Premier of Werania

k.k Chancellor of the Lands of the Weranic Crown
Incumbent Otto von Hößlin since 28th June 2019
Style	The Honourable
Residence	Mathjie Palace, Westbrücken, Werania
Nominator	Volkstag
Appointer	Monarch of Werania
Term length	4 years or earlier, renewable. The Volkstag must be dissolved every 4 years or earlier by the Chancellor. The person who commands the confidence of a majority of members of the Volkstag will become the Chancellor.
Inaugural holder	Ulrich von Bayrhoffer
Formation	17th March 1842
Salary	€125,000

The k.k Chancellor of the Lands of the Weranic Crown (Weranian: k.k Reichskanzler der Länder der Ostisch Krone) has been the head of government of the Lands of the Weranic Crown since the unification of Werania under the efforts of King Sigismund and Cislanian Minister-President Ulrich von Bayrhoffer, who became the inaugural Chancellor. The Chancellor officially chairs the Cabinet of Werania, and since the 1940's has evolved from a first-amongst-equals to a more presidential office with the ultimate authority over executive affairs. The Chancellor is officially appointed by the monarch, who must appoint a candidate nominated by the Volkstag. The Volkstag must pass a vote of no confidence to remove a Chancellor.

There has been 44 individuals who have been Prime Minister with 3 people holding the position on non-consecutive occasions. The longest serving Chancellor was its inaugural one Ulrich von Bayrhoffer (1842-1859) who served for 17 years, 1 month and 7 days whilst the shortest serving Chancellor was Alois Hochwälder (1937-1938) who served for 10 months and 4 days. The current Chancellor is Otto von Hößlin who has served in the post since June 2019.

Selection process

The Chancellor is nominated by the Volkstag with a simple-majority ballot being conducted whenever there is a vacancy. Once the Chancellor's candidacy is approved by a majority of MP's the monarch then formally approves of the candidacy - if the monarch rejects the nomination from parliament the monarch and parliament are given a week to come to a consensus - ultimately however if no consensus is reached the Volkstag's nomination automatically becomes Chancellor.

The Chancellor can only be removed through an impeachment, presenting their resignation to the monarch or losing a vote of no confidence in the Volkstag. In the role of an immediate vacancy of the Chancellor the monarch may appoint a sitting MP to chair a caretaker cabinet until parliament nominates a candidate for Chancellor.

List

Political Parties:

Conservative and Sotirian Democratic

  KP   KSP   NKP

Liberal and Radical

  AOP   NLP   RP

Social Democratic and Socialist

  OSAI   SPO   SRPO

No.	Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Days	Election	Political Party
1		Prince Ulrich von Bayrhoffer (1786-1867)	17th March 1842	24th February 1856	13 years, 11 months and 7 days	1842, 1848, 1852	AOP
			Considered to be one of the key figures behind the unification of Werania, von Bayrhoffer dominated the early politics of the new state mentoring Emperor Sigismund. In internal affairs he promoted conservative reforms, extending the suffrage in 1846 but strengthening the power of the monarchy. In international affairs he aligned with the pan-Weranicists pursuing an aggressive policy in annexing smaller Weranic state and achieving a victory over Estmere. In 1852 he led Werania into the War of the Triple Alliance in an attempt to unify Vredlandia into Werania; Werania's failure in the war to meet its strategic objectives resulted in von Bayrhoffer to be ousted in 1856 following the Treaty of Torrazza.
		Count Ferdinand Karl von Schillingsfürst (1805-1863)	24th February 1856	7th October 1859	3 years, 7 months and 13 days	1857	AOP ↓ NLP
2
			Appointed following von Bayrhoffer's ousting, von Schillingsfürst commanded little authority with Emperor Sigismund taking an increasing role in state governance. His term oversaw the collapse of the pan-Weranic party and the development of the two-party system between the National Liberals and the Conservatives. Von Schillingsfürst resigned in 1859 following the failure of his budget to pass through the Reichstag.
3		Prince Franz Joseph of Wittislich (1810-1874)	7th October 1859	14th March 1867	7 years, 5 months and 7 days	1860, 1865	NLP
			Prince Franz Joseph significantly expanded the franchise and liberalised tariffs on various agricultural goods. In foreign policy he attempted to deepen an alliance between Werania and Etruria alongside being a staunch advocate for Weranic imperialism abroad. He was dismissed in 1867 by the Kaiser over differences regarding foreign affairs.
4		Duke Friedrich von Stürmer (1826-1883)	14th March 1867	26th June 1870	2 years, 3 months and 12 days	-	NLP
			A liberal reformer von Stürmer relied on moderate conservatives and liberals to support his policies whilst in government including deregulating the economy and legalising trade unions. His cabinet fell in 1870 when a proposal to extend the vote to the "respectable working class" led to heated opposition within the Reichstag.
5		Viscount Johann Franz von Gieslingen (1819-1882)	26th June 1870	18th May 1872	1 year, 10 months and 22 days	1870	KP
			Von Gieslingen increased tariffs during his term and sought to come to better relations with the church regarding funding for schools. His cabinet was dismissed in 1872 over differences with the Kaiser.
6		Earl Franz Gustav von Reichenstein (1816-1883)	18th May 1872	24th August 1876	4 years, 3 months and 6 days	1872	NLP
			Winning the 1872 election von Reichenstein expanded the voting franchise with drop parliamentary support as well as the approval of the imperial house. He also significantly increased Weranic interventionism abroad being seen as a "liberal interventionist". His failure to address Ruttish nationalism and his proposal to extend home rule to Ruttland lost him the support of the kaiser and resulted in his resignation.
7		Count Joachim Schwarzenberg (1820-1889)	24th August 1876	16th April 1878	2 years, 7 months and 23 days	1876	KP
			Considered a "creature of the Kaiser" Schwersenberg lost popularity and authority quickly in his term becoming dependent on the imperial house. He voluntarily resigned on the advice of his cabinet in 1878.
8		Duke Xaver von Aehrenthal (1815-1888)	16th April 1878	5th June 1880	2 years, 1 month and 20 days	-	KP
			Von Aehrenthal's government was considered to be that of "moderate conservatism" implementing various welfare policies and factory regulation to increase the support of the KP amongst the working class. However the KP was unable to win the 1880 election following the Jutenberg scandal.
9		Count Ludwig von Middendorff (1837-1892)	5th June 1880	17th September 1883	3 years, 3 months and 12 days	1880	NLP
			Descended from Weranic-Ruttish nobility von Middendorff spent the majority of his office concerned with the "Ruttish question" and relations with Marolevia. In both fields he was reckoned to be unsuccessful and as such resigned in 1883.
(8)		Duke Xaver von Aehrenthal (1815-1888)	17th September 1883	26th March 1888	3 years, 6 months and 9 days	1883	KP
			Returning to office in 1883, von Aehrenthal attempted to implement sound fiscal policies and expand Weranic colonial interests abroad, being considered close to the colonial lobby. These attempts led to colonial border conflicts with Estmere and Gaullica that were unresolved in his term. He died in office in 1888.
10		Baron Bartholomäus von Littrow (1841-1906)	26th March 1887	14th November 1890	3 years, 7 months and 19 days	1887	KP
			Calling and winning a snap election in 1887 von Littrow enjoyed support from both the Kaiser and the Reichstag. Under von Littrow industrialisation programmes were expanded as were colonial incentives. A reform of the banking system under von Littrow led to Werania to help develop one of the largest banking sectors in the world after Gaullica.
11		Viscount Adolf Ritter von Kral (1842-1914)	14th November 1890	20th August 1896	5 years, 9 months and 6 days	1891, 1895	KP
			Von Kral's government was considered to favour policies advocating for a strong national defence and imperialism abroad and reactionary conservatism domestically, making his government popular to conservative elements. His anti-leftism however led to the 1895 general strike which only ended after Interior Minister Konrad von Höhnel and the Kaiser were able to broker a compromise; Von Kral never regained authority and resigned in 1896.
12		Count Konrad von Höhnel (1852-1936)	20th August 1896	6th November 1900	4 years, 2 months and 17 days	1899	KP
			Considered a moderate conservative, von Höhnel mainly focused on foreign affairs. His term as Chancellor saw Werania attempt to form an alliance with Gaullica but opposition from conservative elements and Werania's longstanding commitments with Etruria meant this policy was unsuccessful.
13		Baron Hans von Doblhoff-Dier (1846-1918)	6th November 1900	14th March 1903	1 year, 4 months and 8 days	-	KP
			A largely reactionary figure, von Doblhoff-Dier raised tariffs considerably on food imports and attempted to further expand the empire. Opposition to higher bread tariffs led to a conservative defeat in the 1903 election.
14		Baron Lothar von Kuehnelt (1848-1924)	14th March 1903	27th June 1910	8 years, 3 months and 13 days	1903, 1907	NLP
			A reformist liberal, von Kuehnelt privatised the previous government's industrial holdings, promoted workers' rights and lowered tariffs considerably. He was most notable for his suffrage reform in 1906 which gave the vote to all men over the age of 25 and property-owning women over the age of 35. He also reformed the voting system to become more proportional. However the onset of the 1909 market crash and resulting laissez-faire policies led von Kuehnelt's government to quickly lost popularity and the National Liberals to lose to the 1910 election.
15		Erich Schätzle (1866-1927)	27th June 1910	14th October 1913	3 years, 3 months and 17 days	1910	KSP
			The first Sotirian democrat and the first Chancellor of non-aristocratic descent Schätzle formed a coalition government with the Conservatives. The government promoted austerity policies to deal with the depression, which were seen to be ineffective and in some case worsen the crisis. The coalition was unstable and collapsed in 1913.
16		Ignaz Landsberg (1874-1932)	14th October 1913	19th August 1915	1 year, 10 months and 5 days	1913	NLP
			An industrialist Landsberg formed a liberal government of the NLP and the Radicals. His government however continued economic orthodoxy. His government was brought down after the Radicals left the coalition to support a popular front with the socialist OSAI party.
17		Albrecht Küchenthal (1847–1916)	19th August 1915	16th June 1916	9 months and 28 days	1915	OSAI
			The first socialist to take office, Küchenthal formed government with an alliance between OSAI and the Radicals under a "popular front" strategy. His government attempted to use economic interventionism to deal with the economic crisis nationalising failing industry, creating unemployment benefits and sponsoring work programmes. Political polarisation and violence led to Küchenthal to be murdered by a right-wing activist in 1916.
18		Dietrich Nischwitz (1865–1937)	16th June 1916	24th July 1918	2 years, 1 month and 8 days	-	OSAI
			Taking over after Küchenthal's assassination Nischwitz's term saw an increase in political polarisation and violence. Socialist reforms in labour and industry were pursued such as the introduction of a 40-hour workweek. Nischwitz, a syndicalist, opposed the outbreak of war with Swetania in 1918, causing a split in OSAI and his dismissal by the pro-war Kaiser Leopold IV.
19		Heinrich Löcherer (1868-1937)	24th July 1918	6th May 1921	2 years, 10 months and 12 days	-	SPO
			The leader of the pro-war faction of OSAI which became the Social Democratic Party Löcherer formed a government with the Radicals and National Liberals. His government repealed progressive legislation such as the 40-hour workweek to support the war effort, but was frustrated in office when he was sidelined by the Kaiser and army chief of staff. He called an election at the wars conclusion in 1921 but was defeated by a conservative coalition.
20		Gustav de Maizière (1863-1936)	6th May 1920	30st July 1922	3 months and 13 days	1921	KSP
			Forming a right-wing coalition of the Catholics, Liberals and Conservatives de Maizière, whose family had roots in Gaullica, supported the continuation of the Treaty of Guarantees. He attempted to dismantle the economic reforms that had been pushed through by the OSAI government in response to the Great Collapse; whilst he was successful in privatising industry instead diverting government control into holdings companies he was unable to dismantle work programmes leading to his resignation.
21		Count Waldemar von Stürgkh (1872-1933)	30st July 1922	24th September 1924	2 years, 1 month and 25 days	-	KP
			A conservative governing with the Catholics and the Liberals, von Stürgkh was openly admiring of the work of the Gaullican functionalist regime and attempted to build a corpratist state in Werania whilst undertaking a foreign policy of appeasement towards Gaullica. His heavy handed approach to left and right wing agitation led von Stürgkh to be accused of dictatorial tendencies. Following the inconclusive 1924 elections he proposed to Kaiser Leopold IV to dismantle the Reichstag and suspend the constitution but was rebuffed, resigning from office when a new government was formed.
22		Baron Reinhold von Schönborn-Herz (1859-1934)	24th September 1924	10th March 1927	2 years, 5 months and 14 days	1924	KSP
			Von Schönborn-Herz led a coalition government of his KSP, the NLP, the SPO and the RRU as a compromise candidate to both the Reichstag and the monarchy, sitting in the Herrstag rather than the Volkstag. Von Schönborn-Herz was unable to solve Werania's recession and was accused of practicing appeasement towards functionalist Gaullica albeit still defending Werania's alliances with Etruria and Estmere. During the first year of the Great War he was seen to mismanage the oversight of the war, resulting in him being forced resign after his health failed.
23		Alois Hochwälder (1877-1951)	10th March 1927	24th February 1930	2 years, 11 months and 14 days	-	KSP
			Chosen to continue the coalition of the KSP, NLP, RP and SPO during the Great War, Hochwälder was seen as clashing with the Kaiser Leopold IV and the General Staff. He was forced out of office in 1930 when the new Chief of General Staff, Karl von Straußenburg, demanded the Kaiser dismiss him.
24		Adalbert von Kolbenheyer (1877-1951)	24th February 1930	13th June 1932	2 years, 3 months and 20 days	-	KP
			Appointed by the Kaiser due to the strong support of Chief of Staff von Straußenburg von Kolbenheyer's appointment was seen as heralding a government more based on support from the military then the Reichstag. Von Kolbenheyer largely deferred to the general staff with the Reichstag being largely ambivalent to his government. Military failure in June 1932 led to von Kolbenheyer to resign after losing support from the Kaiser and the Rechstag.
25		Otto Röttgen (1872-1935)	13th June 1932	5th September 1936	4 years, 2 months and 23 days	1935	NLP
			Creating a national government of the KP, KSP, NLP, RP, SPO and OSAI Röttgen was appointed on the advice on departing Chancellor Löcherer. Considered to be an effective war leader rallying the population behind the war effort and stabilising the war situation, Röttgen worked closely with Kaiser Leopold IV and Chief of Staffs Karl von Straußenburg and Rupprecht Bormann in coordinating Weranic forces on the field. Röttgen was the Weranic delegate at the ultimate peace conference for the war which earned him the moniker the "Chancellor of Victory". He died in office in 1935 heading a reduced coalition of the SPO, KVP and NLP, being the last liberal Chancellor.
26		Gustav Kroetz (1868–1948)	5th September 1936	20th October 1938	2 years, 1 month and 15 days	-	SPO
			Coming to power after Röttgen's death Kroetz formed a coalition with the KSP and SPO. His government expanded suffrage to women as well as launch economic and social reforms. Kroetz's support for Euclean integration however was frustrated by the SPO and opposition in the Reichstag whilst under his tenure colonial conflicts started to become a serious problem. Ill health led him to resign in 1938
27	File:Ender (table crop).jpg	Gottfried Baltrusch (1868–1948)	20th October 1938	14th January 1940	1 year, 2 months and 25 days	1938	KSP
			Baltrusch's formed a SPO-NLP-KSP coalition where he furthered economic reconstruction policies. His government also saw destabilisation from colonial wars. Socialist strikes and opposition to the conduct of the war led to his cabinets resignation in 1940.
28		Walther Pittermann (1868–1948)	14th January 1940	25th March 1941	1 year, 2 months and 11 days	-	NLP
			Considered to be on the right-wing of his party, Pittermann formed a government with the NLP and the KSP. With colonial conflicts becoming worse state terrorism from right-wing settler groups became common in the country. Pittermann resigned after failing to pass a budget in the Volkstag.
(26)		Gustav Kroetz (1868–1948)	25th March 1941	17th May 1942	1 year, 1 month and 13 days	-	SPO
			Kroetz came to power as the head of a coalition of the KSP and the SPO as the only candidate with a majority in the Volkstag. Opposed to colonialism in the Weranic empire Kroetz negotiated the Innsango Accrods which formally gave Nasana independence. This resulted in significant dissent in the KSP and SPO with a successful vote of no confidence bringing down the Kroetz government.
29		Baron Hermann von Ratzinger (1882-1956)	17th May 1942	13th September 1944	2 years, 4 months and 5 days	1942	KP
			A member of the Herrstag von Ratzinger led the "National Bloc" of the KSP, KP, NLP and ORP after being recommended by the Kaiser as the only candidate with broad support. His government was mainly remembered in participating in colonial conflict and growing isolation from Werania's Euclean allies, especially after responding poorly to the outbreak of the Solarian War. He resigned in 1944 due to Werania's continuing losing ground in East Ardam.
30		Dr Franz Rössler (1894-1968)	13th September 1944	17th August 1950	5 years, 11 months and 4 days	1946	KSP
			Continuing the composition of the previous government Rössler intensified the war in East Ardam committing more troops to the conflict. The conduct of the war under Rössler's tenure attracted international criticism and massive losses for Weranic forces, After Weranic forces sustained massive losses in East Ardam Rössler motioned to withdraw troops from colonial conflicts - this led to the Colonels putsch which whilst being put down destroyed the government leading to his resignation.
31		Johannes von Günther (1884-1952)	24th August 1950	7th October 1950	1 month and 20 days	-	KSP
			Appointed by the Kaiser, von Günther granted independence to East Ardam. This led to the fall of his government and the defeat of the conservative coalition
32		Viktor Beer-Hofmann (1887–1965)	7th October 1950	18th August 1955	4 years, 10 months and 6 days	1950, 1953	OSAI
			Invited to form government after the collapse of the right-wing coalition, Beer-Hofmann formed a grand coalition between OSAI, the SPO and the KSP. Re-orientating Werania's economic and foreign alignment to Euclean integration, Beer-Hofmann led Werania into the EC in 1951. Supporting progressive economic and social reforms, Beer-Hofmann controversially nationalised various industries including banks which alienated parts of the electorate. Despite winning re-election in 1953 in 1955 the KSP ended the grand coalition leading to a new federal election that saw OSAI lose record numbers of seats.
		Konstantin Vogel (1898-1980)	18th August 1955	16th March 1963	7 years, 7 months and 3 days	1955, 1959	KSP ↓ NKP
33
			A member of the KSP, Vogel oversaw in 1944 the merger of the NLP, KP and the KSP into one party in 1957. Considered the founder of the social market economy Vogel oversaw a period of sustained economic growth. Vogel led the NKP to a majority government in several elections but lost popularity following budget cuts and a slowdown of economic growth, resulting in Vogel resigning in 1964 following a stroke..
34		Adolf Stahl (1910-2002)	16th March 1963	25th January 1966	2 years, 10 months and 9 days	1963	NKP
			Stahl's election as NKP leader failed to revive popularity for the NKP, leading to him to lose support from within the party and resign in 1966.
35		Rudolf Wiefelspütz (1892-1973)	25th January 1966	22nd February 1969	3 years and 28 days	1966	NKP
			Wiefelspütz implemented progressive policies in the justice and education systems. However his government was considered to be largely conservative in character with his ill health resulting in him to resign in 1969.
36		Sigmar Welskopf-Henrich (1904-1986)	22nd February 1969	7th May 1972	3 years, 2 months and 15 days	1970	NKP
			Welskopf-Henrich led the NKP to a majority government in the 1970 election. His government continued moderately progressive social reforms whilst co-currently implementing budget cuts and reducing some of the welfare programmes. Welskopf-Henrich resigned in 1972 following massive student protests.
37		Johannes Zollitsch (1914-1988)	7th May 1972	14th March 1977	4 years, 10 months and 7 days	1972, 1975	NKP
			Zollitsch led the NKP to majority governments in the 1972 and 1975 elections. Under Zollitsch the government sought to move away from fossil fuels to nuclear power as well as support investment into infrastructure and other industrial projects. However under Zollitsch the economy worsened leading to him to devalue the reichsmark in 1976 - this move proved to be unpopular leading to Zollitsch to resign in March the next year.
38		Albrecht Spaemann (1924-2007)	14th March 1977	12th April 1979	2 years and 29 days	-	NKP
			Elected to a party vote in 1977. Spaemann oversaw a gradual decline in Werania's economy as stagflation entrenched itself, with unemployment and inflation rising continually during his term. Spaemann led the NKP into a defeat following the 1979 election.
39		Ludolf Ostermann (1922-)	12th April 1979	16th May 1991	12 years, 1 month and 4 days	1979, 1983, 1987	SRPO
			Ostermann was the longest serving post-war Chancellor. Initially forming government with the left wing OSAI from 1983 onwards he formed a "purple government" with the liberal Modern Centre Party (PMZ). Under the Ostermann government privatisation, deregulation and neoliberalisation were implemented to improve the Weranian economy by reducing inflation and the budget deficit, leading to economic growth during the 1980's. Ostermann also introduced major constitutional reform and deeper Euclean integration. He was ousted as party leader in 1991 shortly before federal elections that year.
40		Wolfgang Löscher (1942-)	16th May 1991	4th October 1998	7 years, 4 months and 18 days	1991, 1995	SRPO
			Elected in a party vote in 1991, Löscher led a SRPO-PMZ that furthered economic and social reforms after winning a record fourth term for the SRPO in 1991. Löscher led the coalition to a surprise re-election in 1995 after securing a coalition between the SRPO, PMZ and OSAI. The coalition was unstable with both the PMZ and OSAI being particularly acrimonious in their relationship. Löscher resigned in 1998 after the right-wing of his party demanded he leave the government.
41		Heinrich Schuberth (1950-)	4th October 1998	18th May 1999	7 months and 14 days	-	SRPO
			Elected in 1998 as a compromise choice between the left and right of the party Schuberth failed to reinvigorate the government's poll numbers being seen as a political lightweight. In 1999 after a corruption scandal Schuberth was involved in resulted in the OSAI to leave government resulting in a motion of no confidence against Schuberth which led to the 1999 elections which saw the opposition gain a majority.
42		Rasa Šalaševičiūtė (1954-)	18th May 1999	12th July 2009	10 years, 1 month and 24 days	1999, 2003, 2007	NKP
			The first female and Ruttish Chancellor. Leading a majority government in her first term Šalaševičiūtė reorientated Werania to a less pro-Euclean policy and implemented conservative fiscal policies, privatising industry and reinvesting it into supporting tech startups. Dealing with economic collapse in 2005 Šalaševičiūtė implemented austerity policies avoiding a bailout from the Euclean Community. In 2007 she led the NKP to a coalition government where Šalaševičiūtė supported Euclean integration and greater fiscal liberalisation. She resigned in 2009 to take a position in the Euclean Commission.
43		Dietrich Wittmann (1946-)	12th July 2009	4th May 2011	1 year, 9 months and 22 days	-	NKP
			The Wittmann government continued austerity measures to reduce Werania's budget deficit as well as toughen surveillance legalisation. In 2011 the NKP coalition lost its majority leading to Wittmann to resign from the Chancellorship.
44		Ellis Koopmann (1965-)	4th May 2011	16th October 2014	3 years, 5 months and 12 days	2011	SRPO
			The second female Prime Minister, Koopman led a coalition government between the PMZ-SDT alliance and the SRPO. She continued the austerity policies of the previous government. Koopmann was ousted from the position as SRPO leader and thus Chancellor after poor polling results prior to the 2015 federal election.
45		Viktor Oberhauser (1962-)	16th October 2014	28th June 2019	4 years, 8 months and 24 days	2015	SRPO
			Appointed as Chancellor following Koopmann's resignation, Oberhauser formed a purple government of PMZ-SDT and the SRPO following the 2015 election. Oberhauser has continued austerity measures despite opposition from his own party. He resigned after his coalition suffered a large defeat at the 2019 election.
46		Otto von Hößlin (1952-)	28th June 2019	Incumbent	5 years, 5 months and 3 days	2019	NKP
			Elected in 2019, von Hößlin formed a coalition government with the NKP and the Democratic Alternative.

Living former prime ministers

As of 2019 there are six living former Prime Ministers. The last Prime Minister to die was Albrecht Spaemann in 2007, who served as Prime Minister from 1973-1977.

• 

  Ludolf Ostermann
  served 1979-1991
  born 1922 (age 97)

• 

  Wolfgang Löscher
  served 1991-1998
  born 1942 (age 82)

• 

  Heinrich Schuberth
  served 1998-1999
  born 1950 (age 74)

• 

  Rasa Šalaševičiūtė
  served 1999-2009
  born 1954 (age 70)

• 

  Dietrich Wittmann
  served 2009-2011
  born 1946 (age 77)

• Ms. Mari KIVINIEMI.jpg

  Ellis Koopmann
  served 2011-2014
  born 1965 (age 59)

• 

  Viktor Oberhauser
  served 2014-2019
  born 1962 (age 62)