Heraan language: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
m (+cat) |
||
| (3 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{WIP}} | {{WIP}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Heraʻan | | name = Heraʻan | ||
|nativename = ''Āmanava Heraʻā'' | | nativename = ''Āmanava Heraʻā'' | ||
|states = [[Selayar]] | | states = [[Selayar]] | ||
|speakers = {{sigfig|18.54|2}} million | | speakers = {{sigfig|18.54|2}} million | ||
|date = 2015 census | | date = 2015 census | ||
|speakers2 = [[Wikipedia:Second language|L2 speakers]]: {{sigfig|16.334|3}} million (2015 census) | | speakers2 = [[Wikipedia:Second language|L2 speakers]]: {{sigfig|16.334|3}} million (2015 census) | ||
|familycolor = Boreaurelian | | familycolor = Boreaurelian | ||
|fam2 = [[Mananaman languages|Manamanan]] | | fam2 = [[Mananaman languages|Manamanan]] | ||
|fam3 = [[South Manamanan languages|South Manamanan]] | | fam3 = [[South Manamanan languages|South Manamanan]] | ||
|fam4 = [[Selayaric languages|Selayaric]] | | fam4 = [[Selayaric languages|Selayaric]] | ||
|dia1 = Wanaperaʻan | | dia1 = Wanaperaʻan | ||
|dia2 = Ruawan | | dia2 = Ruawan | ||
|dia3 = Tinataʻan | | dia3 = Tinataʻan | ||
|dia4 = Vahilan | | dia4 = Vahilan | ||
|script = [[Wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]] ([[Selayari alphabet]])<br />[[Selayari Braille]] | | script = [[Wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]] ([[Selayari alphabet]])<br />[[Selayari Braille]] | ||
|nation = {{flag|Selayar}} | | nation = {{flag|Selayar}} | ||
|agency = [[Ramuwaʻa na ʻAmanava Heraʻa]] | | agency = [[Ramuwaʻa na ʻAmanava Heraʻa]] | ||
|iso1 | | iso1 = sr | ||
|iso2 | | iso2 = slr | ||
|iso3 | | iso3 = slr | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Heraʻan language''' (''Āmanava Heraʻā'' ['aːmanava hɛ'raʔaː]) is a Boreaurelian language spoken in Selayar where it is the sole official language and the language of the Heraʻan people, one the country's dominant ethnic groups. In 2015, it was spoken as a first language by 18 million, primarily the Heraʻan people, and as a second language by 16 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Selayar. | '''Heraʻan language''' (''Āmanava Heraʻā'' ['aːmanava hɛ'raʔaː]) is a Boreaurelian language spoken in Selayar where it is the sole official language and the language of the Heraʻan people, one the country's dominant ethnic groups. In 2015, it was spoken as a first language by 18 million, primarily the Heraʻan people, and as a second language by 16 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Selayar. | ||
It is closely related to other languages in Selayar, such as Reyan languages, Vayaran languages, Tanganan languages, and more distantly to other Boreaurelian languages around the Manamana Bay. | It is closely related to other languages in Selayar, such as Reyan languages, Vayaran languages, Tanganan languages, and more distantly to other Boreaurelian languages around the [[Manamana Bay]]. | ||
Heraʻan is an agglutinative and synthetic language, largely trisyllabic, with verb-object-subject word order, and a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment dubbed the [[Wikipedia:Austronesian | Heraʻan is an agglutinative and synthetic language, largely trisyllabic, with verb-object-subject word order, and a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment dubbed the [[Wikipedia:Austronesian alignment|Boreaurelian allignment]] by linguists. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | ! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! {{small|short}} | ||
! | ! {{small|long}} | ||
! | ! {{small|short}} | ||
! | ! {{small|long}} | ||
! | ! {{small|short}} | ||
! | ! {{small|long}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| Line 75: | Line 75: | ||
* /u/ a close back unrounded vowel similar to English "fl'''u'''te" | * /u/ a close back unrounded vowel similar to English "fl'''u'''te" | ||
The vowel [o] is an allophone of [u] | The vowel [o] is an allophone of [u] at the end of a word, and it is rarely indicated in writing. Each vowel has a long vowel, and it is orthographically indicated by a macron above the vowel, e.g. ā. The quality of long vowels usually overlaps with the quality of short vowels, except [e], which has [ɛː] (open-mid front unrounded vowel) instead. | ||
Heraʻan has several diphthongs, namely ai, au, iu, ia, ua, ui. This is sometimes represented as aw, yu, ya, wa, wi respectively. | Heraʻan has several diphthongs, namely ai, au, iu, ia, ua, ui. This is sometimes represented as aw, yu, ya, wa, wi respectively. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
| Line 121: | Line 118: | ||
| | | | ||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
![[Wikipedia: | ![[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Tap]] | ||
| | | | ||
| {{IPA| | | {{IPA|r}} <r> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 129: | Line 126: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Heraʻan has a total of 11 native consonants. All stops are unaspirated. [ | Heraʻan has a total of 11 native consonants. All stops are unaspirated. | ||
* Tap r [ɾ] is an allophone of [r] in word-initial position. | |||
* [h] is usually omitted when it occurs word-initially, and is almost unheard word-medially in some dialects. | |||
* [k] rarely occurs, mostly in borrowed words. | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Stressing of a syllable in Heraʻan is usually predictable and non-phonemic (i.e. the meaning of a word never changes depending on the stress). The main stress always falls on the first syllable, and minor stress falls on the preceding third, fifth, etc. | Stressing of a syllable in Heraʻan is usually predictable and non-phonemic (i.e. the meaning of a word never changes depending on the stress). The main stress always falls on the first syllable, and minor stress falls on the preceding third, fifth, etc. syllables. Inflected words usually follow the rule. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
Heraʻan has pretty strict phonotactics. It has a simple syllable structure, (C)V, and most words are trisyllabic. Final consonants are not allowed, and consonant cluster are non-existent. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Heraʻan is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination | Heraʻan is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination | ||
===Boreaurelian | ===Boreaurelian alignment=== | ||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
| Line 143: | Line 147: | ||
===Numbers=== | ===Numbers=== | ||
The numbers (''a wirangana'') in Heraʻan are of two sets, the common and ''arana'' sets. The ''arana'' set is used exclusively for human, eg. age. The ''arana'' set are usually derived from partial reduplication of the common set, though this is not always the case. | The numbers (''a wirangana'') in Heraʻan are of two sets, the common and ''arana'' sets. The ''arana'' set is used exclusively for human, eg. age. The ''arana'' set are usually derived from partial reduplication of the common set, though this is not always the case. | ||
[[Category:Selayar]][[Category: | |||
[[Category:Selayar]] | |||
[[Category:Language (Eurth)]] | |||
{{Eurth}} | |||
Latest revision as of 11:24, 30 January 2024
 | This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
| Heraʻan | |
|---|---|
| Āmanava Heraʻā | |
| Native to | Selayar |
Native speakers | 19 million (2015 census) L2 speakers: 16.3 million (2015 census) |
Boreaurelian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Selayari alphabet) Selayari Braille | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Selayar |
| Regulated by | Ramuwaʻa na ʻAmanava Heraʻa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | sr |
| ISO 639-2 | slr |
| ISO 639-3 | slr |
Heraʻan language (Āmanava Heraʻā ['aːmanava hɛ'raʔaː]) is a Boreaurelian language spoken in Selayar where it is the sole official language and the language of the Heraʻan people, one the country's dominant ethnic groups. In 2015, it was spoken as a first language by 18 million, primarily the Heraʻan people, and as a second language by 16 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Selayar.
It is closely related to other languages in Selayar, such as Reyan languages, Vayaran languages, Tanganan languages, and more distantly to other Boreaurelian languages around the Manamana Bay.
Heraʻan is an agglutinative and synthetic language, largely trisyllabic, with verb-object-subject word order, and a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment dubbed the Boreaurelian allignment by linguists.
Phonology
Heraʻan has 16 phonemes, 12 of them are consonants and 4 are vowels, not including long variants. The syllable structure is (C)V.
Vowels
Heraʻan has four surface vowels, and a distinction of length.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i | iː | u | uː | ||
| Mid | e | ɛː | (o) | (ɔː) | ||
| Open | a | aː | ||||
- /a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "father"
- /e/ an close-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed"
- /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"
- /u/ a close back unrounded vowel similar to English "flute"
The vowel [o] is an allophone of [u] at the end of a word, and it is rarely indicated in writing. Each vowel has a long vowel, and it is orthographically indicated by a macron above the vowel, e.g. ā. The quality of long vowels usually overlaps with the quality of short vowels, except [e], which has [ɛː] (open-mid front unrounded vowel) instead.
Heraʻan has several diphthongs, namely ai, au, iu, ia, ua, ui. This is sometimes represented as aw, yu, ya, wa, wi respectively.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m <m> | n <n> | ŋ <ng> | ||
| Plosive | t <t> | k <k> | ʔ <ʻ> | ||
| Fricative | β <v> | s |
h <h> | ||
| Approximant | j <y> | w <w> | |||
| Tap | r <r> |
Heraʻan has a total of 11 native consonants. All stops are unaspirated.
- Tap r [ɾ] is an allophone of [r] in word-initial position.
- [h] is usually omitted when it occurs word-initially, and is almost unheard word-medially in some dialects.
- [k] rarely occurs, mostly in borrowed words.
Stress
Stressing of a syllable in Heraʻan is usually predictable and non-phonemic (i.e. the meaning of a word never changes depending on the stress). The main stress always falls on the first syllable, and minor stress falls on the preceding third, fifth, etc. syllables. Inflected words usually follow the rule.
Phonotactics
Heraʻan has pretty strict phonotactics. It has a simple syllable structure, (C)V, and most words are trisyllabic. Final consonants are not allowed, and consonant cluster are non-existent.
Grammar
Heraʻan is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination
Boreaurelian alignment
Examples
Numbers
The numbers (a wirangana) in Heraʻan are of two sets, the common and arana sets. The arana set is used exclusively for human, eg. age. The arana set are usually derived from partial reduplication of the common set, though this is not always the case.
