Nkomo Accords: Difference between revisions
Hierophant (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
m (→Peace Process) |
||
| (2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 46: | Line 46: | ||
==Peace Process== | ==Peace Process== | ||
=== Peacekeeping Mission === | |||
{{see also|Multinational Peacekeeping Force M'biruna}} | |||
The Multinational Peacekeeping Force M'biruna (MPFM) was a {{wp|peacekeeping}} {{wp|task force}} organized and led by [[Daobac]] to ensure stability in M'biruna following the failure of the 2003 and 2004 offensives by both belligerents. As part of the peace process, in 2005 [[Pulau Keramat]] requested its allies in the Ozerosi region to spearhead {{wp|peacekeeping}} operations in M'biruna. [[Daobac]], who had interest to ensure a politically & economically stable Ozerosi region, agreed to lead and organize the peacekeeping efforts while [[Pulau Keramat]] focused on the diplomatic front. Daobac was also able to succesfully petition its various allies such as [[Pulacan]], XXX & XXX to participate in the MPFM. By January 2006 approximately <TBD XXX> personnel comprised of both military and civilian aid workers from various nations had assembled and deployed to [[M'biruna]]. Naval and Air elements of the [[Daobac Self-Defense Forces]] provided logistical support for the MPFM throughout the duration of the mission. The first wave of peacekeepers arrived in M'biruna on March 2006 and established a primary headquarters in the city of Insukamini, as well as a regional garrison in Getjenge. Throughout the next months more peacekeepers would be transported by air and sea to the east Scipian nation. The mandate of the MPFM included, among other things: | |||
# Ensure that all belligerents observe the ceasefire agreement. | |||
# Protect civilians and non-combatants from harm. | |||
# Distribute humanitarian aid. | |||
# Assist in rebuilding basic public infrastructure. | |||
# Supervise the disarmament of militia groups. | |||
# Neutralize rogue military elements or militias that refuse to observe the ceasefire agreement. | |||
While the MPFM had military mandates, it was first and foremost a peacekeeping and humanitarian mission. The established {{wp|rules of engagement}} stated that MPFM personnel were prohibited from utilizing {{wp|deadly force|lethal force}} against the militias unless engaged first. Aside from enforcing the ceasefire, MPFM personnel deployed engineers to help rebuild roads and schools throughout the country. Refugee camps were established where aid workers could provide food & shelter and administer medical services for the civilian population. One year after the signing and ratification of the Nkomo Accords, the MPFM began to gradually reduce its presence in the country. By December 2009 the last MPFM presence left M'biruna. | |||
==Provisions of the Accord== | ==Provisions of the Accord== | ||
==Post-Accords Implementation== | ==Post-Accords Implementation== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:24, 5 January 2023
| Accords between the Republic of M'Biruna and the Republic of Agysimba regarding the Cessation of Hostilities, Declarations of Autonomy and matters of Post-War Reconstruction. | |
|---|---|
 Image of Dewan Emas Councilmember Setiawan Hendra Budiono and M'Birunan President Dumiso Moyo meeting during the day of the Accords Signing. | |
| Type | Peace treaty |
| Drafted | 22 July 2006 |
| Signed | 5 March 2008 |
| Location | Getjenge, M'biruna |
| Effective | 1 April 2008 |
| Condition | Signature of M'Birunan and Agysimban heads of state and ratification by respective national legislatures |
| Signatories |
|
| Languages | M'Bweni, Imbesan, Kembesan, Raji |
The Nkomo Accords is a peace treaty signed by the Republic of M'Biruna and the Republic of Agysimba on March 5th, 2008 in Getjenge, M'Biruna, that nominally declared a ceasefire of the M'Birunan Civil War, establishing a medium of communication and rules on engagement for the two political entities, as well as setting the groundwork for post-war reconstruction and laying the groundworks for official conflict resolution. Components of this treaty heavily involved the admission of M'Biruna to the Association of Malaio Ozeros Nations, with Pulau Keramat being involved with the accord for the purpose of further facilitating post-war stability efforts. This treatise is one of the larger examples drawn upon when looking at Pan-Ozerosi ideological sentiment, and how it reflects upon contemporary international relations considering nations throughout the Ozeros region.
Background
Tensions between the Imbesu people of M'Biruna and the other tribal groups, particularly the Amaveni and Ingubu, erupted into open warfare in 1983 after the occupation of Imbesuland in 1982 by the M'Birunan military. In spite of the initial success of the occupation the harsh nature of the M'Birunan presence in Imbesuland led to the formation of the Agysimban National Liberation Army (ANLA) in 1983 and this, coupled with the Kantemba Barracks Mutiny which saw a large part of the M'Birunan army defect to the rebels, resulted in the expulsion of the occupying forces from the majority of Imbesuland and the declaration of the Republic of Agysimba in July 1990. Despite much fighting between the two sides the frontlines remained stationary and after the failures of a major M'Birunan offensive in 2003 and an Agysimban counter push in 2004 both sides accepted tentative peace approaches from the other brokered by Pulau Keramat.
Peace Process
Peacekeeping Mission
The Multinational Peacekeeping Force M'biruna (MPFM) was a peacekeeping task force organized and led by Daobac to ensure stability in M'biruna following the failure of the 2003 and 2004 offensives by both belligerents. As part of the peace process, in 2005 Pulau Keramat requested its allies in the Ozerosi region to spearhead peacekeeping operations in M'biruna. Daobac, who had interest to ensure a politically & economically stable Ozerosi region, agreed to lead and organize the peacekeeping efforts while Pulau Keramat focused on the diplomatic front. Daobac was also able to succesfully petition its various allies such as Pulacan, XXX & XXX to participate in the MPFM. By January 2006 approximately <TBD XXX> personnel comprised of both military and civilian aid workers from various nations had assembled and deployed to M'biruna. Naval and Air elements of the Daobac Self-Defense Forces provided logistical support for the MPFM throughout the duration of the mission. The first wave of peacekeepers arrived in M'biruna on March 2006 and established a primary headquarters in the city of Insukamini, as well as a regional garrison in Getjenge. Throughout the next months more peacekeepers would be transported by air and sea to the east Scipian nation. The mandate of the MPFM included, among other things:
- Ensure that all belligerents observe the ceasefire agreement.
- Protect civilians and non-combatants from harm.
- Distribute humanitarian aid.
- Assist in rebuilding basic public infrastructure.
- Supervise the disarmament of militia groups.
- Neutralize rogue military elements or militias that refuse to observe the ceasefire agreement.
While the MPFM had military mandates, it was first and foremost a peacekeeping and humanitarian mission. The established rules of engagement stated that MPFM personnel were prohibited from utilizing lethal force against the militias unless engaged first. Aside from enforcing the ceasefire, MPFM personnel deployed engineers to help rebuild roads and schools throughout the country. Refugee camps were established where aid workers could provide food & shelter and administer medical services for the civilian population. One year after the signing and ratification of the Nkomo Accords, the MPFM began to gradually reduce its presence in the country. By December 2009 the last MPFM presence left M'biruna.
Provisions of the Accord
Post-Accords Implementation
Ingubu Irredentism
One of the major causes of the failure of the Accords to bring about a re-unification of a federal M'Biruna lay with the Ingubu military leaderships, and wider Ingubu popular opinion. The Ingubu represented the majority of the M'Birunan military leadership, and also the majority of the casualties suffered during the civil war, who did not wish to accept as equals the Imbesu people seen as their enemies, nor to accept that the war had failed to crush the uprising and bring the Imbesu to heel and back into the nation. A popular slogan which appeared on posters throughout Ingubu territories showed a map of pre-war M'Biruna with the slogan "Cha Cha Ungalokothi" (No, No, Never!) and became a popular chant at rallies of veterans and political opponents to the Accords. The slogan was allegedly shouted by the would be assassins of President Moyo before they were killed by his bodyguards.
This irredentism found its way into popular culture in the music of Amabharethi Ansundu, a band formed by conflict veterans, particularly their hit song Ungalokothi released in 2009. The film Abafana Emadwaleni also displays the anti-Accords feeling amongst the Ingubu people being focused on the story of a veteran who feels that him and his fallen comrades have been betrayed by a government interested only in economic gain and not the ideals which had been fought and died for. The film and music of Amabharethi Ansundu have been strongly criticised as anti-national propaganda and a threat to peace by the Amaveni dominated M'Birunan government.