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'''Politics in Yisrael''' are dominated by {{wp|Zionist}} {{wp|political parties}} on the {{wp|political right}}, {{wp|political center|center}}, and {{wp|political left|left}}, although there are a few non-Zionist political factions represented.  
'''Politics in Yisrael''' are dominated by {{wp|Zionist}} {{wp|political parties}} on the {{wp|political right}}, {{wp|political center|center}}, and {{wp|political left|left}}, although there are a few non-Zionist political factions represented.  


[[Yisrael]] is a {{wp|federal system|federal}} {{wp|Presidential system|presidential}} {{wp|constitutional monarchy}}, and its politics are reflected at the national level through [[President of Yisrael|the Presidency]] and the [[Knesset|Royal Knesset]] and [[Yisrael#Politics|their elections]], including various major and minor political parties, formal and informal political factions and {{wp|interest group}}s, [[Yisrael#Media|the media]], and ideologically (and informally) [[Yisrael#Judiciary|through the Royal courts]]. On [[District system (Yisrael)|the District and local level]], organs of national parties as well as {{wp|regionalism|regional}} and {{wp|Localism (politics)|minor local parties and factions}} predominate the political scene, with a stronger focus on local "bread and butter" issues that may often diverge from national partisan perspectives.  
[[Yisrael]] is a {{wp|federal system|federal}} {{wp|Presidential system|presidential}} {{wp|constitutional monarchy}}, and its politics are reflected at the national level through [[Presidency of Yisrael|the Presidency]] and the [[Knesset|Royal Knesset]] and [[Yisrael#Politics|their elections]], including various major and minor political parties, formal and informal political factions and {{wp|interest group}}s, [[Yisrael#Media|the media]], and ideologically (and informally) [[Yisrael#Judiciary|through the Royal courts]]. On [[District system (Yisrael)|the District and local level]], organs of national parties as well as {{wp|regionalism|regional}} and {{wp|Localism (politics)|minor local parties and factions}} predominate the political scene, with a stronger focus on local "bread and butter" issues that may often diverge from national partisan perspectives.  


At the end of the {{wp|2010s (decade)|2010s}} and entering the {{wp|2020s (decade)|2020s}}, Yisraeli politics has been roiled by a [[Centrist Revolt|a centrist revolt]], which has fractured [[Left Bloc|the left]] as well as a separate, parallel [[Hezekian Reaction|conservative and royalist backlash to a previously-weakened monarchy]], leading to a political reordering of the 2.5-party system after the [[Yisraeli general election, 2020|2020 presidential and Knesset elections]].   
At the end of the {{wp|2010s (decade)|2010s}} and entering the {{wp|2020s (decade)|2020s}}, Yisraeli politics has been roiled by [[Centrist Revolt|a centrist revolt]], which has fractured [[Constitutional_Liberal_Party#Dissolution|the left]] as well as a separate, parallel [[Hezekian Reaction|conservative and royalist backlash to a previously-weakened monarchy]], leading to a political reordering of the 2.5-party system after the [[Yisraeli general election, 2020|2020 presidential and Knesset elections]].   


==Political climate==
==Political climate==
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Among [[Ajax|global]] politics, Yisrael has a strong right-wing political and ideological orientation, influenced by its religious culture, traditional society, political history, and national interests [[Foreign relations of Yisrael|in foreign affairs]].  
Among [[Ajax|global]] politics, Yisrael has a strong right-wing political and ideological orientation, influenced by its religious culture, traditional society, political history, and national interests [[Foreign relations of Yisrael|in foreign affairs]].  


The [[1920 Constitution|Royal Constitution]] codifies Yisrael as a {{wp|Halacha|halachic state}}, meaning the Kingdom is ruled by religious law as elaborated in the {{wp|Talmud}} and {{wp|Code of Jewish Law}}. Thus, certain ideologies such as {{wp|atheism}} and {{wp|secularism}} are illegal, and ideologies derived from such thought ({{wp|communism}}, {{wp|socialism}}, {{wp|social democracy}}, etc.) are also by definition banned, as per the 1925 [[Sanhedrin]] case ''Popular Left Front of Yisrael'' v. ''Government of Yisrael''.  
The [[1920 Constitution|Royal Constitution]] codifies Yisrael as a {{wp|Halacha|halachic state}}, meaning the Kingdom is ruled by religious law as elaborated in the {{wp|Talmud}} and {{wp|Code of Jewish Law}}. Thus, certain ideologies such as {{wp|atheism}} and {{wp|secularism}} are illegal, and ideologies derived from such thought ({{wp|communism}}, {{wp|socialism}}, {{wp|Marxism|Warnerism}}, etc.) are also by definition banned, as per the 1925 [[Sanhedrin]] case ''Popular Left Front of Yisrael'' v. ''Government of Yisrael''.  


From this, the center of political and religious gravity is center-right-to-right as compared to the [[Belisarian Community|Western Belisarian states]]. Thus, "left" in Yisrael maybe mildly "center-left" in a country such as [[Arthurista]], and "far-right" in Yisrael would be comparable to other {{wp|Hard right|hard-}} and {{wp|extreme-right}} groups in religious countries such as [[Sydalon]] or [[Thraysia]].  
From this, the center of political and religious gravity is center-right-to-right as compared to the [[Western Monarchies|Western Belisarian states]]. Thus, "left" in Yisrael maybe mildly "center-left" in a country such as [[Arthurista]], and "far-right" in Yisrael would be comparable to other {{wp|Hard right|hard-}} and {{wp|extreme-right}} groups in religious countries such as [[Sydalon]] or [[Ascalzar]].  


Political parties, factions, and blocs [[Factionalism in Yisrael|are formed from a variety of religious, ethnic, ideological, social, and personality-driven concerns and issues]], and the widespread [[Factionalism_in_Yisrael#Politics|ethno-religious self-segregation and political polarization]] has created a ''de jure'' {{wp|multi-party system}} but a ''de facto'' {{wp|two-party ststem|2.5 party system}} where the political right is led by the [[Royalist Conservative Party (Yisrael)|Conservatives]] and the political left by the [[Constitutional Liberal Party|Con-Libs]] but they are not powerful enough to win outright majorities, and [[Factionalism_in_Yisrael#Politics|must build coalitions with second-tier minor parties with concentrated and durable political bases]]. This is cemented further by the use of a {{wp|first-past-the-post voting}} system and {{wp|single-member district}}s, which tend towards two-party systems.
Political parties, factions, and blocs [[Factionalism in Yisrael|are formed from a variety of religious, ethnic, ideological, social, and personality-driven concerns and issues]], and the widespread [[Factionalism_in_Yisrael#Politics|ethno-religious self-segregation and political polarization]] has created a ''de jure'' {{wp|multi-party system}} but a ''de facto'' {{wp|two-party ststem|2.5 party system}} where the political right is led by the [[Royalist Conservative Party (Yisrael)|Conservatives]] and the political left by the [[Constitutional Liberal Party|Con-Libs]] but they are not powerful enough to win outright majorities, and [[Factionalism_in_Yisrael#Politics|must build coalitions with second-tier minor parties with concentrated and durable political bases]]. This is cemented further by the use of a {{wp|first-past-the-post voting}} system and {{wp|single-member district}}s, which tend towards two-party systems.
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The FPTP electoral system established in the 1920 Constitution and the reformist/royalist divide in the last years of the absolute monarchy era that morphed into a stable left/right {{wp|political spectrum}} after the Constitution's adoption created a rather stable {{wp|party system}} in [[Yisrael]] that lasts until the present.  
The FPTP electoral system established in the 1920 Constitution and the reformist/royalist divide in the last years of the absolute monarchy era that morphed into a stable left/right {{wp|political spectrum}} after the Constitution's adoption created a rather stable {{wp|party system}} in [[Yisrael]] that lasts until the present.  


====First Party System (1922-1941)====
====First Party System (1921-1941)====


Although [[Royalists (political faction)|ideological]] [[Conservatives (political faction)|factions]] [[Reformists (political faction)|existed]] [[Constitutional Liberals (political faction)|under the late absolute monarchy era (1715-1919)]], parties did not emerge until the [[1920 Constitution]] in the aftermath of the [[Constitutional Liberals (political faction)|Constitutional Liberal]] victory in the [[1919 Revolution]] that ended the {{wp|absolute monarchy}} and introduced a {{wp|constitutional monarchy}} in its stead.  
Although [[Royalists (political faction)|ideological]] [[Conservatives (political faction)|factions]] [[Reformists (political faction)|existed]] [[Constitutional Liberals (political faction)|under the late absolute monarchy era (1715-1919)]], parties did not emerge until the [[1920 Constitution]] in the aftermath of the [[Constitutional Liberals (political faction)|Constitutional Liberal]] victory in the [[1919 Revolution]] that ended the {{wp|absolute monarchy}} and introduced a {{wp|constitutional monarchy}} in its stead.  
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The constitutionalist and liberal forces behind the new political order quickly organized themselves into the [[Constitutional Liberal Party]] while the royalists and conservatives formed the [[Royalist Conservative Party (Yisrael)|Royalist Conservative Party]]. For the early-to-mid 1920s, these two parties were the sole political entities contesting elections; by the late 1920s, other factions including far-right ultranationalists, labor activists and leftists, and centrists, started forming second- and third-tier minor political organizations.  
The constitutionalist and liberal forces behind the new political order quickly organized themselves into the [[Constitutional Liberal Party]] while the royalists and conservatives formed the [[Royalist Conservative Party (Yisrael)|Royalist Conservative Party]]. For the early-to-mid 1920s, these two parties were the sole political entities contesting elections; by the late 1920s, other factions including far-right ultranationalists, labor activists and leftists, and centrists, started forming second- and third-tier minor political organizations.  


The disastrous [[Second West Scipian War]] with [[Sydalon]] and the {{wp|military coup}} in its immediate aftermath in 1941 begun the [[Autocracy regime]] and {{wp|one-party rule}}, and the existing political order collapsed.
The disastrous [[West Scipian Wars|Third West Scipian War]] with [[Sydalon]] and the {{wp|military coup}} in its immediate aftermath in 1941 begun the [[Autocracy regime]] and {{wp|one-party rule}}, and the existing political order collapsed.


====Second Party System (1951-1974)====
====Second Party System (1952-1974)====
{{main|Open Fifties}}


In the aftermath of the fall of the Autocracy in the [[Year of Blood]] (1950-51) and the weakening of the monarchy's powers in the 1952 [[Royal Reform Acts]], a restored constitutional order saw the revival of the Conservative-Con-Lib party system, but this time, the liberal and secular forces were ascendant from the 1951 civil war and the Con-Libs ruled consistently throughout this period, with the Royalist Conservatives struggling to challenge them successfully.  
In the aftermath of the fall of the Autocracy in the [[Year of Blood]] (1950-51) and the weakening of the monarchy's powers in the 1952 [[Royal Reform Acts]], a restored constitutional order saw the revival of the Conservative-Con Lib two-party system, but this time, [[Open Fifties|the liberal and secular forces were ascendant]] from the 1951 civil war and the Con-Libs ruled consistently throughout this period, with the Royalist Conservatives struggling to challenge them successfully.  


The [[Fourth West Scipian War]] in the mid-1960s gave the weakened right a chance at political power, and they led the wartime government. However, in the war's conclusion, the Con-Libs and their left-wing minor party allies retook control in the late 1960s.  
The [[West Scipian Wars|Fourth West Scipian War]] in the mid-1960s gave the weakened right a chance at political power, and they led the wartime government. However, in the war's conclusion, the Con-Libs and their left-wing minor party allies retook control in the late 1960s.  


The [[Yarden_Accords#Peace_process|five-year meandering peace process to strike the Yarden Accords with Sydalon]] weakened the left, and the right and far-right made gains in the early 1970s. At the time of its signing in 1974, the [[Yarden Accords]] proven too controversial and [[Yarden revisionist movements|its backlash]] broke the center-left political hegemony and empowered the right. Scholars mark 1974 as the end of the post-1951 liberal- and [[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Nominal_Religious|Chiloni]]-oriented political order.  
The [[Yarden_Accords#Peace_process|five-year meandering peace process to strike the Yarden Accords with Sydalon]] weakened the left, and the right and far-right made gains in the early 1970s. At the time of its signing in 1974, the [[Yarden Accords]] proven too controversial and [[Yarden revisionist movements|its backlash]] broke the center-left political hegemony and empowered the right. Scholars mark 1974 as the end of the post-1951 liberal- and [[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Nominal_Religious|Chiloni]]-oriented political order.


====Third Party System (1974-2019)====
====Third Party System (1974-2019)====


Political scholars and historians in Yisrael note that {{wp|Late modernity|late modern}} and contemporary Yisraeli politics are a direct realignment towards the right and towards renewed religiosity in the post-Yarden Yisraeli society of the 1970s and 1980s, leading to a succession of two-term Conservative-led governments and a scattering of single-term, very moderate Con-Lib presidencies in the 1990s and 2000s.  
Political scholars and historians in Yisrael note that {{wp|Late modernity|late modern}} and contemporary Yisraeli politics are a direct realignment towards the right and towards renewed religiosity in the post-Yarden Yisraeli society of the 1970s and 1980s, leading to a succession of three-term Conservative-led governments followed by a scattering of single-term, very moderate Con-Lib presidencies in the 1990s and 2000s.  


Domestic politics focused on dismantling the modest {{wp|welfare state}} and instituting a number of {{wp|tax cuts}}, {{wp|privatization}}s, and {{wp|deregulation}}, as well as [[Sydalon-Yisrael relations#Contemporary_era|vigilantly watching Sydalon]] [[Yarden Accords#Aftermath|post-Yarden]]. Internationally, there was a focus on opening up export markets in [[Ajax#Continents|Ochran and Malaio]], using [[Onekawa-Yisrael relations#Trade_and_economics|existing Yisraeli economic interests in Onekawa-Nukanoa]] to more easily enter these {{wp|emerging markets}}.  
Domestic politics focused on dismantling the modest {{wp|welfare state}} and instituting a number of {{wp|tax cuts}}, {{wp|privatization}}s, and {{wp|deregulation}}, as well as [[Sydalon-Yisrael relations#Contemporary_era|vigilantly watching Sydalon]] [[Yarden Accords#Aftermath|post-Yarden]]. Internationally, there was a focus on opening up export markets in [[Ajax#Continents|Ochran and Malaio]], using [[Onekawa-Yisrael relations#Trade_and_economics|existing Yisraeli economic interests in Onekawa-Nukanoa]] to more easily enter these {{wp|emerging markets}}.  
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the [[List of heads of government of Yisrael|Greenbaum and Hillel administrations]] faced [[Greenbaum and Hillel scandals|widely-publicized corruption scandals]] leading to both presidents' resignation in disgrace and succession by their vice-presidents. The successor to the Con-Lib Hillel, the youthful [[Ariel Halevi]], was the only independent to serve as president since the presidency was established.


The beginning of the 3rd party system saw a plethora of minor political parties be created, but by the late 1980s and early 1990s, the right, left, and center settled in with 1-2 parties each in a stable alignment of first-tier parties ([[Royalist Conservative Party (Yisrael)|Blues]] and [[Constitutional Liberal Party|Golds]]) and second-tier parties (centrists, leftists, and far-rights).
The beginning of the 3rd party system saw a plethora of minor political parties be created, but by the late 1980s and early 1990s, the right, left, and center settled in with 1-2 parties each in a stable alignment of first-tier parties ([[Royalist Conservative Party (Yisrael)|Blues]] and [[Constitutional Liberal Party|Golds]]) and second-tier parties (centrists, leftists, and far-rights).


This political order persisted until the end of the 2010s.  
While this period saw [[Right Bloc|the right]] in power at the beginning, the {{wp|Triangulation (politics)|triangulating}} Con-Libs towards the middle of this period brought about a majority of governments, albeit more centrist than their predecessors in the 1960s and 1970s. For example, between 1988 and 2012, the Con-Libs governed all but 5.5 years in control of the executive branch - and a year and a half of that was [[Ariel Halevi|an "independent" presidency]] that was by and large staffed by Con-Libs and aligned with the them [[Knesset|legislatively]]. Towards the end of the party system, the Conservatives retook another three-term government under [[Noah Feldman|Feldman]] and [[Yitzchok Katz|Katz]] (overlapping with the next party system).
 
This political order persisted until the end of the 2010s.


====Fourth Party System (2019-present)====
====Fourth Party System (2019-present)====
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The 2020 election saw the Conservatives and their chief allies the [[Torah Achdus]] party strengthen their majority, but their other allies the [[League for New Judea|Northern League]] suffered significant losses. The [[Constitutional Liberal Party]] lost over half of its Knesset seats and won a mere one District and its Electoral College Votes - its worse showing in history. It has been relegated to {{wp|third party}} status after a century of being the leading party of the left. The [[United Center Bloc]] gained sizable seats, seizing a multitude of formerly Con-Lib strongholds in the suburbs to become the {{wp|Loyal opposition|chief opposition}} to the ascendant Right.  
The 2020 election saw the Conservatives and their chief allies the [[Torah Achdus]] party strengthen their majority, but their other allies the [[League for New Judea|Northern League]] suffered significant losses. The [[Constitutional Liberal Party]] lost over half of its Knesset seats and won a mere one District and its Electoral College Votes - its worse showing in history. It has been relegated to {{wp|third party}} status after a century of being the leading party of the left. The [[United Center Bloc]] gained sizable seats, seizing a multitude of formerly Con-Lib strongholds in the suburbs to become the {{wp|Loyal opposition|chief opposition}} to the ascendant Right.  


While the beginning of the new party system has been characterized by [[Centrist Revolt|centrist]] and [[Hezekian Reaction|conservative]] backlashes, scholars are divided whether the United Center parties will endure, or whether the Con-Libs will rally and reorganize themselves with a return to major-party status at the next election.
While the beginning of the new party system has been characterized by [[Centrist Revolt|centrist]] and [[Hezekian Reaction|conservative]] backlashes, scholars are divided whether the United Center parties will endure, or whether the Con-Libs will rally and reorganize themselves with a return to major-party status at the next election. Some of these questions were put to rest with [[Constitutional Liberal Party#Dissolution|the dissolution of the Constitutional Liberals in April 2021]], with the party's successors forming rival parties, the [[National Liberal Party (Yisrael)|National Liberals]] and the [[Party of the Left]].  


===Zionist orientation===
===Zionist orientation===
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* [[Alternative for Yisrael]] - {{wp|Zionism#Revisionist Zionism|Revisionist}} and {{wp|Zionist#Liberal_Zionism|Liberal Zionism}}
* [[Alternative for Yisrael]] - {{wp|Zionism#Revisionist Zionism|Revisionist}} and {{wp|Zionist#Liberal_Zionism|Liberal Zionism}}
* [[Action Yisrael]] - {{wp|Zionism#Revisionist Zionism|Revisionist Zionism}}
* [[Action Yisrael]] - {{wp|Zionism#Revisionist Zionism|Revisionist Zionism}}
* [[Constitutional Liberal Party]] - {{wp|Zionism#Liberal_Zionism|Liberal Zionism}}
* [[National Liberal Party (Yisrael)|National Liberal Party]] - {{wp|Zionism#Liberal_Zionism|Liberal Zionism}}


====Non-Zionist parties====
====Non-Zionist parties====


* [[Torah Achdus]] (see ''[[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Non-Zionist_Religious_Right|Non-Zionist Religious Right]]'')
* [[Torah Achdus]] (see ''[[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Non-Zionist_Religious_Right|Non-Zionist Religious Right]]'')
* [[Alliance of Greens, Seculars, and Workers]] - officially "Non-Zionist" but has a faction of {{wp|Zionism#Liberal_Zionism|Liberal Zionists}}
* [[Party of the Left]] - officially "Non-Zionist" but has a faction of {{wp|Zionism#Liberal_Zionism|Liberal Zionists}}


==Political parties and elections==
==Political parties and elections==
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| style="background:#ff9090; color:black"|<center>In opposition</center>
| style="background:#ff9090; color:black"|<center>In opposition</center>
| [[Reuven Goldschmidt]]
| [[Reuven Goldschmidt]]
| <center>{{Infobox political party/seats|25|142|hex=#add8e6}}</center>
| <center>{{Infobox political party/seats|26|142|hex=#add8e6}}</center>
| [[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Nominal_Religious|Chiloni-interests]], {{wp|Economic liberalism}}, {{wp|Middle-class|Middle-income}} {{wp|Suburbs|suburban-interests}}, {{wp|Economic growth|Growth-interests}}, Opposition to {{wp|Green liberalism}}
| [[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Nominal_Religious|Chiloni-interests]], {{wp|Economic liberalism}}, {{wp|Middle-class|Middle-income}} {{wp|Suburbs|suburban-interests}}, {{wp|Economic growth|Growth-interests}}, Opposition to {{wp|Green liberalism}}
| {{wp|Center}}-to-{{wp|Centre-left}}
| {{wp|Center}}-to-{{wp|Centre-left}}
Line 117: Line 123:
| style="background:#ff9090; color:black"|<center>In opposition</center>
| style="background:#ff9090; color:black"|<center>In opposition</center>
| [[Action Yisrael|Shaul Frum]]
| [[Action Yisrael|Shaul Frum]]
| <center>{{Infobox political party/seats|17|142|hex=#C5CE88}}</center>
| <center>{{Infobox political party/seats|18|142|hex=#C5CE88}}</center>
| [[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Traditional|Masorti-interests]], {{wp|Economic liberalism}}, {{wp|Upper-middle-class|Upper-middle-income}} {{wp|Suburbs|suburban-interests}}, {{wp|Economic growth|Growth-interests}}, Opposition to {{wp|Green liberalism}}
| [[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Traditional|Masorti-interests]], {{wp|Economic liberalism}}, {{wp|Upper-middle-class|Upper-middle-income}} {{wp|Suburbs|suburban-interests}}, {{wp|Economic growth|Growth-interests}}, Opposition to {{wp|Green liberalism}}
| {{wp|Center}}-to-{{wp|Centre-right}}
| {{wp|Center}}-to-{{wp|Centre-right}}
|-
|-
|'''[[Constitutional Liberal Party]]'''
|'''[[National Liberal Party (Yisrael)|National Liberal Party]]'''
| style="background:#ff9090; color:black"|<center>In opposition</center>
| style="background:#ff9090; color:black"|<center>In opposition</center>
| [[Oren Saddi]]
| [[Oren Saddi]]
| <center>{{Infobox political party/seats|14|142|hex=#EAA328}}</center>
| <center>{{Infobox political party/seats|8|142|hex=#FFE135}}</center>
| {{wp|Centrism}}, {{wp|Progressivism}}, [[1920 Constitution|Weaker monarchy]], {{wp|Green liberalism}} and {{wp|Smart growth|Restricted growth-interests}}
| {{wp|Progressivism}}, {{wp|Left-wing nationalism}}, [[1920 Constitution|Weaker monarchy]], {{wp|Social liberalism}}, {{wp|Green liberalism}}  
| {{wp|Center}}-to-{{wp|Center-left}}
| {{wp|Left-wing politics|Left}}
|-
|-
|'''[[Alliance of Greens, Seculars, and Workers]]'''
|'''[[Party of the Left]]'''
| style="background:#ff9090; color:black"|<center>In opposition</center>
| style="background:#ff9090; color:black"|<center>In opposition</center>
|  
| [[Eitan Hadav]]
| <center>{{Infobox political party/seats|1|142|hex=#7CFC00}}</center>
| <center>{{Infobox political party/seats|5|142|hex=#48BF91}}</center>
| {{wp|Labor rights|Labor-interests}}, {{wp|Green liberalism}}, [[Chiloni-dati divide (Yisrael)#Traditional|Traditional-interests]]
| {{wp|Labor rights|Labor-interests}}, {{wp|Social liberalism}}, [[Kiso Pact|Kisoist foreign policy]], {{wp|Social democracy}}
| {{wp|Left-wing politics|Left}}
| {{wp|Far Left}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
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====2020====
====2020====


In the [[Yisraeli general election, 2020|2020 presidential and Knesset elections]], the [[Right Bloc|political right and its coalition]] saw [[Hezekian_Reaction#Implicit_endorsement_of_Conservatives_in_the_2020_presidential_election|swing and base voters move towards them in the last days of the election due to the controversial on-air implicit endorsement by the newly enthroned King Hezekiah III]]. Amid this, the ongoing [[Centrist Revolt]] by the newly formed [[United Center Bloc]] overtook the Con Lib-led [[Left Bloc]] as the leading opposition to the Right. The election resulted in a smashing victory for the Right, significant gains for a newly unified and coherent Center, and a across-the-board collapse by the Con-Libs and near wipeout of their left-wing allies the [[Alliance of Greens, Seculars, and Workers]].  
In the [[Yisraeli general election, 2020|2020 presidential and Knesset elections]], the [[Right Bloc|political right and its coalition]] saw [[Hezekian_Reaction#Implicit_endorsement_of_Conservatives_in_the_2020_presidential_election|swing and base voters move towards them in the last days of the election due to the controversial on-air implicit endorsement by the newly enthroned King Hezekiah III]]. Amid this, the ongoing [[Centrist Revolt]] by the newly formed [[United Center Bloc]] overtook the Con Lib-led [[Left Bloc]] as the leading opposition to the Right. The election resulted in a smashing victory for the Right, significant gains for a newly unified and coherent Center, and an across-the-board collapse by the Con-Libs and near wipeout of their left-wing allies the [[Alliance of Greens, Seculars, and Workers]].  


{| width=37% class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
{| width=37% class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
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'''Notes'''
'''Notes'''
<br><small>1. The AfY was created on November 7th, 2019, from the Con-Libs, taking 10 of its {{wp|Members of Knesset}}. The Con-Lib caucus [[Party_divisions_of_the_Yisraeli_Knesset#Third_Party_System_.281974-2019.29|fell from 42 to 32 going into the 2020 elections]].</br></small>
<br><small>1. The AfY was created on November 7th, 2019, from the Con-Libs, taking 10 of its {{wp|Members of Knesset}}. The Con-Lib caucus [[Party_divisions_of_the_Yisraeli_Knesset#Third_Party_System_.281974-2019.29|fell from 42 to 32 going into the 2020 elections]].</br></small>
====2018====
====2018====


Line 231: Line 238:
| 12.6
| 12.6
|-
|-
! style="background:#FF0000; color:white"|
! style="background:#EAA328; color:white"|
|'''[[Constitutional Liberal Party]]'''
|'''[[Constitutional Liberal Party]]'''
|'''42'''
|'''42'''

Latest revision as of 04:33, 29 December 2023

Politics in Yisrael are dominated by Zionist political parties on the political right, center, and left, although there are a few non-Zionist political factions represented.

Yisrael is a federal presidential constitutional monarchy, and its politics are reflected at the national level through the Presidency and the Royal Knesset and their elections, including various major and minor political parties, formal and informal political factions and interest groups, the media, and ideologically (and informally) through the Royal courts. On the District and local level, organs of national parties as well as regional and minor local parties and factions predominate the political scene, with a stronger focus on local "bread and butter" issues that may often diverge from national partisan perspectives.

At the end of the 2010s and entering the 2020s, Yisraeli politics has been roiled by a centrist revolt, which has fractured the left as well as a separate, parallel conservative and royalist backlash to a previously-weakened monarchy, leading to a political reordering of the 2.5-party system after the 2020 presidential and Knesset elections.

Political climate

Main articles: Government of Yisrael and 1920 Constitution

Introduction

Among global politics, Yisrael has a strong right-wing political and ideological orientation, influenced by its religious culture, traditional society, political history, and national interests in foreign affairs.

The Royal Constitution codifies Yisrael as a halachic state, meaning the Kingdom is ruled by religious law as elaborated in the Talmud and Code of Jewish Law. Thus, certain ideologies such as atheism and secularism are illegal, and ideologies derived from such thought (communism, socialism, Warnerism, etc.) are also by definition banned, as per the 1925 Sanhedrin case Popular Left Front of Yisrael v. Government of Yisrael.

From this, the center of political and religious gravity is center-right-to-right as compared to the Western Belisarian states. Thus, "left" in Yisrael maybe mildly "center-left" in a country such as Arthurista, and "far-right" in Yisrael would be comparable to other hard- and extreme-right groups in religious countries such as Sydalon or Ascalzar.

Political parties, factions, and blocs are formed from a variety of religious, ethnic, ideological, social, and personality-driven concerns and issues, and the widespread ethno-religious self-segregation and political polarization has created a de jure multi-party system but a de facto 2.5 party system where the political right is led by the Conservatives and the political left by the Con-Libs but they are not powerful enough to win outright majorities, and must build coalitions with second-tier minor parties with concentrated and durable political bases. This is cemented further by the use of a first-past-the-post voting system and single-member districts, which tend towards two-party systems.

Party systems

The FPTP electoral system established in the 1920 Constitution and the reformist/royalist divide in the last years of the absolute monarchy era that morphed into a stable left/right political spectrum after the Constitution's adoption created a rather stable party system in Yisrael that lasts until the present.

First Party System (1921-1941)

Although ideological factions existed under the late absolute monarchy era (1715-1919), parties did not emerge until the 1920 Constitution in the aftermath of the Constitutional Liberal victory in the 1919 Revolution that ended the absolute monarchy and introduced a constitutional monarchy in its stead.

The constitutionalist and liberal forces behind the new political order quickly organized themselves into the Constitutional Liberal Party while the royalists and conservatives formed the Royalist Conservative Party. For the early-to-mid 1920s, these two parties were the sole political entities contesting elections; by the late 1920s, other factions including far-right ultranationalists, labor activists and leftists, and centrists, started forming second- and third-tier minor political organizations.

The disastrous Third West Scipian War with Sydalon and the military coup in its immediate aftermath in 1941 begun the Autocracy regime and one-party rule, and the existing political order collapsed.

Second Party System (1952-1974)

Main article: Open Fifties

In the aftermath of the fall of the Autocracy in the Year of Blood (1950-51) and the weakening of the monarchy's powers in the 1952 Royal Reform Acts, a restored constitutional order saw the revival of the Conservative-Con Lib two-party system, but this time, the liberal and secular forces were ascendant from the 1951 civil war and the Con-Libs ruled consistently throughout this period, with the Royalist Conservatives struggling to challenge them successfully.

The Fourth West Scipian War in the mid-1960s gave the weakened right a chance at political power, and they led the wartime government. However, in the war's conclusion, the Con-Libs and their left-wing minor party allies retook control in the late 1960s.

The five-year meandering peace process to strike the Yarden Accords with Sydalon weakened the left, and the right and far-right made gains in the early 1970s. At the time of its signing in 1974, the Yarden Accords proven too controversial and its backlash broke the center-left political hegemony and empowered the right. Scholars mark 1974 as the end of the post-1951 liberal- and Chiloni-oriented political order.

Third Party System (1974-2019)

Political scholars and historians in Yisrael note that late modern and contemporary Yisraeli politics are a direct realignment towards the right and towards renewed religiosity in the post-Yarden Yisraeli society of the 1970s and 1980s, leading to a succession of three-term Conservative-led governments followed by a scattering of single-term, very moderate Con-Lib presidencies in the 1990s and 2000s.

Domestic politics focused on dismantling the modest welfare state and instituting a number of tax cuts, privatizations, and deregulation, as well as vigilantly watching Sydalon post-Yarden. Internationally, there was a focus on opening up export markets in Ochran and Malaio, using existing Yisraeli economic interests in Onekawa-Nukanoa to more easily enter these emerging markets.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Greenbaum and Hillel administrations faced widely-publicized corruption scandals leading to both presidents' resignation in disgrace and succession by their vice-presidents. The successor to the Con-Lib Hillel, the youthful Ariel Halevi, was the only independent to serve as president since the presidency was established.

The beginning of the 3rd party system saw a plethora of minor political parties be created, but by the late 1980s and early 1990s, the right, left, and center settled in with 1-2 parties each in a stable alignment of first-tier parties (Blues and Golds) and second-tier parties (centrists, leftists, and far-rights).

While this period saw the right in power at the beginning, the triangulating Con-Libs towards the middle of this period brought about a majority of governments, albeit more centrist than their predecessors in the 1960s and 1970s. For example, between 1988 and 2012, the Con-Libs governed all but 5.5 years in control of the executive branch - and a year and a half of that was an "independent" presidency that was by and large staffed by Con-Libs and aligned with the them legislatively. Towards the end of the party system, the Conservatives retook another three-term government under Feldman and Katz (overlapping with the next party system).

This political order persisted until the end of the 2010s.

Fourth Party System (2019-present)

The nearly-century-long political order - a 2.5 system of a Con Lib-led left and a Conservative-led right - was abruptly disrupted and potentially reordered in November 2019 barely two months before the 2020 elections. A number of little-noticed events since the early 2000s led up to a split in the Con-Libs, with Reuven Goldschmidt forming his own center-left party, the Alternative for Yisrael, from an increasingly-leftist Constitutional Liberal Party under 2020 nominee Yosef Kaduri.

The center-right Action Yisrael, itself uncomfortable remaining in the Conservative-led Right Bloc under 2020 Conservative nominee Yitzchok Katz, a leading Neoconservative, ended its political alliance with the right and joined forces with the AfY, creating the United Center Bloc.

Within weeks, Goldschmidt overtook Kaduri as Katz's chief opponent for president, and nipped at his heels for the rest of the campaign. However, the death of King Yaakov II and the succession of his heir, the newly-revealed reactionary Hezekiah III scrambled the election in its last days, leading to Katz's win in an Electoral College landslide.

The 2020 election saw the Conservatives and their chief allies the Torah Achdus party strengthen their majority, but their other allies the Northern League suffered significant losses. The Constitutional Liberal Party lost over half of its Knesset seats and won a mere one District and its Electoral College Votes - its worse showing in history. It has been relegated to third party status after a century of being the leading party of the left. The United Center Bloc gained sizable seats, seizing a multitude of formerly Con-Lib strongholds in the suburbs to become the chief opposition to the ascendant Right.

While the beginning of the new party system has been characterized by centrist and conservative backlashes, scholars are divided whether the United Center parties will endure, or whether the Con-Libs will rally and reorganize themselves with a return to major-party status at the next election. Some of these questions were put to rest with the dissolution of the Constitutional Liberals in April 2021, with the party's successors forming rival parties, the National Liberals and the Party of the Left.

Zionist orientation

Zionist parties

Non-Zionist parties

Political parties and elections

Main article: Party divisions of the Yisraeli Knesset
Party Name Coalition Party leader Seats in the Knesset Ideology Political position
Royalist Conservative Party
In coalition
 Yitzchok Katz
64 / 142
 National conservatism, National Religious-interests, Neoconservatism Right
Torah Achdus
In coalition
 Moshe Lippman
19 / 142
 Torah Judaism, Social conservatism, Chareidi-interests, Neoconservatism Right
League for New Judea
In coalition
 David Touro
2 / 142
 Ultranationalism, Stronger monarchy, Irrendentism, Social conservatism Far-right
Alternative for Yisrael
In opposition
 Reuven Goldschmidt
26 / 142
 Chiloni-interests, Economic liberalism, Middle-income suburban-interests, Growth-interests, Opposition to Green liberalism Center-to-Centre-left
Action Yisrael
In opposition
 Shaul Frum
18 / 142
 Masorti-interests, Economic liberalism, Upper-middle-income suburban-interests, Growth-interests, Opposition to Green liberalism Center-to-Centre-right
National Liberal Party
In opposition
 Oren Saddi
8 / 142
 Progressivism, Left-wing nationalism, Weaker monarchy, Social liberalism, Green liberalism Left
Party of the Left
In opposition
 Eitan Hadav
5 / 142
 Labor-interests, Social liberalism, Kisoist foreign policy, Social democracy Far Left

Recent elections

Main articles: Yisraeli general election, 2020; Yisraeli general election, 2018; and Party divisions of the Yisraeli Knesset

2020

In the 2020 presidential and Knesset elections, the political right and its coalition saw swing and base voters move towards them in the last days of the election due to the controversial on-air implicit endorsement by the newly enthroned King Hezekiah III. Amid this, the ongoing Centrist Revolt by the newly formed United Center Bloc overtook the Con Lib-led Left Bloc as the leading opposition to the Right. The election resulted in a smashing victory for the Right, significant gains for a newly unified and coherent Center, and an across-the-board collapse by the Con-Libs and near wipeout of their left-wing allies the Alliance of Greens, Seculars, and Workers.

Party Seats +/- National Vote (%)
Royalist Conservative Party 64 Increase 5 24.4
Torah Achdus 19 Increase 3 14.5
League for New Judea 2 Decrease 3 5.4
Alternative for Yisrael 251 Increase 151 19.8
Action Yisrael 17 Increase 5 11.3
Constitutional Liberal Party 14 Decrease 181 21.2
Alliance of Greens, Seculars, and Workers 1 Decrease 7 2.4

Notes
1. The AfY was created on November 7th, 2019, from the Con-Libs, taking 10 of its Members of Knesset. The Con-Lib caucus fell from 42 to 32 going into the 2020 elections.

2018

In the 2018 midterm elections, the center-left and left-wing parties generally saw an across-the-board upsurge against the ruling right-wing Blue-Maroon coalition from the 47th Knesset (2016-18). The Con-Libs flipped multiple swing seats from the Conservatives and Northern League, while themselves losing several urban left-wing seats to the Alliance. The center/center-right Action Yisrael flipped several Conservative and League seats, significantly increasing its political bloc to the largest since the party's creation. The ruling right was forced to make several politically moderate concessions by adding the AY to its coalition to retain a majority. Due to the addition of the Grays to the ruling bloc, the religious bloc ruled out joining the governing coalition but agreed to a supply and confidence agreement in return for a supermajority to pass several constitutional amendments through the Knesset.

Party Seats +/- National Vote (%)
Royalist Conservative Party 59 Decrease 5 34.7
Action Yisrael 12 Increase 5 13.4
League for New Judea 5 Decrease 6 10.8
Torah Achdus 16 Decrease 2 12.6
Constitutional Liberal Party 42 Increase 3 23.9
Alliance of Greens, Seculars, and Workers 8 Increase 5 4.9

See also

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