1970
PresidentYuni Tian
Preceded byZhao Lei
Succeeded bySu Wuying
Leader of the Patriotic Labour Party
In office
4 March 1965 – 15 December 1970
DeputySima Jia
Preceded byPosition Established
Succeeded byHu Yaobang
Minister of Economic Affairs
In office
9 February 1962 – 27 November 1964
PremierSima Jia
Preceded byDeng Xiaoping
Succeeded byNa Mu
Chairman of the
Western China Development Authority
In office
10 March 1960 – 9 February 1962
PremierSima Jia
Preceded byYu Qiuli
Succeeded byMa Hong
Member of the Legislative Yuan
In office
9 February 1962 – 23 February 1987
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byLüqiu Tianqiao
ConstituencyYangpu (1968-87)
In office
4 February 1956 – 19 March 1960
Personal details
Born26 March 1924
Shanghai China
Died23 February 1987 (aged 62)
Lagos Nigeria
Cause of deathMalaria infection
Political partyPatriotic Labour Party (1965-1987)
Other political
affiliations		Solidarity (1956-1965)
Minmeng (Before 1956)
SpouseXia Jie
Children13, including Zhenglong and Tianqiao
Parents
EducationZhejiang University (BA)
London School of Economics (MA)
ProfessionEconomist
ReligionChinese folk religion
Three teachings
Military service
AllegianceFlag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China
Branch/serviceNational Revolutionary Army
Years of service1947-1948
RankSergeant
Battles/warsWorld War II
Awards Order of Victory

Lüqiu Xiaotong (26 March 1924 - 23 February 1987) was a Chinese politician, economist, and political philosopher who served as Premier of China from 1968 to 1970 and President of China from 1982 to his death in 1987. Ideologically a Principled Communist and left-wing nationalist, Lüqiu promoted his philosophy of traditional socialism as a democratic socialist alternative to the Marxism-Leninism of the French Commune and the liberal capitalism of the United States. Accordingly, as President Lüqiu led China to challenge France and the United States. First, Lüqiu funded anti-colonial guerrillas in French Indochina and French Africa, destabilizing the French Commune and leading to Operation Just Cause, a multilateral invasion of the French Commune that led to its's dissolution and the establishment of democratic socialist states in French Africa and social democratic states in Indochina and France proper. Second, Lüqiu helped end the Sino-American alliance that existed since World War II and make the two countries each other's greatest rivals by, among other anti-American actions, forming the International Solidarity Pact, a defense pact of democratic socialist states implicitly opposed to the United States's Pacific-Atlantic Treaty Organization. These policies, amongst others, made Lüqiu Xiaotong one of the most consequential and controversial politicians in Chinese history.

Lüqiu Xiaotong was born in Shanghai in 1924 to a middle-class, politically active family supportive of the liberal Minmeng in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Lüqiu attended Zhejiang University as a student of political economy from 1942 to 1946, becaming a Marxist. After graduating from Zhejiang, Lüqiu enlisted in the National Revolutionary Army, serving as a Sergeant during the late stages of World War II. After the War ended, Lüqiu - traumatized thanks to his wartime experiences, although those he knew venerated him as a war hero - temporarily served as a Buddhist monk, a practice relatively common in Southeast Asia but less so in China. Lüqiu then studied international relations at the London School of Economics from 1949 to 1952, coming under Harold Laski's influence.

After graduating from the LSE, Lüqiu briefly served as an international liaison for the Chinese Solidarity and Labour Federation, a democratic socialist union federation and the largest trade union federation in China in the early 1950s which spearheaded the merger of the Minmeng's socialist faction and the Communist Party of China into the Workers' Party in 1953, swiftly banned under the Political Organizations Act. He subsequently became a professor development economics at Tsinghua University in 1953, promoting government-directed industrialisation and the ideas of Michal Kalecki, , particularly in relation to the importance of agrarian reform in economic development and the importance of the reserve army of labour.

Lüqiu was then nominated and successfully elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1956 as a member of the far-left Solidarity Party, formed by After independent, Workers' Party-aligned union activists. His academic and political background eventually caused the ruling Government to appoint him Chairman of the Western China Development Authority in 1960. Lüqiu performed admirably as Chair of the WCDA, helping spread spreading the prosperity of the early 1960s to the impoverished West, leading to his appointment as Minister of Economic Affairs in 1962. Then, Lüqiu's 1964 Martyrs' Blood speech, praising the Plural Left Coalition's economic policies and denouncing the KMT's campaigning tactics, catapulted him to national political prominence. Though the Plural Left Coalition failed to win reelection in 1964, the Spech helped elect Lüqiu Xiaotong Leader of the Patriotic Labour Party, a merger of the largest parties in the Plural Left Coalition, in 1965. As PLP Leader, his major electoral strategy - appealing to rural, historically KMT voters - mirrored his support for a social conservative-socialist alliance, which led him to author From Zongzu to Minsheng: On Tradition and Socialism, beginning the traditional socialist movement.

After the Patriotic Labour Party made gains during the 1968 parliamentary election during an economic recession, Lüqiu Xiaotong became Premier at the helm ofa coalition government between the PLP, the Islamic socialist and regionalist Fidesian Workers' Coalition, and the centrist Progressive Coalition. During Lüqiu's Premiership, the government endeavored to establish a social-democratic welfare state, successfully establishing universal childcare and two free school meals daily through the Families First Program and old-age pensions through the State Pension Fund, though the Pension Fund only came into effect in 1980. Lüqiu's Premiership also enacted agrarian reform through the National Agricultural Board and Regional Agricultural Boards, enjoying a monopsony on staple crops and owning agricultural machinery and warehouses in accordance with the principle of an Ever-Normal Granary. Lüqiu Xiaotong's government also nationalised the Four Northern Banks and Three Southern Banks, bringing China's already state-dominated financial industry further into state control, and reorganised China's mining and extractive industries into the State Mining and Extraction Corporation, and, seeking to weaken the power of a capital strike, established the State Investment Fund, a sovereign wealth fund which, by owning plurality or majority shares in government-linked companies, helps ensure substantial state power over the Chinese economy to this day. However, Lüqiu's election also led to severe capital flight by American investors, and measures to assuage concerns by establishing additional Special Economic Zones only made Lüqiu's government unpopular and failed to prevent captal flight. China's export-oriented economy entered in recession in late 1969, and right-wing government member Lishan Hebei attempted a coup d'état in early 1970. While this attempt failed, it nevertheless caused most Progressives and many moderate Patriotic Labourites to leave the government, triggering an election in 1970 that the rump Patriotic Labour Party lost in a landslide.

Politically isolated and out of power, Lüqiu emigrated to Communist-ruled India, where he had political connections since the 1960s, serving as a Professor at Delhi University and economic advisor to the Indian government, whilst still serving part-time as a Legislator. However, after the Lei Machine scandal revealed most elections since 1964 were fraudulent, to the Progressive Coalition's benefit, and after the Chinese economy entered into an economic recession in 1980 following several years of prosperity, Lüqiu returned to China, forging strong relations with FECR leaders, engaging in a high-profile campaign against the Coalition of Hope and for the PLP, and becoming elected President after the Patriotic Labour Party and its allies won a landslide victory in the 1982.

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