|HDI = 0.727 <!-- number only, between 0 and 1 -->
|HDI = 0.765 <!-- number only, between 0 and 1 -->
|HDI_ref =
|HDI_ref =
|HDI_rank = 90th
|HDI_rank =
|sovereignty_type = [[History of Mongolia|Formation]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History of Manchuria|Formation]]
|established_event1 = [[Jurchen Empire]]
|established_event1 = [[Jurchen Empire]]
|established_date1 = formed 1115
|established_date1 = formed 1115
Line 68:
Line 68:
|established_event3 = [[Manchukuo]]
|established_event3 = [[Manchukuo]]
|established_date3 = 1932
|established_date3 = 1932
|established_event4 = [[Mongolian People's Republic|Manchurian People's Republic]] established
|established_event4 = [[Mongolian People's Republic|Manju People's Republic]] was established
|established_date4 = February 1, 1946
|established_date4 = February 1, 1946
|established_event5 = Sorghum Revolution
|established_event5 = Sorghum Revolution
|established_date5 = October 3, 1990
|established_date5 = October 3, 1990
|established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mongolia|Current Constitution]]
|established_event6 = Current Constitution
|established_date6 = February 1, 1991
|established_date6 = March 1, 1991
|currency = [[Manchukuo Yuan|Yuwan]]
|currency = [[Manchukuo yuan|Muheren]]
|currency_code = MNY
|currency_code = MNM
|time_zone = <!-- [[Asia/Seoul||KST]] (Manchurian Standard Time) -->
|time_zone = <!-- [[Asia/Seoul||KST]] (Manju Standard Time) -->
|utc_offset = +9
|utc_offset = +9
|time_zone_DST =
|time_zone_DST =
Line 85:
Line 85:
|iso3166code = MN
|iso3166code = MN
|cctld = [[.mn|.mj]], [[.мон|.ман]]
|cctld = [[.mn|.mj]], [[.мон|.ман]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} Also spelled "Cangcon".
}}
}}
'''Manchuria''' {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mongolia.ogg|m|æ|ŋ|ˈ|t|ʃ|u:|r|i|ə}} (Manju Gurun in Manchu; Манҗу Гуңхего in Manchu Cyrillic) is a sovereign state in [[East Asia]]. It borders [[Russia]] to the north, [[Mongolia]] to the west, [[China]] to the southwest, and [[Korea]] in the southeast. Its capital is [[Changchun]], and its former capital [[Mukden]] is the largest city. Its population of 121,204,300 is one of the largest on earth.
Manjugurun is an independent state located in East Asia. It is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by Mongolia, on the southwest by China, and on the southeast by Korea. Cacungga is the capital, and Mukden, the former capital, is the largest city. It has one of the world's largest populations, with 121,204,300 people. Manjugurun is a country formed by numerous ethnic groups such as the {{W|Xianbei|Sarpi}}, the Khitans, and the Jurchen which became the Manchus. After invading China in the 1600s, it established the Qing Dynasty until 1911. It fell under Japanese domination in 1932 and a puppet state was established there. After the Second World War, it became a Soviet satellite and after the fall of communism in 1991, it adopted representative democracy amid a tumultous end to the 20th century.
While Manchuria was dominated by Korean and Chinese dynasties, they were mostly dominated by [[Tungusic]] peoples such as the [[Jurchens]]. The region was the center of the [[Jin Dynasty]] from 1125 to 1234, when it was conquered by the [[Mongol Empire]] and its [[Yuan Dynasty]]. Southern Manchuria fell under Ming rule, but the northern parts remained outside Chinese control. The Jianzhou Jurchen chieftain [[Nurhaci]] later took over the Jurchen tribes in the 1600s, culminating in the [[Qing Dynasty]] founded by [[Hong Taiji]] in 1636, and later conquering China by 1644. Intrigues by Russia led to the loss of Outer Manchuria by 1860, with Manchuria coming under Russian influence by the late 19th century. The southern part was also later influenced by Japan by the early 1900s. By 1911, the Qing Dynasty fell and Manchuria went to a sway of Chinese warlords such as Zhang Xueliang. Japan's influence increased by 1932, later establishing [[Manchukuo]] as a satellite state, with the last emperor of Qing and China, [[Pu Yi]] being installed as a puppet leader. Popular resistance against Japanese rule intensified, and by the end of World War II, a pro-Communist parallel government took over most parts of Manchuria, co-operating with coup-plotters in [[Xinjing]] and the Soviet and Mongolian invaders. A plebiscite held in October 1945 confirmed the independence of the new People's Republic of Manchuria.
==History==
===Prehistoric and ancient eras===
An intensive [[Desinicization]] program was enacted, imposing the Manchu language on the majority Chinese population with limited success, and the country provided support during the [[Korean War]] through the joint Chinese-Manchurian [[People's Volunteer Army]]. During the 1960s, disagreements with Mao Zedong and Zhao Shangzhi over the latter's refusal to join the People's Republic were cited as a reason for the [[Sino-Soviet Split]]. In response for Chinese nuclear tests, Manchuria developed its own nuclear weapons, which it maintains to this day. After the fall of communism in 1991, Manchuria reformed its economy from a socialist economy to a mixed-market economy.
Several ethnic groups, including the Evenki, the Nanai, the Ulchs, the Khitans, and the Jurchens, inhabited today's Manjugurun in ancient times. Several Chinese dynasties ruled over parts of Manjugurun at various times throughout the history of the Manjus, usually along the coasts. The Chinese also established tributary relationships with the tribes.
Although having the 15th largest economy in the world, Manchuria suffers from economic problems and income inequality, as well as widespread corruption in the government. The government is only successful in privatizing smaller businesses, with the larger businesses remaining state-owned or owned by former government officials. It maintains amicable relations with most of its neighboring countries, and is a member of the United Nations, the G-25, the World Trade Organization, the Shanghai Co-Operation Organization, the World Bank, the Asian International Investment Bank, and the Asian Development Bank.
Manjus was also ruled by the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Gojoseon, and Buyeo. The Korean kingdoms may feature sizable Tungusic-speaking minorities and perhaps a Tungusic aristocracy, according to Finnish scientist Juha Janhunen. The ancestors of the Jurchens were made to serve as tributaries when the Khitans of Inner Mongolia and Manjugurun created the Liao empire, which included Northern China and Manjugurun, between the tenth and eleventh centuries.
==History==
{{main article|History of Manchuria}}
===Early History===
By the early 12th century, the Jurchens, a tributary people of the Khitans, had revolted against Liao rule and been replaced by the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchen were able to capture territory in northern China thanks to numerous campaigns against the Song. The Mongolian Yuan Dynasty eventually conquered the Jurchens. Manjugurun, along with Northern Korea, was known as Liaoyang during Mongolian rule. Naghachu, a Mongolian Yuan official in Liaoyang, attempted to conquer the rest of the Ming-held Liaodong peninsula in 1375, but his forces were defeated and surrendered. The Nurgan Regional Military Commission was established by Ming Emperor Yongle to consolidate control of the Manju lands.
Ancient Manchuria had been home for several ethnic groups such as the Evenki, the Nanai, the Ulchs, the Khitans, and the Jurchens. During various points in Manchu history, several Chinese dynasties controlled portions of Manchuria, usually in the coasts, and the Chinese also set up tributary relations with the tribes. The Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Gojoseon, and Buyeo also controlled parts of Manchuria. Finnish scientist Juha Janhunen also claimed that the Korean kingdoms might have substantial Tungusic-speaking minorities and even have an Tungusic elite.
Chafing from Ming control, the Jianzhou Jurchens, led by Nurhaci, began to consolidate their control of the region in the 1580s. They had to deal with the Evenki-Daur alliance led by Bombogor, who was eventually killed in 1640 and his remaining troops incorporated into the Eight Banners, a new Jurchen military organisation. During this time, Chinese cultural influence permeated the Manjurian region.
Within the 10th to 11th century, the Khitans of Inner Mongolia and Manchuria forged a state called the Liao, controlling Northern China and Manchuria, forcing the ancestors of the Jurchens into tributary status. The Liao were the first state to control the entire modern region of Manchuria.
===Qing era===
===Medieval History===
By the early 12th century, the Jurchens, one of the tributary peoples of the Khitans rebelled against Liao rule and replaced them with the Jin Dynasty. Numerous [[Jurchen_campaigns_against_the_Song_dynasty|campaigns against the Song Chinese]] enabled the Jurchen to capture territory in northern China. The Jurchens were then conquered in turn by the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty.
===early 20th century===
===Qing Empire===
In 1903, Russia established the Viceroyalty of the Far East in Port Arthur, and the Russian government considered the project of securing Manjugurun as " Zheltorossiya", the basis of which was to be the Kwantung Region established in 1899 in the right-of-way of the CER, and the formation of a new Cossack army and settlement by Russian colonists.
===Fengtian Era===
Japan's claims to Manchuria and Korea and the refusal of the Russian Empire to withdraw Russian troops from Manchuria and Korea in violation of the allied treaty led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was fought in southern Manchuria up to Mukden.
After Yuan Shikai's death in 1916, Zhang Zuolin took over the administration of the Manchurian lands. In 1920, he then set reforms that enabled Manchuria, then known as the Three Eastern Provinces, to be relatively unscathed by the chaos of the warlord era in China. Although Manchuria remained officially a part of China, it was effectively isolated from China and protected by Zhang's {{W|Fengtian Army}}, and its naval and air forces are considered advanced compared to the other Chinese states. He tolerated the Japanese presence in Manchuria but is said to be losing patience at their control of Kwantung and the South Manchurian railroad.
According to the Treaty of Portsmouth, the Liaodong Peninsula with the Kwantung region and the Chinese Eastern to Port Arthur went to Japan. Between 1905 and 1925, Japan further strengthened its influence in Inner Manchuria, relying on economic levers like the South Manchurian Railway.
Zhang Zuolin was later killed in the [[Huanggutun Incident]] on 2 June 1928, allegedly on the orders of the Kwantung Army due to the latter perceiving him as a traitor. Zhang Xueliang took his place, then allied himself with the advancing Kuomintang to prevent conquest.
In 1910-1911, the last major outbreak of bubonic plague occurred in Manjugurun.
A month after the reunification with the KMT, Zhang attempted to establish control over the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]] causing a [[Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)|armed skirmish]] with the Soviet Union. Zhang was now the ''de facto'' dictator of Manchuria, although he remained officially loyal to the Kuomintang supporting the nationalist government in the [[Central Plains War]]. However Chinese-Japanese relations were quickly deteriorating with Japan trying to exert more influence in Manchuria.
After the Xinhai Revolution and the collapse of the Qing Empire from 1912 to 1932, the territory of Manchuria was controlled by the Fengtian clique, a northeastern grouping of Chinese warlords. By the end of the 1920s, the Chinese government of the Kuomintang established formal control over this territory. In 1929, the Chinese Nationalists attempted to seize the CER, but were defeated by Soviet troops. In 1929-1931, in some areas of eastern Manjugurun, inhabited by Koreans, established an anarchist territory called Korean People's Association until defeated by Chinese and Japanese authorities.
===Manchukuo===
===Manchukuo===
In 1931, the Japanese forces in Manchuria seized the country from the Chinese, creating a puppet state called [[Manchukuo]] a year later. The Japanese installed Pu Yi as a puppet leader while real power is in the hands of the Japanese advisers. Manchuria was used as a buffer state between Japan and the Soviet Union as both countries clashed twice in 1938 and 1939.
===Communist era===
Several anti-Japanse Manchu leaders like [[Zhao Shangzhi]], [[Chen Hanzhang]], and [[Yang Jingyu]] fled to the Soviet Union and Mongolia and established a government in exile. A rift between Zhao Shangzhi and the Yanan leadership was only temporarily healed and Zhao decided to separate and rename his Northeast Anti-Japanese Army into the Manchurian People's Army and finally advocate a separate Manchurian communist state to "defend itself from Kuomintang" machination. A large number of former Northeast Anti-Japanese Army soldiers are of ethnic Manchu descent and Zhao who was mixed Chinese and Manchu wanted an "ethnic revival" of the Manchus and thus ordered Manchu-language education.
A coup by secretly communist Manchukuo officers during the Soviet-Japanese War in August 1, 1945 had taxed the already stretched Kwantung Army declared the establishment of the Manchu Republic, led by Zhang Xueming, Zhang Xueliang's brother, who secretly fled from Mainland China, and used the flag of the Fengtian Clique. However, in September 1, 1945, he had to cede power to Zhao Shangzhi, who secretly promised that Manchuria would never be sold out to either Chiang or Mao, in exchange of Xueming returning to China.
===Manchu People's Republic===
During the final days of World War II, the Soviet Army in the Far East attacked Manchuria and together with the Mongolian People's Army and the Manchurian People's Army, and occupied the former state of Manchukuo. It was said that the Chinese refusal to hand over Inner Mongolia to the Mongolian People's Republic spurred the Mongolian dictator Choibalsan to declare that the former Manchukuo should be handed over to Zhao's government in exile. Chiang Kai-shek replied that both Mongolia and Manchuria should remain under Chinese control, which angered Zhao. Tensions flared, the Nationalist and Communist Chinese were prohibited by the MPA and Mongolian forces from occupying the former Manchukuo. With the former Manchukuo Army soldiers being integrated to the Manchurian People's Army, Manchuria declared independence in February 1, 1946.
In exchange of recognizing independence, the main Chinese Communist Party forced Manchuria to accept Guan Xiangying, an ethnic Manchurian, as President, as well as Gao Gang as Chinese ambassador, in exchange of independence. However, Guan died in 1947 though remaining loyal to both the CCP and his native homeland, and Gao Gang had at point had eased himself with the main Manchu leadership headed by Zhao Shangzhi and Zhou Baozhong as figurehead President.
===Modern Manchuria===
==Government and Politics==
Manchuria is officially a unitary semi-presidential state with a unicameral legislature. However, it can be said that Manchuria is technically both a republic and a monarchy; the constitution officially recognizes the chief of the Aisin Gioro family "as part of Manchuria's intangible heritage and a symbol of the state and the unity of the people", and is mentioned to have roles such as pardon, opening the Legislative Assembly, and receiving foreign credentials. While he is commonly called Emperor, and is enthroned as such, his official title is Toose de Jafambi (Regent) by the government. Even then, he is still referred to as the Emperor, and has a similar role as his Japanese counterpart.
The President (Beliihitiyande) is the head of state of the country; he is elected by the populace for a five-year term renewable only once in a re-election. He appoints the Prime Minister (Dorgi Yamun I Da) who heads the cabinet and the Legislative Assembly; he must be the leader of the party that receives the most votes in the house.
The Constitution of Manchuria serves as the supreme law of Manchuria, which established clear separation of powers. However, for the most part of its history Manchuria was under autocratic rule. From 1945 Manchuria was ruled as a Communist single-party state that ended in 1990 following the Sorghum Revolution. In 1990 Manchuria adopted its current constitution, becoming a liberal democracy. Nevertheless former members of the Communist Party of Manchuria are still prominent and active in politics.
==Foreign Relations==
Manchuria's foreign affairs is conducted by its Foreign Ministry. Its key foreign policy is to retain its relative military power among other Asian nations, especially that along with China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan, possess nuclear weapons in the Eastern Asia region. It pursues an independent foreign policy but has been notably close to Russia since 1945. However, Manchuria also pursued warmer relations with Western countries particularly the United States.
Manchuria is a member of several organisations such as the United Nations, G-20, WTO, APEC, IMF, WBG, ADB, East Asia Summit, ACD, PEMSEA, Non-Aligned Movement, Group of 15, and the Group of 24.
==Military==
The Manchurian Armed Forces are one of the largest in East Asia barring China and Korea.
==Geography==
{{main|Manchuria#Geography_and_climate}}
The territory within Manchuria lies within the northern part of the [[North China craton]], which is an area of [[Precambrian]] rocks over 100 million hectares. Manchuria is traditionally divided into three geographic regions: the Hingan mountains, the Manchurian plain, and the [[Changbai Mountains|Golmin Shanggiyan Mountain]] region.
In the middle between the Hinggan Range and the Golmin Sanggiyan Mountains is the Manchurian plain, also known as the Dongbei plain in Chinese or the Sungari-Liyoo Plain, with the [[Sungari]], [[Nen River|Non]], and [[Liao River|Liyoo]] Rivers running through the plain. Here is the area where widespread cultivation takes place. Majority of the soybean, millet, wheat, and rice are being planted in this region. The area is connected to the North China plain to the south-west.
[[File:Photo by Xundaogong 巡道工出品 报恩寺海浪河大弯道K1452 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Hailang River]] near Hailin City in [[Heilongjiang]]]]
===Climate===
Manchuria's climate provided contrasts, with very Arctic-like winters and hot, tropical summers. The position of Manchuria between the Eurasian landmass and the Pacific Ocean contribute to this climactic situation. Due to being in the border region of Eurasia and the Pacific, the climate triggers monsoonal wind reversal.
The dominant climate type according the Koppen scheme is the hot-summer dry continental, especially in the plain. In the far north, dry-winter subarctic climate prevails, and in the west, pockets of cold semiarid climate persist.
===Modern Era===
Temperatures during the winter are usually cold due to the [[Siberian High]], ranging from -5 °C (23°F) to -30°C (-22°F), depending on latitude, which is considered colder when further north. The Siberian winds are relatively dry, however, and the snow is rarely heavy. Thus Manchuria, despite being colder than North America, never glaciated due to the strong westerly winds from western Eurasia.
Manjugurun was struck by the {{W|Covid-19 Pandemic}}, and was criticized for strict lockdowns. However, the Manjurian government also criticized the Chinese government for failing to stop the spread of the virus.
In contrast, during summer, moist, southwestern winds bring thunderstorms, usually bringing 400 to 1150 mm of rain depending on the area; the area around the east receives more rain.
==Geography==
==Administative Divisions==
The climate of Manjugurun spans the mid-temperate zone and the cold-temperate zone from south to north. There are four distinct seasons, with hot weather in summer and cool weather in winter. Precipitation drops from 1000mm down to below 300mm annually as you go northwestward across this humid area, semi-humid area, arid region, and high forest coverage rate region. This contributes to agricultural development (due to prolonged melting time on ice) as well as forestry ( due to storage capacity of trees).
Manchuria is organized into provinces (golo, голо), subdivided into leagues (culgan, чулган), banners (guusa, гөса) and towns (sumu, суму), with certain cities such as the capital Cangcon, Halbin, Mukden, and Tiyeliyan having provincial status.
==Government==
[[File:Map of Manchukuo divisions zh-hans.svg|thumb|Administrative divisions of Manchuria]]
Manjugurun is a unitary semi-presidential republic. Manchuria is classified as partially free by the non-governmental organisation Freedom House.
|-
The President (Beile) is the country's recognised head of state; he is elected by the people for a five-year term that can be renewed only once in a re-election. He chooses the Prime Minister (Ejen) who is the head cabinet minister. The President's personal residence is the so-called "Joogiya's Mansion," the former Kwantung Army commander's mansion during the Manchukuo era.
! #
! Name
! Administrative<br />Seat
! Manchu
! Population
! Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
!
|-
|1
|Huleigiolo
|Hailar
|Hулеигиоло
ᡭᡠᠯᡝᡳᡤᡳᠣᠯᠣ
|3,126,463
|9,890.62
|
|-
|2
|Sahaliyan Ula
|Aigun
|Сахалиян Ула <br />ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ
|2,623,541
|10,414.94
|
|-
|3
|Liyoo Ning
|Išangga Gašan
|Лиёо Нин<br />ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᠨ᠋ᡳᠩ
|3,044,641
|19,698.00
|
|-
|4
|Halhuun Ula
|Erdemu de Aliha
|Халхун Ула<br />ᡭᠠᠯᡥᡡᠨ ᡡᠯᠠ
|1,819,339
|10,354.99
|
|-
|5
|Girin
|Girin Ula
|Гирин ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
|8,106,171
|12,860.00
|
|-
|6
|Hinggan
|Jerim
|Хинган ᡥᡳᠩᡤᠠᠨ
|1,858,768
|4,743.24
|
|- bgcolor="#00FFFF"
|7
|Yeonbyeon
|Yongil
|Янбиян ᠶᠠᠨᠪᡳᠠᠨ
|2,271,600
|43,509
|
|- bgcolor="#98FB98"
|8
|Tiyeliyan
|Tiyeliyan
|Тиелиян ᡨᡳᠶᡝᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
|1,392,493
|6,690,432
|
|- bgcolor="#00B60F"
|9
|Niyengniyeltu
|Cangcon
|Ниыенгниыелту
ᠨᡳᠶᡝᠩᠨᡳᠶᡝᠯᡨᡠ
|6,690,432
|12,573.85
|
|-
|10
|Nemeri Ula
|Cicigar
|Немери Ула
ᠨᡝᠮᡝᡵᡳ ᡠᠯᠠ<br />
|2,444,697
|67,034
|
|-
|11
|Acan Ula
|Giyamusi
|Ачан Ула<br />ᠴᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ
|1,709,538
|8,420.00
|
|- bgcolor="#98FB98"
|12
|Mukden
|Mukden
|Мукден<br />ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ
|2,138,090
|11,272.00
|
|-
|13
|Liyoo Dergi
|Hetu Ala
|Лиёо Дерги
ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ
|2,717,732
|12,979.69
|
|- bgcolor="#98FB98"
|14
|Halbin
|Halbin
|Халбин<br />ᡥᠠᠯᠪᡳᠨ
|3,386,325
|14,382.34
|
|-
|}
==Economy==
==Economy==
Manchuria has a economy that is measured to be the 15th largest in the world by 2018, at US$989 billion. Manchuria has been one of the strongest in the Asia-Pacific region despite not reaching the levels of the Asian Tigers. The service industry is smaller compared to the other East Asian countries.
==Agriculture==
During the Qing period, Manchuria was one of the most industrialized parts of the Chinese Empire, and its coal deposits made it a highly-urbanized country. Indeed, China refers to Manchuria as the "Eldest Son" of industrialized communist countries in Asia. After the fall of communism, Manchu struggled to keep its industry as it stagnated, prompting the government to diversify its economic structure.
===Agriculture===
Agriculture still plays a vital role in the Manchurian economy. In the northern cold regions soybeans, maize, wheat and potatoes are grown alongside beet, flax and sunflowers. Further east rice is cultivated especially in the Yanbian region, whereas down south maize, sorghum, soybeans and cotton are produced. The southern regions are also where most Manchu fruit is grown- apples and gold peaches from Dalian and Yingkou, pears from Jinzhou, white pears from Huludao and Suizhong, and apricots and plums from Dandong. Herding is also important being mainly focussed around cattle and horse, with Manchuria having a high amount of milk producing cows. Dairy products remain a large industry within Manchuria. Around Baicheng sheep farming is common.
Manchuria's agriculture has undergone a shift after 1990. Prior to 1990, all farming are done within collective farms confiscated from the Manchukuo puppet government and Japanese companies, with 50 families inhabiting a farm called The collective farms have moderate to high production rates but needed subsidies for technology. In 1990 collective farms remain but as their subsidies were cut off, many failed and shuttered. Conversion to co-operative farms alleviated the situation.. Private plots, de-facto recognized by 1971, were legalized by 1990.
===Currency===
The currency is known as the Ikengge, divided into 100 Menggun.
===Industry===
===Transportation===
===Energy===
==Demographics==
===Languages===
The official languages are Manchu, Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian, Russian, Korean, and Japanese.
==Society and Culture==
===Education===
Manchuria inherited from Manchukuo and Communist times an efficient educational system. Manchuria's government had established numerous universities and schools. City universities tend to be of better quality than provincial schools, a problem acknowledged by the government.
Manchuria's education system is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary education. Facilities are either maintained by both private and public schools under the Ministry of Education. The ministry also sets a National Curriculum that provides guidelines for teachers; it is always regularly updated.
[[File:In a extra-curricular tuition class Tieling High School Class 11 Grade 2018 05.jpg|thumb|100px|A Manchurian summer class]]
All education is compulsory in primary and secondary. Subsidies remain for these schools; most tertiary school subsidies ceased after the fall of the communist regime.
Manjugurun is an independent state located in East Asia. It is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by Mongolia, on the southwest by China, and on the southeast by Korea. Cacungga is the capital, and Mukden, the former capital, is the largest city. It has one of the world's largest populations, with 121,204,300 people. Manjugurun is a country formed by numerous ethnic groups such as the Sarpi, the Khitans, and the Jurchen which became the Manchus. After invading China in the 1600s, it established the Qing Dynasty until 1911. It fell under Japanese domination in 1932 and a puppet state was established there. After the Second World War, it became a Soviet satellite and after the fall of communism in 1991, it adopted representative democracy amid a tumultous end to the 20th century.
Several ethnic groups, including the Evenki, the Nanai, the Ulchs, the Khitans, and the Jurchens, inhabited today's Manjugurun in ancient times. Several Chinese dynasties ruled over parts of Manjugurun at various times throughout the history of the Manjus, usually along the coasts. The Chinese also established tributary relationships with the tribes.
Manjus was also ruled by the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Gojoseon, and Buyeo. The Korean kingdoms may feature sizable Tungusic-speaking minorities and perhaps a Tungusic aristocracy, according to Finnish scientist Juha Janhunen. The ancestors of the Jurchens were made to serve as tributaries when the Khitans of Inner Mongolia and Manjugurun created the Liao empire, which included Northern China and Manjugurun, between the tenth and eleventh centuries.
By the early 12th century, the Jurchens, a tributary people of the Khitans, had revolted against Liao rule and been replaced by the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchen were able to capture territory in northern China thanks to numerous campaigns against the Song. The Mongolian Yuan Dynasty eventually conquered the Jurchens. Manjugurun, along with Northern Korea, was known as Liaoyang during Mongolian rule. Naghachu, a Mongolian Yuan official in Liaoyang, attempted to conquer the rest of the Ming-held Liaodong peninsula in 1375, but his forces were defeated and surrendered. The Nurgan Regional Military Commission was established by Ming Emperor Yongle to consolidate control of the Manju lands.
Chafing from Ming control, the Jianzhou Jurchens, led by Nurhaci, began to consolidate their control of the region in the 1580s. They had to deal with the Evenki-Daur alliance led by Bombogor, who was eventually killed in 1640 and his remaining troops incorporated into the Eight Banners, a new Jurchen military organisation. During this time, Chinese cultural influence permeated the Manjurian region.
Qing era
early 20th century
In 1903, Russia established the Viceroyalty of the Far East in Port Arthur, and the Russian government considered the project of securing Manjugurun as " Zheltorossiya", the basis of which was to be the Kwantung Region established in 1899 in the right-of-way of the CER, and the formation of a new Cossack army and settlement by Russian colonists.
Japan's claims to Manchuria and Korea and the refusal of the Russian Empire to withdraw Russian troops from Manchuria and Korea in violation of the allied treaty led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was fought in southern Manchuria up to Mukden.
According to the Treaty of Portsmouth, the Liaodong Peninsula with the Kwantung region and the Chinese Eastern to Port Arthur went to Japan. Between 1905 and 1925, Japan further strengthened its influence in Inner Manchuria, relying on economic levers like the South Manchurian Railway.
In 1910-1911, the last major outbreak of bubonic plague occurred in Manjugurun.
After the Xinhai Revolution and the collapse of the Qing Empire from 1912 to 1932, the territory of Manchuria was controlled by the Fengtian clique, a northeastern grouping of Chinese warlords. By the end of the 1920s, the Chinese government of the Kuomintang established formal control over this territory. In 1929, the Chinese Nationalists attempted to seize the CER, but were defeated by Soviet troops. In 1929-1931, in some areas of eastern Manjugurun, inhabited by Koreans, established an anarchist territory called Korean People's Association until defeated by Chinese and Japanese authorities.
Manchukuo
Communist era
Modern Era
Manjugurun was struck by the Covid-19 Pandemic, and was criticized for strict lockdowns. However, the Manjurian government also criticized the Chinese government for failing to stop the spread of the virus.
Geography
The climate of Manjugurun spans the mid-temperate zone and the cold-temperate zone from south to north. There are four distinct seasons, with hot weather in summer and cool weather in winter. Precipitation drops from 1000mm down to below 300mm annually as you go northwestward across this humid area, semi-humid area, arid region, and high forest coverage rate region. This contributes to agricultural development (due to prolonged melting time on ice) as well as forestry ( due to storage capacity of trees).
Government
Manjugurun is a unitary semi-presidential republic. Manchuria is classified as partially free by the non-governmental organisation Freedom House.
The President (Beile) is the country's recognised head of state; he is elected by the people for a five-year term that can be renewed only once in a re-election. He chooses the Prime Minister (Ejen) who is the head cabinet minister. The President's personal residence is the so-called "Joogiya's Mansion," the former Kwantung Army commander's mansion during the Manchukuo era.
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