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| ==Land Occupation==
| | {{Infobox military conflict |
| | | | conflict = Ayeli War |
| In 2018 out of the 230 millions hectares of the Divine Kingdom, around 186.3 millions (81%) are used to support agricultural activities. Nonetheless, it is important to remember that managed forests and fallows are counted among the official numbers. In a given year, it's as much as 112 millions hectares that are reserved to forestry, forest gardens, and other woodland productions. This is due, in great part, to the Pet Kot - Xukalpuh combination, the first being permanent {{wp|forest garden}}s traditional to the Mutul and the second a {{wp|Crop rotation}} technique with a short period of intensive cereal exploitation (2 or 4 years) followed by a longer fallow period where the land is let to return to a controlled forest environement (6 or 12 years). These forests are not unproductive however, as they are important source of fruits, nuts, and spices, as well as offering lands for Cerviculture. But the most important product of these managed forests is, without doubt, [[Mutulese Chocolate|Chocolate]]. Some Pet Kot are even entirely dedicated to the culture of the cacao tree and are thus known as ''Kakawnal''. These plots are under a specific legislation and increased control to ensure the quality, and prestige, of their production. Around 20% of the agricultural lands are used without interruption however: these are generally modern {{wp|Raised field}} located near swamps or in {{wp|floodplains}}.
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| ==Land Ownership==
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| ===Communal farming===
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| In the Mutul, farmers rarely -if ever- {{wp|private property|own}} the lands they exploit beyond their residence's garden. Instead, most of the Divine Kingdom's farmlands belong to the {{wp|Calpulli|Nalil}} who then grant {{wp|usufruct}} rights to individuals, who then farm their {{wp|Land lot|plot}} and collectively maintain communal holdings. The Divine Throne have great oversight over the agricultural industry: each Aj Kuch Kab -or "District Leader"- handle the rotation of crops and lands in a {{wp|milpas|Xukalpuh}} system, and can also establish plans to expand agricultural activities in their Nalil. This include the construction of new canals, terraces, raised beds, and so on. It is also part of the Kuch Kabob' duties to maintain their Nalil' ''agricultural registers'' up-to-date and to annualy present them to the Ministry of Land Gestion. This control over farmalnds is due to the fact that in a jungle environment no matter how careful a farmer is, nutrients are often hard to retain and there is a constant risk of losing agricultural lands permanently because of carelessness.
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| | | | place = [[Ayeli]] |
| ===Other form of holdings===
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| Beside the Nalilob, other landowners exist in the Mutul, even private ones. While the number of farmers who owned their land privately rised drastically during the [[Orientalism|Eastern Wind]] (1940-1950), few remained after the downfall of the Orientalists. Nowadays, large exploitations are located mostly in areas considered to be "low risks" in Eastern and Western Mutul.
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| Many plots thourough the Mutul are also given to temples and sanctuaries "in full" so that they can support themselves. Historically, many temples have become large landowners generally specialized in the production of "luxury" goods such as {{wp|chocolate}} or {{wp|coffee}} or {{wp|Ilex vomitoria|Yaupon Holly}}. But these large clerical properties do not differ greatly from communal exploitations and many have been recognized as Nalil of their own led by Aj K'in K'uch who have the same prerogatives and responsibilities as their secular counterparts.
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| ==Methods of Culture==
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| One of the greatest challenges in Mesoamerica for farmers is the lack of usable land, and the poor condition of the soil. The two main ways to combat poor soil quality, or lack of nutrients in the soil, are to leave fields fallow for a period of time in a Xukalpuh cycle, and to use {{wp|slash-and-burn}} techniques. In slash and burn agriculture, trees are cut down and left to dry for a period of time. The dry wood and grasses are then set on fire, and the resulting ash adds nutrients to the soil. These two techniques are often combined to retain as many nutrients as possible. However, the scarce access to ressources in a jungle and equatorial environment make it vital on the long-run to develop more complex and sustainable techniques.
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| | | | result = [[Mutul]]ese victory |
| ===Terracing===
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| [[File:Rice fields dry season Karen.JPG|220px|thumb|Terraces near [[K'umakah]] in southern Mutul]]
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| The first way to create land is to form terraces along the slopes of mountain valleys. Terraces made out of walls of stones have become the standard, especially as the techniques developed in [[Kayahallpa]] began to spread out, but even to this day it is possible to see old terraces made out of large cut down trees upon with soil have been mounted still being in used by Mutuleses farmers. In more isolated areas, such terraces might even still be built by locals.
| | | combatant1 = {{flag|North Ayeli}} <br> {{flag|Belfras}} |
| | | | combatant2 = {{flag|South Ayeli}} <br> {{flagicon|Sante Reze}} [[Hũy Security Cooperative]] |
| ===Pet Kot===
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| Historically, much of the Mutulese food supply was grown in forest gardens, which they call Pet Kot. Named after the characteristic walls of loose stones that surround them, Pet Kot are a low-maintenance, sustainable, plant-based food production and {{wp|agroforestry}} system based on woodland ecosystems. Making use of {{wp|companion planting}}, these can be intermixed to grow in a succession of layers to build a woodland habitat. In the Yajawils of the Xuman Peninsula, where the technique originated, there is an estimated 3 millions communaly handled Pet Kot and maybe a million privately owned forest gardens.
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| Depending on the region, names for forest gardens may vary. For example, they are especially common near small and medium rivers in the rest of the Mutul and can form very long bands of riparian managed forests. When forest gardens are used to separate plots of farmlands or as borders between Nalilob, they are called ''Tolch'e''. Tolch'e are especially important as reserves for species, reinforcing the whole agricultural system by accelerating the speed at which trees and other bushes colonize fallows, and as protection against the elements.
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| ===Xukalpuh===
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| [[File:11 3rd statge milpa w ZQ 0.JPG|220px|thumb|Farmer in a Xukalpuh]]
| | | strength1 = {{flagicon|North Ayeli}} [[North Ayeli|North Ayeli Military]]: 100,000 |
| The Xukalpuh is a crop-growing system used throughout the [[Mutul]]. The word is, as for Pet Kot, derived from the fences traditionaly surrounding the fields and their shapes: square (Xukal) reeds (puh). The main focus of this method is the production of maize, beans, and squash. The system calls for a short period of intensive exploitation of these three crops, followed by a much longer, between four to eight times the length, period of fallows. In reality, the Xukalpuh cycle is made of four stages: an intensive exploitation of the {{wp|three sisters (agriculture)|three sisters}}, followed by a transition stage were Quick-yielding fruit trees, like plantain, banana, and papaya are planted and cultivated within a year. Fruit trees that need more time to produce, such as avocado, mango, citrus, allspice, guava, cherimoya, ramón, and others are planted amidst the maize, beans, and squash to bear fruit in five years. Their maturation, and the resulting canopy, mark the beginning of the third stage where fruits are harvested for a few years while hardwoods, such as cedar and mahogany, are planted to mature over the next decades.
| | | strength2 = {{flagicon|South Ayeli}} [[South Ayeli|South Ayeli Military]]: 100,000 <br> {{flagicon|Sante Reze}} [[Hũy Security Cooperative]]: 10,000 <br> {{flagicon|Elatia}} [[Elatians Mercenaries]]: 8,000 <br> {{flagicon|Tikal}} [[Tikal|Tikaleses Volunteers]]: 3,000 |
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| Finally, in the final stage of the cycle, the forest is left to regenerate. The hardwoods rise above the fruit trees to create a high canopy. The milpa has now regenerated to look much like it did before the forest gardener cleared and burned it two decades earlier. It is now a managed forest with little to no undergrowth. Farmers generally leave deers and turkeys to roam in the forest to add more values to their production. When the time is considered right, remaining animals are hunted for their food and hides while the precious essences of wood are collected. Remaining trees are cleared and burned to enrich the soils and the cycle can start anew.
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| ===Raised fields=== | | | casualties3 = |
| [[File:Sembradío en chinampa.JPG|220px|thumb|Raised fields in [[Yajawil of Yokok'ab|Yokok'ab]]]] | | | notes = |
| Raised field agriculture is a form of hydraulic cultivation using raised and canalized fields creating conditions in which the earth is above its natural height. They are built around swamps, in floodplains, and other wetlands. Generally, raised fields are built following the same pattern: first, the canals are digged removing subsoil material. Then, the subsoil materials that were taken out of the ground to form the canals are now deposited on the area where the field will be (in between the canals). This foundation will, on average, end up around 200 cm above the bottom of canals. Thirdly, the original top soil that was first removed in the first stage is now added on top of the subsoil field foundations along with top soils taken from other areas and organics added for planting mediums.
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| The advantage of this construction process is the natural development of a multi-purpose drainage system. These canals of varying size can be used either as transport -for the larger ones-, for waste disposal and, indicentally, as a source of fertilizer because of the accumulation of muds and sediments that could be removed and placed on the topsoil, re-enriching the fields with new organic materials.
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| Raised fields are, contrary to the other types of farms in use in the Divine Kingdom, often privately owned. In Eastern Mutul especially, large landowners have maintained great properties near and in-between the large waterways and rivers of the region. As a result, these Yajawils have become some of the most steady net exporters of foodstuff, especially when considering their direct land access to [[Sante Reze]] which is a net importer of that category.
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| Because of its tropical and equatorial climate, raised fields in the Mutul are less complex than their [[Kayahallpa]] {{wp|Waru Waru|counterparts}} as they do not need to prevent crops from freezing overnight.
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| ==Production==
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| ===Three Sisters===
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| ====Corn==== | |
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| {{wp|Maize}} is the most produced cereal in the world and is native to Oxidentale where it was first obtained from {{wp|Zea (plant)|teosinte}}. So, it's very naturally that the [[Mutul]] - where Maize has always played an important cultural role - became one of the world's top producer of maize with an annual average of 110 millions metric tons. Three quarters of the annual production is consumed nationally, 50% by the {{wp|aviculture}} industrial complex, 25% by the kingdom's population. The rest is
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| exported with the main destinations being [[Tsurushima]] (15.3 millions), [[Sante Reze]] (8.55 millions), and [[Charnea]] (1.15 million tons).
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| ====Bean====
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| {{wp|Green bean}}s are the unripe, young fruit of various cultivars of the common bean. Green beans are eaten around the world and are sold fresh, canned, and frozen. They can be eaten raw or steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or baked. They are commonly cooked in other dishes such as soups and stews. The common bean is a highly variable species that has a long history of cultivation. The wild ''P. vulgaris'' is thought to be native to Norumbia, but was brought to Oxidentale very early during Prehistoric times. ''P. vulgaris'' is cultivated in the [[Mutul]] on the same plots as corn by using the latter as support, but the practice became less and less used with the agricultural revolution because of the manpower requirement. In total, the Mutul produce on average 5 millions tons of green beans per year. This production is divided between dry, fresh, and green beans. To note that there's an important production of beans in the Mutul aimed toward self-consumption and is thus not counted in official numbers as it never enter commercial circuits.
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| ====Squashes====
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| The family Cucurbitaceae has many species used as human food.Cucurbita species are some one of the most important of those, with the various species being prepared and eaten in many ways. They are cultivated for their fruits which are not only edible but also need little or no preparation and can often be stocked for long period of times. The flowers and young leaves and shoot tips can also be consumed. In 2010, the Mutul produced around 1 million tons of squashes.
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| ===Sweet Potatoes===
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| a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the morning glory family, the sweet potato is a {{wp|root vegetable}} and is another native of the tropical areas of the [[Ajax|Western Hemisphere]]. Of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of Convolvulaceae, I. batatas is the only crop plant of major importance. Once reliant on tree-cropping for the culture of this foodsource, alongside others like tomatoes or chili, the Mutuleses have long since evolved their production scheme toward more industrial methods. In 2010 the Mutul had 3 millions hectares of land dedicated to the culture of sweet potatoes, producing 34 millions tons of the tuber.
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| ===Cotton===
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| Coton has been cultivated in Oxidentale for millenias to make soft and lightweight textiles, its climate fitting very well the plant's requirement in water and temperature. Cotton clothes were considered a luxury good and only the Mutuleses elites could afford them. Wealthy and veterans soldiers favored armors consisting of short cotton jackets packed with rock salt. Cotton armor is so much more effective than any other protection.
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| Cotton and spices were the two "pillars" of the Mutulese [[Mutulese Ochran|Trade system with Ochran]]. This preceded the invention of the {{wp|Jacquard machine|automatic loom}}, industrialization would only reach the Mutul in the middle of the 19th century after decades of political upheaval. Ultimately, the Divine Kingdom became an important source of cotton for other economies and managed to protect its booming industry against foreign competitors.
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| Despite its stride toward an eco-responsible and sustainable agriculture, the Mutul is not considered to be a producer of {{wp|Organic cotton}} as most of its cultures involve the use of {{wp|Genetically modified crops}} and of synthetic fertilizers. This does not prevent resellers to categorize most of the Mutul's production as "Mutulese" or "Oxidentalese" Organic, arguing that Mutuleses farmers rarely use pesticide and generally grow cotton in low-scale productions in the cotton's natural environment, limiting their ecological footprint. Such debates are especially proeminent in countries like [[Sante Reze]], where the demand for organic and eco-friendly products is especially high.
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| In 2016, the Mutul reached a production of 6 millions tons of cotton.
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| ===Sugarcane===
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| sugar cane refers to several species and hybrids of tall perennial grass that are used for {{wp|Sugar industry|sugar production}}. It is native to the warm temperate tropical regions of the Vespanian Ocean, but first arrived in the Western Hemisphere through [[Belfrasian Crusade|Latin colonisation]] of [[Belfras]] and was exported to the [[Mutul]] from there.
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| The Mutul offers excellent condition for the culture of sugarcane, with an average yield per Hectare of 90 tons. Limits to the development of its culture however, are numerous. While it knew an important growth spur during the [[Orientalism|Eastern Wind]] (1930-1955), this expansion was stopped as both the [[Occidentalism|Occidentalists]] and [[Oniyism|Traditionalists]] were warry of its {{wp|Extensive farming|extensive}} nature as well as its plantation-based system which had favored the enrichment of the Occidentalist-alligned landowners. Futhermore, the development of {{wp|Biofuel}}s was stunted in the Divine Kingdom despite investments on the topics because of resistances from farmer and workers who dreaded to see the number of hectares allocated to internal food production be reduced in favour of biofuel production for export to [[Sante Reze]]. Decrees and concessions given to the [[Divine Throne#Ox Bitzpop|Three Blessed Courts]] to address both issues have led to the de-facto fixation of surfaces dedicated to the culture of sugar cane at around 120,000 hectares for an annual production of around 10 to 12 million tons.
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| ===Spices===
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| ====Chili pepper====
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| [[File:2014_Dried_chilli_flakes.jpg|200px|thumb|Dried chili pepper flakes and fresh chilies]]
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| Capsicum fruits have been a part of human diets since about 7,500 BC, and are one of the oldest {{wp|agriculture|cultivated crops}} in the Western Hemisphere. There are five domesticated species of chili peppers. {{wp|Capsicum annuum}}, native from the [[Mutul]], includes many common varieties such as the popular {{wp|bell peppers}}. {{wp|Capsicum frutescens}} is a wild chili pepper native from [[Sante Reze]] and is very small and pungent compared to the other cultivars. {{wp|Capsicum chinense}} are genetically closely related to the previous species and has birthed many of the world's hottest pepper cultivars. The other two species are {{wp|Capsicum pubescens}} and {{wp|Capsicum baccatum}}.
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| Though there are only a few commonly used species, there are many cultivars and methods of preparing chili peppers that have different names for culinary use. Green and red bell peppers, for example, are the same cultivar of C. annuum, immature peppers being green.
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| Peppers are commonly broken down into three groupings: bell peppers, sweet peppers, and hot peppers. Most popular pepper varieties are seen as falling into one of these categories or as a cross between them.
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| Chili pepper pods are, technically, {{wp|berries}}. When used fresh, they are most often prepared and eaten like a vegetable. Whole pods can be dried and then crushed or ground into chili powder that is used as a spice or seasoning. Chilies can be dried to prolong their shelf life. Chile peppers can also be preserved by brining, immersing the pods in oil, or by pickling. Many Mutuleses dishes use the entire chili such as the famous {{wp|Chipotle|smoke pepper}}. In fact, entire dishes only by using spices and chilies.
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| In the Mutul, chili peppers will typically be cultivated in orchard gardens on in terraces. 3 millions tons of green peppers are produced annually, a ninth of which is dedicated to the creation of dried peppers (around 334,000 tons per year).
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| ====Vanilla====
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| [[File:Raiatea - Sechage vanille (3).JPG|200px|thumb|the "Black Flower" of the Divine Kingdom]]
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| Vanilla ([[Mutli]]: ''Chizibik'') is a spice derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from pods of {{wp|Vanilla planifolia}}. According to tradition, it's the {{wp|Totonac|Tatinak}} of the [[Chik'in Kingdom]] who were the first people to cultivate vanilla which remain in high demand thorough Mutulese history. So much so that Mutuleses traders who settled thorough the [[Mutulese Ochran|Vespanian Ocean]] began to experiment cultivating vanilla in their orchard gardens, but these first attempts at introducing the vine to new continents proved fruitless and the interests of the Nuk Nahob to maintain their monopoly over Vanilla production prevented botanists to take a deeper look at the plant peculiar pollinisation. Hand Polinisation of Vanilla was only discovered in the 1840s by [[Arthurista]]ns entrepreneurs who quickly developed the culture of vanilla which spread thorough the Malaio and Ochranese continents with [[Onekawa-Nukanoa]], [[Pulau Keramat]], and [[Ankat]] all overtaking the Mutul as major vanilla producers until the Divine Kingdom finally adopted the practice of hand pollinisation.
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| Nowadays, the production of vanilla in the Mutul depends on two distinct models. Most Pet Kot and other Orchard Gardens often grow Vanilla "naturally", relying on pollinisation by wild orchid bees of the {{wp|Eulaema}} genus as they lack the manpower to do otherwise. There are also, especially in western Mutul, commercial orchards dedicated to the culture of Vanilla, often coupled with the culture of {{wp|Theobroma cacao|chocolate}}. These orchards have the funds and manpower required to practice large-scale hand-pollinisation alongside other agronomic practices that facilitate harvest and increases bean quality without falling into over-pollinisation, which has negative effects on the plant. It can be expected that, annually, the Mutul produce between 400 and 500 tons of Vanilla a year.
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| ===Vegetables===
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| ===Others===
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| {{wp|Attalea cohune|Cohune palm}} ([[Mutli]]: ''Tutz'') is a species of {{wp|Arecaceae|palm tree}}s native to the [[Mutul]]. It is used in the production of {{wp|cohune oil}} and its nut can be used as a variety of {{wp|vegetable ivory}}. As an estimate, 80% of all Pet Kot and late-stage Xukalpuh in the Xuman Peninsula grow Tutz in a noticeable quantity. | |
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| {{wp|Pouteria sapota|mamey sapote}} ([[Mutli]]: ''Zon'') is another species of trees native to the Mutul. its fruit is eaten raw or made into milkshakes, smoothies, ice cream and fruit bars. However, most of these products are aimed at the national market and rarely leave the Mutul's borders. It's the tree's seeds which, despite their toxicity, are kept and pressed for their {{wp|Sapote oil|oil}} which is used for cooking as well as in soaps, beauty and cosmetic products. These transformations are either operated directly by Mutuleses companies or the oil is directly exported to its main foreign consumer: [[Sante Reze]]'s pharmaceutical industry. Other fruits often categorized as "Zon" despite being genetically unrelated to it are {{wp|White sapote|''Casimiroa edulis''}}, the "Oxidentalese Apple", and the tomato-like {{wp|Diospyros nigra}}.
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| {{wp|Bursera simaruba|gumbo-limbo}} ([[Mutli]]: ''Chaka''), also known as copperwood, is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 30 meters tall with a shiny dark red bark. Despite its abundant and year-round production of fruits, they are not the reason why the tree is cultivated as they are too small and too tedious to harvest to be profitable and are instead left to {{wp|Bird migration|migrating birds}} and other animals. Their main use is as {{wp|Hedge|living fences}} to protect fields and as a source of resin. Chaka resin is extremely appreciated in the production of varnish and incense and may also be used in the treatment of {{wp|Gout}}.
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| The {{wp|Sabal mauritiiformis|X'an}} palm tree is found everywhere in the Mutul. It is not cultivated for its fruits, but for its leaves which are used for their insect repelling properties and, in the poorer regions of the country, as house insulation. 90% of all investigated Pet Kot present a number of X'an palm trees grown specifically for this purpose and its cultivation is encouraged by the [[Divine Throne]] as it minimize the spread of {{wp|malaria}} and other mosquito-born diseases.
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| While far less cultivated than historically, {{wp|Swietenia mahagoni|Mahogany}} ([[Mutli]]: ''Sutz'uch'') was once the "Mutulese's Fleets Greatest Weapon" as it was the chief wood employed for naval cosntruction. It is particularly suited for planking, waterways, bulwarks, rails, skylights and companions, bitts, gangway ladders, and other deck work. With the later employment of iron, steel and teak in shipbuilding, mahogany became far more important as a furniture wood which remain its main modern day purpose, though it is still preferred to any other wood for the framework of small sailing vessels.
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| {{wp|Tabebuia rosea}} ([[Mutli]]: ''Hokab'') is one of the most popular tree in the Mutul's eastern Yajawils where it is often used for decoration because of its abundant and beautiful flowers. it's mainly exploited to extract {{wp|Lapachol}}, used for the creation of medecines against {{wp|palludism}}.
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| {{wp|Pouteria campechiana|Kanixt'e}} is an evergreen tree cultivated all around the Mutul and the countries once part of the kingdom's [[Mutulese Ochran|Oversea possessions]] for its edible fruit, colloquially known as "egg fruit". Like the related lucuma, the canistel can be eaten fresh, and has the texture of a hard-boiled egg yolk. The ripe fruit can be made into jam, marmalade, pancakes, and flour. The ripe flesh is blended with cocoa milk (or just milk) and other ingredients to make a shake, and pureed, it is sometimes added to custards or used in making ice cream. The wood of the tree is occasionally used in construction where it is available, especially as planks or rafters. It was also a source of latex used to adulterate {{wp|chicle}}, a natural gum collected from several species of the {{wp|Manilkara}} genus, used in making {{wp|chewing gum}} and other products. Only an handful of local producers and small gums companies still use Chicle in their products, most companies having switched to the cheaper butadiene-based synthetic rubber since the 60s.
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| {{wp|Lonchocarpus violaceus|lilac tree}}s ([[Mutli]]: ''Manchich'') belong to the {{wp|Fabaceae}} (legume) family. It is cultivated for its bark, which is used in the fabrication of {{wp|Balché}} a mildly intoxicating beverage popular among the Mutuleses, to the point of being nicknamed the "Mutulese beer". To make Balché, the Manchich barks are soaked in honey and water, and fermented.
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| {{wp|Brosimum alicastrum|breadnut}} ([[Mutli]]: ''Oxt'e'') is a tree species in the family Moraceae of flowering plants, whose other genera include figs and mulberries. It has a large seed covered by a thin, citrus-flavored, orange-colored skin favored by a number of forest creatures. More importantly, the large seed which is enveloped by the tasty skin is an edible ‘nut’ that can be boiled or dried and ground into a meal for porridge or flatbread. It was, historically, a very common {{wp|Famine food}} for the populations of the Mutul. Nowadays, Breadnut leaves and fruits are commonly used as forage for livestock during the dry season, and are especially popular in cerviculture and {{wp|Aviculture}}.
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| {{wp|Piscidia piscipula|fishpoison tree}} ([[Mutli]]: ''Tiaxib'') is a medium-sized, deciduous, tropical tree endemic to the wider Kayamuca Sea. Prehistorical populations quickly discovered that extracts from the tree could sedate fish, allowing them to be caught by hand, leading to the tree's common name. Nowadays, Mutuleses Fishermen still use the extract for their activity but it is also demanded by pharmaceutical companies for its value as an analgesic and sedative. The species is shade intolerant, requiring full sunlight for maximum development, meaning it can only be cultivated outside of Pet Kot or at their edges, greatly reducing its availability.
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| The Mutul produce around 9 millions metric tons of of {{wp|poultry}} each year. This number has been relatively stable thourough the 21st century.
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Belfras
Hũy Security Cooperative
North Ayeli Military: 100,000
South Ayeli Military: 100,000 
Elatians Mercenaries: 8,000 
Tikaleses Volunteers: 3,000