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| {{Infobox military conflict | | {{WIP}} |
| | conflict = Nuxican Revolution <br> ''Revolució Nuxicana'' | | {{Infobox event |
| | width =
| | | title = Weekend of the Cannonade |
| | partof =
| | | image = José Moscardó, Francisco Franco, Ramón Serrano Súñer (1938).jpg |
| | image = {{Photomontage | | | image_upright = |
| | photo1a = El presidente Francisco I. Madero y su estado mayor presidencial (c. 1911), de Agustín Víctor Casasola.tif
| | | image_alt = |
| | photo2a = Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG | | | caption = {{wp|General|Gen.}} [[Alejandro Rouco]] (center left) prepares to announce the transfer of power to the public in Carutagua following the purge's end. |
| | photo2b = Bitwa pod Kostiuchnówką, 1 pu LP w okopach, 1916.jpg | | | native_name = Fin de semana del Cannonade |
| | photo3a = Wladiwostok Parade 1918.jpg | | | native_name_lang = {{wp|Spanish language|Auratian}} |
| | photo3b = Poprava vůdců rumburské vzpoury 1918.jpg | | | english_name = |
| | photo4a = Troops in Jayuya.gif
| | | time = |
| | size = 300 | | | duration = April 2 - April 5, 1926 |
| | spacing = 1 | | | date = <!-- {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{start and end dates|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> |
| | color = Transparent | | | venue = |
| | border = 0 | | | location = [[Nuxica]] |
| }} | | | coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display=inline,title}} --> |
| | image_size = | | | also_known_as = Operation Absolute Will, the Roucan Coup, La Traición Intentada (by pro-Rouco supporters), La Victoria (by pro-Rouco propaganda), La Limpieza (amongst high-level Rouco supporters) |
| | alt = | | | type = {{wp|Coup d'etat}} |
| | caption = Left-Right from top: [[Aquilles Pintà]] in the [[National Palace (Nuxica)|National Palace]] with [[Carutagua government (Nuxica)|his officers]], ''[[Nuxican National Army|Federals]]'' execute [[Nuxican Revolution#Factions|Vermell]] rebels, ''[[National Front for Traditional Rights and Piety|Blanc]]'' paramilitaries during the [[Battle of Jerilejo]], ''[[Nuxican National Army|Federals]]'' march following the [[Battle of Quezalquina]], ''[[United Army of the Labor Class|Vermell]]'' militias prepare to execute suspected spies, Federal-Blancs move into the city of [[Estancaja]]. | | | theme = |
| | date = [[Plan of San Cabrisate|5 September, 1915]] - [[Battle of La Hetezo|13 August, 1928]] <br> <small> (12 years, 11 months, and 8 days) | | | cause = * Concern of Roucoists over [[Functionalist Gaullica|Gaullican]] and functionalist political domination |
| | place = [[Nuxica]] | | * Desire of [[Chamber of Industry and Commerce (Nuxica)|business interests]] to maintain {{wp|Neutrality Acts of the 1930s#Neutrality Act of 1939|trade ties}} to [[Great War (Kylaris)#Grand Alliance|friendly nations]] |
| | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | | * Decision of [[Martin Fernan|Martín Fernán]] to deepen ties with the [[Functionalist Gaullica|Parti Populaire]] |
| | map_type = | | * Opposition to Fernan's functionalist policies |
| | map_relief = | | * Rouco's desire to maintain Nuxican geopolitical sovereignty |
| | map_size = | | * Elimination of internal threats to the junta |
| | map_marksize = | | | motive = |
| | map_caption = | | | target = |
| | map_label =
| | | first_reporter = |
| | territory =
| | | budget = |
| | result = [[La Hetezo Agreement|Blanc-Federal victory]]<br>
| | | patron = <!-- or |patrons= --> |
| * [[Constitution of Nuxica#Constitution of 1928|Constitution of 1928 implemented]] | | | organisers = {{Plainlist| |
| * End of {{wp|democracy|civilian democracy}} in Nuxica
| | * [[Alejandro Rouco]] |
| * Beginning of the {{wp|Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay|authoritarian}} rule
| | * [[Bruno Noboa]] |
| | status =
| | * [[Maximiliano Vera]] |
| | combatants_header =
| | * [[Emmanuel Arrabal]]}} |
| | combatant1 = '''1915-28''' <br> {{flagicon|Nuxica}} [[Carutagua government|Federals]]
| | | filmed_by = |
| | combatant2 = '''1915-28''' <br> [[File:Anarchist flag.svg|25px]] [[Estancaja government|Vermells]]
| | | participants = [[Nuxican Army]], [[Civil Guard (Nuxica)|Civil Guard]], [[Guardians of the Nation (Nuxica)|Guardianes de la Nación]] |
| | combatant3 = '''1916-20''' <br> [[File:CEDA flag.svg|25px]] [[Cochuca government|Blancs]] | | | outcome = * {{wp|General|Gen.}} [[Alejandro Rouco]] seizes control of the [[Council of National Restoration and Consolidation|junta]] |
| | commander1 = '''[[Aquilles Pinta|Aquilles Pintà]]''' <br> [[Aaron Larroder]] {{KIA}} <br> [[Tomas Sitjar|Tomàs Sitjar]] {{KIA}} <br> [[Cosme Sansalva]] <br> [[Lleo Vilademuls|Lleó Vilademuls]] <br> [[Roger Badal]] <br> [[Ferran Puyal]] {{KIA}} <br> [[Samso Balague|Samsó Balagué]] <br> [[Raul Fores|Raül Fores]] <br> [[Arnau Roel]] | | * [[Martin Fernan|Martín Fernán]] summarily executed in a raid on his home |
| | commander2 = '''[[Biel Izaguerri]]''' {{executed}} <br> [[Emili Yaben]] {{KIA}} <br> [[Salvador Fatjo|Salvador Fatjó]] {{KIA}} <br> [[Borja Baye]] {{executed}} <br> [[Angel Ribes|Àngel Ribes]] {{KIA}} <br> [[Livi Traveria]] <br> [[Branda Maruny|Brandà Maruny]] {{KIA}} <br> [[Absalo Ull|Absaló Ull]] {{executed}} <br> [[Arnau Latas]] {{executed}} <br> [[Gondicari Xifra|Gondicari Xifrà]] <br> [[Pere Decasas]] | | * Near total purge of functionalist public officials |
| | commander3 = '''[[Moises Utge|Moisès Utge]]''' <br> [[Aleix Arques|Aleix Arqués]] <br> [[Raimon Guillaum]] <br> [[Prosper Bos|Pròsper Bos]] {{KIA}} <br> [[Llucia Cubells|Llucià Cubells]] <br> [[Jacint Bover]] | | * De-facto end of Nuxican geopolitical neutrality |
| | units1 = | | * Cementing of the buisiness-military relationship |
| | units2 = | | | casualties1 = Reported 129, estimates range from ~250 to ~1000 |
| | units3 = | | | casualties2 = |
| | strength1 = '''1915 strength:''' <br> 225,000+ army <br> 350 tankettes <br> 800 aircraft <br> 75 ships <br> 35 submarines <br> '''1928 strength:''' <br> 815,000+ army <br> 360 tanks <br> 725 aircraft <br> 60 ships <br> 30 submarines | | | casualties3 = |
| | strength2 = '''1915 strength:''' <br> 600,000+ fighters <br> 120 tankettes <br> 275 aircraft <br> 30 ships <br> 2 submarines <br> '''1928 strength:''' <br> 72,000 fighters <br> 150 tankettes <br> 25 tanks <br> 100 aircraft <br> 13 ships | | | reported deaths = |
| | strength3 = '''1915 strength:''' <br> 650,000+ fighters <br> 120 tankettes <br> 100 aircraft <br> 12 ships | | | reported injuries = |
| | casualties1 = 220,750+ killed in action <br> 125,000+ civilians killed inside the Federalist zone | | | reported missing = 30 officially reported missing, estimates range from 100 to 120 public officials |
| | casualties2 = 375,000+ killed in action <br> 570,000+ civilians killed inside the Izaguerrist zone | | | reported property damage = |
| | casualties3 = 95,700+ killed in action <br> 12,000+ civilians killed in inside the Blancist zone | | | burial = |
| | notes = Estimated 213,520-1,570,000 civilians and military killed total. | | | inquiries = |
| | campaignbox = | | | inquest = |
| | | coroner = |
| | | arrests = 3000-5000 overall detentions |
| | | suspects = |
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| | | convicted = |
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| | | trial = |
| | | verdict = |
| | | convictions = |
| | | sentence = |
| | | publication_bans = |
| | | litigation = |
| | | awards = |
| | | url = |
| | | blank_label = <!-- or |blank_data= --> |
| | | blank1_label = <!-- or |blank1_data= --> |
| | | blank2_label = <!-- or |blank2_data= --> |
| | | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> |
| | | notes = |
| }} | | }} |
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| The '''Nuxican Revolution''' ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Revolució Nuxicana''), also known as the '''Great Chaos''' ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Gran Caos''), '''the Lost Thirteen''' ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''El Tretze Perdut'') or the '''Nuxican Civil War''' ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Guerra civil nuxicana'') was a major civil, military, and political struggle in [[Nuxica]] fought from 1915 to 1928. [[Nuxican Army]] forces -- known as the ''[[Carutagua government|Federals]]'' -- loyal to the {{wp|centre-right politics|centre-right}} [[Carutagua government|government]] fought, in an alliance with the {{wp|Right-wing politics|right-wing}} to {{wp|Far-right politics|far-right}} [[National Front for Traditional Rights and Piety]] -- known as the ''[[Cochuca government|Blancs]]'' -- from 1920 onward, against a revolt against the {{wp|far-left politics|far-left}} umbrella organization [[United Army of the Labor Class]] -- known as the [[Estancaja government|Vermells]]. | | The '''Weekend of the Cannonade''' ({{wp|Spanish language|Auratian}}: ''Fin de semana del Cannonade''), or '''the Roucan Coup''', also known as '''Operation Absolute Will''' ({{wp|Spanish language|Auratian}}: ''Operación Absoluta Voluntad''), was a {{wp|coup d'etat}} and {{wp|purge}} that took place in [[Nuxica]] from the 2nd of April to the 5th of April, 1926. On that day, [[Alejandro Rouco]], {{wp|General of the army|General of the Nuxican Army}}, launched an internal operation against [[Martin Fernan|Martín Fernán]]–then leader of the [[Council of National Restoration and Consolidation|Nuxican military government]] Rouco was supported by [[Association for National Rejuvination|nationalist politician]] and buisiness leader [[Bruno Noboa]], as well as military and paramilitary leaders [[Maximiliano Vera]] and [[Emmanuel Arrabal]]. Following the seizure of power Rouco ordered a systematic purge of all major Fernanists and influential functionalists within the junta, consolidating his power as leader of the junta and guaranteeing continued political and economic association with [[Estmere]], [[Werania]], [[Etruria]], and [[Narozalica]]. The official narrative by pro-Rouco sources claimed that the coup was actually launched by functionalists, and that his forces were merely reacting in defense of the junta in order to maintain national stability and security. |
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| The conflict ended with the [[Execution of Biel Izaguerri|execution]] of [[Biel Izaguerri]] and the implementation of the [[Constitution of Nuxica#Constitution of 1928|constitution of 1928]], drafted, passed, and promulgated by both the Federals and the Blancs, which effectively installed an {{wp|authoritarianism|authoritarian}} government under significant sway of the [[Nuxican Armed Forces]]. The war was both politically and economically destructive, shattering existing political norms and leading directly to the [[1950 Nuxican white coup|1950 Nuxican white coup]] and the beginning of ''[[Republic of Nuxica (1950-1989)|La Suautadura]]''. | | The primary agents of the coup were the [[Nuxican Army]]-led by Rouco, the [[Civil Guard (Nuxica)|Civil Guard]]-led by Vera, and the [[Guardians of the Nation (Nuxica)|Guardianes de la Nación]]-led by Arrabal. Many of those killed, however, were members of Nuxican Army and Guardianes aligned with Fernan. Fernan himself was captured and {{wp|summary execution|summarily executed}} in a raid on his {{wp|estancia}}, making him the most high-profile victim of the operation. Members of the [[Functionalist Party of Nuxica|Functionalist Party]], such as party chairman [[Adan Quesada|Adán Quesada]], were also arrested on charges of {{wp|treason}}-with many also being summarily executed or imprisoned. Politicians also not aligned with the junta were also detained, with many being imprisoned or forced to swear loyalty to the military government. Finally, many remaining members of the [[Nuxican Section of the Workers' International]] who had previously escaped the {{wp|death penalty}} in the aftermath of the [[Nuxican Revolution]] were also killed. |
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| The passive phase of the conflict technically began in 1914, when the military [[1914 Nuxican coup d'etat|overthrew]] the civilian government of [[Bernat Bargalló]] and installed [[El Consell Hexàgonic|a military hexagonite]], leading to [[Summer of Lead (Nuxica)|violence]] and [[1914-15 Nuxican general strike|strikes]]. The active phase of the conflict began when government forces, now under the authority of [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Nuxica|Prime Minister]] [[Aquilles Pinta|Aquilles Pintà i Puigdellivol]], crushed {{wp|general strike|strikes}} nationwide, but particularly in the industrial city of [[Estancaja]], prompting the [[Nuxican Revolutionary League]], the [[Syndicalist Party of Nuxica]], and the [[Social Democratic Labor Party (Nuxica)|Social Democratic Labor Party]] to arm themselves and unite under the [[United Red Army of the Labor Class]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: Exèrcit Roig Unit de la Classe Treballadora; ERUCT), led by revolutionary equalist [[Biel Izaguerri]]. Establishing the [[Estancaja government|Nuxican Socialist Republic]] in Estancaja the ERUCT, now known as the Vermells, Reds, or Red Army, engaged in fierce fighting with the government while also attacking both Catholics, the [[Solarian Catholic Church]], and much of the traditional values still making up Nuxican society. These events prompted Bishop [[Moises Utge|Moisès Utge]] along with leaders of the Catholic-interest party [[National Action (Nuxica)|National Action]], [[Aleix Arques|Aleix Arqués]] and [[Raimon Guillaum]] to lead an armed [[Cochuca rebellion|counter-rebellion]] against the Estancaja government. Uniting with other local groups and Catholic sympathizers the leading triumvirate of the counter-rebellion declared an alternative government, known as the [[Cochuca government|Nuxican State]].
| | Rouco, a staunch Nuxican nationalist, viewed Martín Fernán's insistence on developing close relations with [[Functionalist Gaullica]]-at the pressuring of Adán Quesada, as the beginning stages of Nuxica promulgating official defense agreements and accords. Such behavior was seen by many within the military and political establishment as highly treasonous, as they viewed such treaties as tantamount to Nuxican subservience to Gaullica. In addition Rouco was also wary of the influence Marirana, which Gaullica also had close ties to, could possibly have over Nuxican politics should diplomatic and military ties be furthered. Furthermore, Rouco was equally concerned with the rising 'functionalization' of the armed forces given Quesada's increasing authority within the military-which included the ability to weigh in on military organization and policy. The Functionalist Party had also been growing in power within the bureaucratic structure of Nuxica, in many ways forming {{wp|deep state|quasi-deep state}} outside of military and nominal political authority. Finally, members of the [[Chamber of Industry and Commerce (Nuxica)|Chamber of Industry and Commerce]] wished to maintain lucrative Euclean business ties, which had been placed under threat by Fernan's implementation of functionalist policies and growing closeness with Gaullica and [[Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire|Xiaodong]](?). |
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| Red Army forces initially made [[Yabin offensive|rapid gains]] against government forces in industrialized areas of northern and western Nuxica, while the government maintained control of major population centers of the western coast and south, and the Blancs secured control over much of the central areas of the country. Having a major advantage in terms of numbers and the element of surprise, Red Army forces took the cities of [[Battle of Nagua|Nagua]], [[Battle of Semeca|Semeca]], [[Battle of San Peluca|San Peluca]], and [[Battle of El Tumcualpa|El Tumcualpa]] during the [[Estoig Blau|1915 fall offensive]], besieging [[Siege of San Ferteli|San Ferteli]] and forcing a general retreat of government forces to the west. Diplomatic talks between Federal and Blanc forces led to the two creating a united front against the Vermells, known as the ''Federal-Blancs'' or Federal-Whites. The Vermells, while numerically superior, lacked the training and equipment necessary to prosecute a war against the two united armies. With their forces effectively split in half after the [[Battle of Quezalquina]] as a part of the Federal-Blanc strategy {{wp|Anaconda plan|Pla d’operació Boa}} the Vermells reverted to scorched earth tactics before inevitably being besieged in the final holdout of [[La Hetezo]]. Principle Vermell leadership were killed during the fall of the city; others, including [[Biel Izaguerri]], were captured, tried, and executed, while the remainder fled into neighboring [[Chervolesia]] and began the initial phase of the [[Nuxican Dirty War|Nuxican insurgency]] from there.
| | 129 soldiers and politicians were reported to have been killed as part of "anti-coup operations," though the true number of soldiers, officials, and civilians killed as a result of the coup and purge is believed to range widely, with the lower estimates being around 250 and the upper estimates being as high as 1000. A further 30 public officials were reported missing in the wake of the coup, though historians belive up to 120 public officials were {{wp|force disappearance|forcibly disappeared}}. Up to a further 5000 individuals were arrested and interrogated, though not all were killed or tried. |
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| The war represents the end of the liberal republicanism and parliamentarianism that made up the Nuxican political sphere for nearly half a century, and the centralization of a right-wing, {{wp|Fascism|proto-Functionalist}} political ascendancy. Though not officially cemented until 1950 many historians posit that the end of the revolution and the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Nuxica#Constitution of 1928|Constitution of 1928]] marked the technical beginning of the [[Republic of Nuxica (1950-1989)|La Suautadura]] civic-military dictatorship, with the military not giving up its power on politics until the [[Dahlia Revolution]].
| | Following the coup, the event began to be known officially as The Victory ({{wp|Spanish language|Auratian}}: ''La Victoria''), the Attempted Betrayal ({{wp|Spanish language|Auratian}}: ''La Traición Intentada''), or the the Weekend of Absolute Will ({{wp|Spanish language|Auratian}}: ''El fin de semana de la Voluntad Absoluta'') by pro-Rouco propaganda as part of a larger anti-functionalist, anti-Fernanist narrative. The latter name is actually a thinly-veiled reference to the name for the operation, as well as the codeword that set it in motion. |
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| == Background == | | == Background == |
| === 1910-1915 Nuxican political crisis === | | === Martín Fernán, the Functionalist Party, and Gaullica === |
| {{main|Political crises in Nuxica}}
| | === Tensions between the Functionalists and the Nuxican Armed Forces === |
| [[File:PresidentMenocal-Cuba.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Bernat Bargallo|Bernat Bargalló]], [[Head of government of Nuxica|Prime Minister]] of Nuxica from 1913 to 1914.]]
| | === Tensions between the Chamber of Industry and Commerce and Fernán === |
| Political entrenchment had been slowly building in the country following the [[Nuxican parliamentary elections, 1890|election of 1890]], with {{wp|traditionalists}}, {{wp|far-right politics|far-right demagogues}}, and {{wp|Radical socialism|radical socialists}}, {{wp|anarchism|anarchists}}, and {{wp|syndicalism|syndicalists}} making up an ever increasing percentage of parliament. This, of course, came at the expense of the moderate liberals, democrats, and social democrats that made up the center of the political sphere. Though having led the government since the inception of the [[Democratic Labor Front (Nuxica)|Democratic Labor Front]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Front Laborista Democràtic''; ''FLD'') in 1905, the [[Social Democratic Labor Party (Nuxica)|Social Democratic Labor Party of Nuxica]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Partit Laborista socialdemòcrata''; ''PLs'') had been consistently coming under threat from both the far-left and the right. Between 1910 and 1913 Nuxica experienced four separate changes in power as parties began to leave the FLD, with many parties threatening to withdraw their seats should certain political agendas not be fulfilled. The election of [[Bernat Bargallo|Bernat Bargalló]] in the 1913 snap elections saw the PLs with the fewest number of seats ever, with the government coalition only maintaining an overall fifty-one percent of the parliamentary seats.
| | === Rouco, Vera, and Arrabal === |
| | | == Events == |
| These tensions escalated following the 1910 Great Depression, which threw Nuxica's economy into disarray. Radicals on both sides of the political spectrum began to make concerted efforts to sway public opinion from the ruling PLs and seize power for themselves.
| | === April 2nd === |
| These efforts were both political and civil, with rallies, marches, strikes, and riots breaking out frequently.
| | === April 3rd === |
| | | === April 4th === |
| During this time the far-right political society called the [[Association for National Rejuvenation (Nuxica)|Association for National Rejuvenation]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Associació per a Rejoveniment Nacional''; ''ARN''), primarily made up of conservatives, business leadership within the [[Chamber of Industry and Commerce (Nuxica)|Chamber of Industry and Commerce]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Cambra de Indústria i Comerç''; ''CIC''), and former officers of the [[Nuxican Armed Forces]] began publishing speeches and letters to the public calling for the "imposition of martial order over the nation, until such time as the political upheavals our country are experiencing have ceased." Over time, calls for the resignation of Bergalló grew to come from the other right-wing parties within parliament as well from some active members of the Armed Forces themselves.
| | === April 5th === |
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| Tensions further increased following the "events of the First of May," when low-level soldiers attempted an insurrection in order to form a left-wing collectivist government. Though it failed, the fallout from this event and the subsequent increase in the size of the concurrent general strike resulted in significant tensions between the government and the military over the continued stability and security of the nation under Bergalló's leadership.
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| === 1914-15 Nuxican general strike === | |
| {{main|1914-15 Nuxican general strike}}
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| Economic fallout from the 1910 Great Depression in Nuxica led to a sharp decrease in labor accountability and labor laws, with governments from 1910 to 1913 loosening labor laws in order to maximize productivity. Following the election of the Social Democratic Labor Party and Democratic Labor Front to government with slim margins, many far-left parties began to attempt to agitate towards unionization, workers rights, and progressive labor laws. Members of the [[Nuxican Section of the Worker's Internationale]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Secció Nuxicana de la Internacional dels Treballadors''; ''SNIT'') began a general strike against the government, with [[Nuxican Revolutionary League]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Flore}}: ''Lliga Revolucionària Nuxicana''; ''LRN'') and the [[Syndicalist Party of Nuxica]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Flore}}: ''Partit Sindicalista de Nuxica''; ''PSN'') following later on.
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| ==== Initial strikes ====
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| {{main|Crimson Summer}}
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| [[File:Cananea tienda de raya.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Police protect company offices from strikers in the city of [[Estancaja]].]]
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| Known as the Crimson Summer ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Estiu Carmesí''), the term denotes a series of general strikes that occurred almost continually from March 1914 until September 1915. Beginning with protests over the continued government paralysis on economic issues following the 1910 Great Depression, they quickly began to have a more radical tinge as more and more members of the far-left began to protest as well.
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| Initially made up of just members of the [[Nuxican Section of the Worker's Internationale]], members of the , the [[Farmer's and Worker's Party (Nuxica)|Farmer's and Worker's Party]] ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Partit de Pagesos i Obrers''; ''PPO''), [[Nuxican Revolutionary League]], and the [[Syndicalist Party of Nuxica]] also began joining the protest. This sparked fears of an imminent leftist uprising among the political right-wing and the military.
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| The government of Prime Minister Bergalló was thus caught in a position where it found itself unable to crack down on the protests, for fear of driving out what little support it had on the moderate left, and also unable to allow the protests to remain, for fear of prompting an insurrection by the right-wing and military. Thus the overall government response to the protests and strikes were mixed and confused at best, with police given orders to "only use such force as is necessary to achieve order and minimize casualty." This resulted in many jurisdictions being unable to formulate a cohesive response to the strikes beyond protecting job sites and property, effectively ceding control over much of the streets to the strikers.
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| ====Post-coup d'état ====
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| Tensions further escalated following the 1914 Nuxican coup d'état by General Juan Sebastián García, all parties within the Democratic Labor Front that still remained following the mass arrest of the Front's leadership began to order their members into the streets as a part of a "campaign of mass civil action against the partisans, functionalists, and martial forces that imperil our democracy under the dictatorship of the [[Aquilles Pinta|puppet]]." | |
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| Massive demonstrations against the [[El Consell Hexàgonic|ruling military council]] and their civil face, Aquilles Pintá, quickly erupted around the nation. These strikes brought the country to a standstill, and directly resulted in the crackdown by PM Pintá on the 5th of September.
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| === Government-military split ===
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| [[File:Sánchez Cerro.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Chief of the Armed Forces [[Juan Sebastian Garcia|Juan Sebastián García]].]]
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| According to most historians and theorists the split between the Nuxican Armed Forces and the civilian government of Nuxica began in the wake of the [[Nuxican Civil War]] and the dissolution of the [[Nuxican Confederacy]]. Following the end of the civil war, much of the military's upper ranks were purged while those within the mid-level positions and the regular rank-and-file were summarily pardoned by the [[Republican Army (Nuxica)|Republican Army]] following the surrender of the last remaining [[Confederate Army of Nuxica|Confederate forces]] at the conclusion of the war, with exclusions made to those who had be documented to have committed massacres during the conflict. This left much of the armed forces still under the relative influence of the traditionalist, conservative aristocracy that had made up much of Nuxican society, though their influence was significantly reduced. Regardless, both Nuxican {{wp|war college|war colleges}} as well as the military remained dominated by {{wp|right-wing politics|right-wing}} political thought.
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| The turn of the 20th-century saw a sharp divergence between the military and civilian authorities, as the civilian government became increasingly dominated by the {{wp|center-left politics|center-left}}, {{wp|left-wing politics|left-wing}}, and {{wp|far-left politics|far-left}}. Former members of the armed forces, in cooperation with both active members as well as business and clerical leaders, became increasingly wary and hostile to the succession of civilian governments beginning chiefly in 1905 when the Social Democratic Labor Party formed the Democratic Labor Front, a move many conservatives saw as the beginning of a communist takeover via the ballot box, as well as their subsequent increase in government secularization.
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| The split between martial forces and the civilian government came to a head following both the failure of the government to reverse the 1910 Nuxican recession and subsequent general strikes, which many conservatives and traditionalists blamed on the policies of the leftist government, as well as the failed Tocureno uprising, also known as 'the Events of the First of May.' Following these events, it was decided amongst military officers within the top-levels of the armed forces that the civilian government could no longer be counted on in order to maintain order throughout the country. As a result, Chief of the Armed Forces [[Juan Sebastian Garcia|Juan Sebastián García]] met with Prime Minister Bernat Bergalló on December 22nd and demanded his government resign, giving him until Christmas Day to do so. Prime Minister Bergalló declined, choosing instead to sack García, though the rest of the military refused to recognize the order, thus setting the stage for the 1914 Nuxican coup d'etat.
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| === Events of the First of May ===
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| [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13371, Neustadt, Bewaffnete SA.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Mutineers loyal to the [[Tocureno Soviet]] occupy Tocureno City Hall.]]
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| On {{wp|International Workers' Day|May Day}} 1914, soldiers within the Tocureno Army Base took weapons from the armory and held their commanding officers at gunpoint. After subduing them and placing them under military arrest, the soldiers moved into the town of [[Tocureno]] and began to seize local municipal buildings, police stations, radio stations, and police armories. The weapons taken from these armories were distributed both amongst the soldiers, and to members of a local strike that was happening concurrently to the mutiny. The mutineers, along with the strikers, were able to seize control of the town and declare it in a radio announcement to be "the independent and free worker's and soldier's government of the [[Tocureno Soviet]]."
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| Soldiers loyal to the soviet began attempting to convince neighboring towns and cities to also take up arms against the government to attempt to spark a national revolution in order to overthrow the ruling Bergalló government, which it decried as a "puppet show of the bourgeois." The attempts to rally the majority of the population to their cause largely failed, and the mutineers surrendered to a military force which moved into the city on the 5th of May.
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| Though it failed, the attempted revolution prompted the Association for National Rejuvenation, as well as the armed forces themselves, to openly question the continued political stability of the nation. Many nationalists and functionalist military officers felt that the ruling Democratic Labor Front would cede power to the radical left if an attempt was made to overthrow the government, and so members of the Chiefs of Staff, as well as the political right-wing, attempted to convince Prime Minister Bergalló to crack down on leftist protestors and purge the armed forces. {{wp|Red Scare|Accusations}} were also made that various political and social actors, including government figures, were part of a far-left conspiracy to seize power.
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| === 1914 Nuxican coup d'état === | |
| {{main|Christmas Revolution (Nuxica)}}
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| [[File:Masacre seguro obrero tropas Tacna U de Chile.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Members of the [[National Guard (Nuxica)|National Guard]] pull a mountain gun towards the occupied Parliament building]]
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| The '''1914 Nuxican coup d'état''', also known by historians, political experts, and many members of the public as the '''Christmas Revolution''' ({{wp|Catalan language|Floren}}: ''Revolució de Nadal''), was a series of coordinated military and civilian operations in [[Nuxica]] from the 24th of December, 1914 to the 25th of December, 1915 that led to the overthrow of the civilian government of [[President of the Republic of Nuxica|President]] [[Macedoni Mauri|Macedoni Mauri i Pallejà]] and [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Nuxica|Prime Minister]] [[Bernat Bergallo|Bernat Bargalló i Massafré]] by members of both the [[National Armed Forces (Nuxica)|National Armed Forces]] and the [[National Guard (Nuxica)|National Guard]], with the support of the [[Solarian Catholic Church|clergy]], [[Chamber of Commerce and Trade (Nuxica)|powerful corporations]], and members of the Nuxican [[Association for National Rejuvenation (Nuxica)|right-wing aristocracy]]. The legislature and judiciary of the nation was also seized by the military, with both the [[Supreme Juror of the Supreme Court of Nuxica|Supreme Juror]] and the [[Speaker of Parliament (Nuxica)|Speaker]] forced to declare each branch respectively suspended and prorogued indefinitely before resigning. The coup put an end to the {{wp|minority government}} of the [[Social Democratic Labor Party (Nuxica)|Social Democratic Labor Party]] (PLSd), as well as negotiations between the PNT and the {{wp|syndicalism|syndicalist}} [[National Confederation of Labor (Nuxica)|National Confederation of Labor]].
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| The coup came following [[Crimson Summer]], in which leftist groups engaged in massive general strikes and battled with right-wing groups for political supremacy within the country. A bare victory for the {{wp|social democracy|social democratic}} PLSd in the [[1913 Nuxican parliamentary elections|parliamentary snap elections]] forced the government to enter into a coalition with the [[Democratic Union Party (Nuxica)|Democratic Union Party]], a center-left political party. However, tensions between the two organizations, combined with the continuing failure to resolve economic issues stemming from [[1910 Nuxican recession]] caused the coalition to collapse. This created the real threat of a {{wp|vote of no confidence}}, Prime Minister Bargalló entered into negotiations with the syndicalist [[National Confederation of Labor (Nuxica)|National Confederation of Labor]] in order to form a {{wp|confidence and supply}} agreement so that the government could maintain a technical majority within parliament.
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| Fearing a "syndicalo-communist takeover of the nation," business and political elites within the [[Chamber of Commerce and Trade (Nuxica)|Chamber of Commerce and Trade]] -- a powerful lobbying group in the country -- began coordinating with {{wp|conservatism|conservative}}, {{wp|nationalism|nationalist}}, {{wp|proto-fascism|proto-Functionalist}}, and Solarian Catholic members of the [[National Armed Forces (Nuxica)|armed forces]] in order to overthrow the government in favor of a {{wp|corporatism|corporo}}{{wp|ultranationalism|-nationalist}} {{wp|military junta}}.
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| The coup, executed from December 24th to December 25th, 1914, was successful, installing General [[Juan Sebastian Garcia|Juan Sebastián García i Masvidal]] as theleader of the j[[Council of National Restoration and Consolidation|unta]]. Proclaiming a [[Republic of Nuxica (1927-1950)|New Order]] within the country, Garcia began a campaign of [[White Terror (Nuxica)|terror]], purges, forced disappearances, and acts of violence against opposition groups that would last until the beginning of Nuxican involvement in the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]]. He would, however, "accede to a transition of power back to civilian authorities" in 1915, appointing the former general [[Cristofor Serracana|Cristòfor Serracana i Gros]] as interim President and {{wp|lawyer}} and {{wp|war college}} professor [[Aquilles Pinta|Aquilles Pintà I Puigdellivol]] as interim Prime Minister.
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| === ''Dia de les Massacres'' ===
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| [[File:Col. de Orbeta - Ponce Massacre (El Mundo).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Carutaguan Municipal Police Chief Narcís Bort and officers immediately after ordering his men cease firing in [[Marshal Amadeu Juarez Square]].]]
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| * PM Pintà gets sick of the protests
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| * Legitimate rumor is that protests outside of the war college (where Pintà was basing his gov't due to the massive garrison and military bases nearby) woke him up early in the morning
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| * Drafts order mandating that soldiers 'clear the streets' of major cities of protestors 'by any and all means necessary at your disposal'
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| * It goes as well as one can imagine
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| * Carutagua is clear of protestors though
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| * '''EVERYONE (LEFT WING) HATED THAT'''
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| * Protests get bigger
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| === Storming of El Castell === | |
| [[File:Soldiers Fighting During the Siege of the Alcázar in Toledo - Google Art Project.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Soldiers of the Castellian garrison during the Storming of El Castell.]]
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| {{main|Storming of El Castell (Nuxica)}}
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| * Left wing parties organize members to storm ''El Castell'', a massive armory
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| * They-can't-kill-us-all logic on full display
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| * But it works
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| * Uprising begin
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| == Factions == | |
| === Federal-Blancs === | |
| ==== Political ==== | |
| ===== Federals ===== | |
| ===== Blancs ===== | |
| ==== Paramilitary ==== | |
| ===== Federals =====
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| ===== Blancs =====
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| === Vermells ===
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| ==== Political ====
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| ==== Paramilitary ====
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| == Timeline ==
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| == Aftermath == | | == Aftermath == |
| === Constitution of 1928 === | | === Domestic reaction === |
| {{main|Constitution of Nuxica#Constitution of 1928}}
| | === International reaction === |
| == Allegations of war crimes ==
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| === Federals ===
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| === Blancs ===
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| === Vermells ===
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| == Foreign support == | |
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