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Following [[Charles Fitzhubert]] securing control of Rwizikuru in the 1860s, the educational system in the colony was developed along [[Estmere|Estmerish]] lines, with colonial officials implementing similar policies to Estmere. By the 1920s, missionaries started reducing their role in providing education, especially in [[Port Fitzhubert]] and other major cities as local educational authorities were established.
Following [[Charles Fitzhubert]] securing control of Rwizikuru in the 1860s, the educational system in the colony was developed along [[Estmere|Estmerish]] lines, with colonial officials implementing similar policies to Estmere. By the 1920s, missionaries started reducing their role in providing education, especially in [[Port Fitzhubert]] and other major cities as local educational authorities were established.


After independence in 1946, the education system of Rwizikuru became more centralized, and within the next twenty years, {{wp|English language|Estmerish language}} instruction had been replaced by {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}} language instruction.
After independence in 1946, the education system of Rwizikuru became more centralized, in order to foster a sense of national unity among Rwizikuran citizens.


===Grading===
===Grading===
Line 34: Line 34:


===Academic year===
===Academic year===
The academic year in Rwizikuru is divided into three trimesters ({{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}}: ''chetatu'').  
The academic year in Rwizikuru is divided into three trimesters ({{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}}: ''chetatu'').  


The first trimester starts on the first week of September, and lasts until the last week of November. Following the end of the first trimester, a one-month Christmas break takes place, with the second trimester beginning on the start of January and lasting until {{wp|Easter}}. After a week-long Easter break, the third trimester starts and lasts until the first week of July, when the academic year ends.
The first trimester starts on the first week of September, and lasts until the last week of November. Following the end of the first trimester, a one-month Christmas break takes place, with the second trimester beginning on the start of January and lasting until {{wp|Easter}}. After a week-long Easter break, the third trimester starts and lasts until the first week of July, when the academic year ends.
Line 41: Line 41:


==Education stages==
==Education stages==
The structure is based off the [[Estmere|Estmerish education system]] as it stood on the eve of [[Rwizikuru]]'s independence from [[Estmere]] in 1946. The only changes to the structure have been the renaming of the {{wp|Educational stage|stages of education}} from {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} to {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}} in 1966 to reflect the removal of Estmerish as an official language of Rwizikuru.
The structure is based off the [[Estmere|Estmerish education system]] as it stood on the eve of [[Rwizikuru]]'s independence from [[Estmere]] in 1946, with no changes having occurred to the educational structure in Rwizikuru since its independence from Estmere.


Education at the primary and secondary level are officially free, although the cost of education has been rising over the past few decades.
Education at the primary and secondary level are officially free, although the cost of education has been rising over the past few decades.
Line 49: Line 49:
! Age range !! Name !!align=center colspan=2|Categories !! Mandatory?
! Age range !! Name !!align=center colspan=2|Categories !! Mandatory?
|-
|-
| 3-4 || {{wp|Pre-school playgroup|Kutamba boka}} ||align=center colspan=2|{{wp|Preschool|Pamberi chikoro}} || {{na}}
| 3-4 || {{wp|Pre-school playgroup|Playgroup}} ||align=center colspan=2|{{wp|Preschool}} || {{na}}
|-
|-
| 4-5 || {{wp|Reception (school)|Kugamuchira}} ||align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2|{{wp|Infant school|Chikoro mucheche}} ||{{ya}}
| 4-5 || {{wp|Reception (school)|Reception}} ||align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2|{{wp|Infant school}} ||{{ya}}
|-
|-
| 5-6 || Mucheche 1 || {{ya}}
| 5-6 || Year 1 || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 6-7 || Mucheche 2 || {{ya}}
| 6-7 || Year 2 || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 7-8 || Chechidiki 1 ||align=center rowspan=4 colspan=2|{{wp|Junior School|Chikoro chechidiki}} || {{ya}}
| 7-8 || Year 3 ||align=center rowspan=4 colspan=2|{{wp|Junior school}} || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 8-9 || Chechidiki 2 || {{ya}}
| 8-9 || Year 4 || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 9-10 || Chechidiki 3 || {{ya}}
| 9-10 || Year 5 || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 10-11 || Chechidiki 4 || {{ya}}
| 10-11 || Year 6 || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 11-12 || Chekutanga Fomu ||align=center rowspan=4|{{wp|Secondary modern school|Chikoro chepamusoro}} ||align=center rowspan=7|{{wp|Grammar school|Chikoro cheGirama}} || {{ya}}
| 11-12 || First Form ||align=center rowspan=4|{{wp|Secondary modern school}} ||align=center rowspan=7|{{wp|Grammar school}} || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 12-13 || Chepiri Fomu || {{ya}}
| 12-13 || Second Form || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 13-14 || Chechitatu Fomu || {{ya}}
| 13-14 || Third Form || {{ya}}
|-
|-
| 14-15 || Chechina Fomu || {{na}}
| 14-15 || Fourth Form || {{na}}
|-
|-
| 15-16 || Yechishanu Fomu ||{{n/a}} ||{{na}}
| 15-16 || Fifth Form ||{{n/a}} ||{{na}}
|-
|-
| 16-17 || {{wp|Sixth Form|Yakaderera Yechitanhatu Fomu}} ||{{n/a}} ||{{na}}
| 16-17 || {{wp|Sixth Form|Lower Sixth Form}} ||{{n/a}} ||{{na}}
|-
|-
| 17-18 || {{wp|Sixth Form|Yakakwira Yechitanhatu Fomu}} ||{{n/a}} ||{{na}}
| 17-18 || {{wp|Sixth Form|Upper Sixth Form}} ||{{n/a}} ||{{na}}
|}
|}


===Preschool education===
===Preschool education===
The '''pamberi chikoro''' ({{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}} for ''preschool'', lit. ''before school'') are largely offered by volunteers and charities, although they have to meet the educational requirements of the [[Ministry of Education (Rwizikuru)|Education Ministry]]. They are often {{wp|multi-age classrooms}}, with students ages three to five often in one classroom.
The '''preschool''' ({{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}}: ''pamberi chikoro'', lit. ''before school'') are largely offered by volunteers and charities, although they have to meet the educational requirements of the [[Ministry of Education (Rwizikuru)|Education Ministry]]. They are often {{wp|multi-age classrooms}}, with students ages three to five often in one classroom.


However, since the late 1990s, more and more primary schools have offered pamberi chikoro programs in {{wp|infant schools|chikoro mucheche}}, with the amount of schools offering them rising from 5% in 1990 to 74% in 2015. In larger centers such as [[Port Fitzhubert]] or [[Chekumabvazuva]], schools will often have two classrooms for the pamberi chikoro: one for students ages 3-4, and one for ages 4-5.
However, since the late 1990s, more and more primary schools have offered pamberi chikoro programs in {{wp|infant schools|chikoro mucheche}}, with the amount of schools offering them rising from 5% in 1990 to 74% in 2015. In larger centers such as [[Port Fitzhubert]] or [[Chekumabvazuva]], schools will often have two classrooms at the preschool level: one for students ages 3-4, and one for ages 4-5.


As of 2015, 64% of three year-old children, and 85% of four-year old children attend a pamberi chikoro, with the rate higher in major cities, and lower in rural areas.
As of 2015, 64% of three year-old children, and 85% of four-year old children attend a preschool, with the rate higher in major cities, and lower in rural areas.


===Primary education===
===Primary education===
When a student turns five, {{wp|compulsory education}} begins, and children will start going to a {{wp|infant school|chikoro mucheche}}. Students are all taught in {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}} in the chikoro mucheche, and are taught literacy, art, physical education, sciences, and mathematics. After three years, students will go to a {{wp|junior school|chikoro chechidiki}} for four more years. At the chikoro chechidiki, students begin learning history, sex education, and {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}.
When a student turns five, {{wp|compulsory education}} begins, and children will start going to a {{wp|infant school}}. Students are all taught in {{wp|English language|Estmerish}}, {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}, or {{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}} in the infant school, and are taught literacy, art, physical education, sciences, and mathematics. After three years, students will go to a {{wp|junior school}} for four more years. At the junior school, students begin learning history, sex education, and another language, usually {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}.


At the end of Chechidiki 4, students take the {{wp|eleven-plus}} exam. Those who are in the top 25% of students who passed nationwide go to the {{wp|grammar schools|chikoro cheGirama}} while the remainder of students who passed go to the {{wp|secondary modern school|chikoro chepamusoro}}. Those that fail have to repeat chechidiki 4 until they have passed.
At the end of Year 6, students take the {{wp|eleven-plus}} exam. Those who are in the top 25% of students who passed nationwide go to the {{wp|grammar schools}} while the remainder of students who passed go to the {{wp|secondary modern school|secondary modern schools}}. Those that fail have to repeat Year 6 until they have passed.


===Secondary education===
===Secondary education===
[[File:Students_of_St_George's_College,_Harare.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Students outside a grammar school, [[Port Fitzhubert]], 2011]]
[[File:Students_of_St_George's_College,_Harare.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Students outside a grammar school, [[Port Fitzhubert]], 2011]]
The most prestigious schools in [[Rwizikuru]] are the {{wp|grammar schools|chikoro cheGirama}}. At the chikoro cheGirama, students are expected to learn sciences (physics, biology, chemistry), mathematics, physical education, history, arts (either {{wp|fine arts}} or {{wp|applied arts}}), {{wp|Shona language|veRwizi}} literature, and foreign languages.
The most prestigious schools in [[Rwizikuru]] are the {{wp|grammar schools}}. At the grammar schools, students are expected to learn sciences (physics, biology, chemistry), mathematics, physical education, history, arts (either {{wp|fine arts}} or {{wp|applied arts}}), literature in {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} and {{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}}, and foreign languages.


The less prestigious schools are the {{wp|secondary modern schools|chikoro chepamusoro}}. At the chikoro chepamusoro, they are taught mathematics, sciences (physics, biology, chemistry), {{wp|applied arts}}, {{wp|Shona language|veRwizi}} and the {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}.
The less prestigious schools are the {{wp|secondary modern schools}}. At the secondary modern schools, they are taught mathematics, sciences (physics, biology, chemistry), {{wp|applied arts}}, {{wp|English language|Estmerish}}, {{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}} and {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}.


At the age of 14, students are no longer required to attend school. The following year, students take the {{wp|O-levels}} at the Chechina Fomu. Those who pass receive the '''dhipuroma yakajairika''' (''ordinary diploma''), and if they are at the chikoro cheGirama can be eligible to enter {{wp|sixth form}} and take the {{wp|A-levels}} during that period. If they are at the chikoro chepamusoro, however, they are ineligible to take the A-levels.
At the age of 14, students are no longer required to attend school. The following year, students take the {{wp|O-levels}} at the Fourth Form. Those who pass receive the '''ordinary diploma''' ({{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}}: ''dhipuroma yakajairika''), and if they are at the grammar school, can be eligible to enter {{wp|sixth form}} and take the {{wp|A-levels}} during that period. If they are at the secondary modern school, however, they are ineligible to take the A-levels.


If one passes the A-levels, the students receive the '''dhipuroma inokudzwa''' (''honourable diploma''), and are eligible to apply to study at a {{wp|polytechnic}}, or at the [[University of Rwizikuru]].
If one passes the A-levels, the students receive the '''honourable diploma''' ({{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}}: ''dhipuroma inokudzwa''), and are eligible to apply to study at a {{wp|polytechnic}}, or at the [[University of Rwizikuru]].


==Tertiary education==
==Tertiary education==
===Universities===
===Universities===
[[File:Universityofnairobi.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[University of Rwizikuru]], 2006]]
[[File:Universityofnairobi.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[University of Rwizikuru]], 2006]]
The only independent university (i.e. not affiliated with another university) in [[Rwizikuru]] is the [[University of Rwizikuru]], which opened in 1948 in [[Port Fitzhubert]], and continues to operate from its site at Port Fitzhubert. The University of Rwizikuru gives degrees in {{wp|law}}, {{wp|education}}, {{wp|health sciences}}, {{wp|natural sciences}}, {{wp|political science}}, {{wp|chemistry}}, {{wp|biology}}, {{wp|geology}}, {{wp|engineering}}, {{wp|nursing}}, {{wp|medicine}}, {{wp|linguistics}}, {{wp|music}}, and {{wp|journalism}}.
The only independent university (i.e. not affiliated with another university) in [[Rwizikuru]] is the [[University of Rwizikuru]], which opened in 1941 in [[Port Fitzhubert]], and continues to operate from its site at Port Fitzhubert, as well as satellite sites in [[Munzwa]] and [[Port Graham]]. The University of Rwizikuru gives degrees in {{wp|law}}, {{wp|education}}, {{wp|health sciences}}, {{wp|natural sciences}}, {{wp|political science}}, {{wp|chemistry}}, {{wp|biology}}, {{wp|geology}}, {{wp|engineering}}, {{wp|nursing}}, {{wp|medicine}}, {{wp|linguistics}}, {{wp|music}}, and {{wp|journalism}}.


However, due to allegations of corruption and declining educational standards at the university, since the 1990s, more and more students are studying abroad in countries, especially TBD. This has led to the opening of a {{wp|satellite campus}} of the TBD university in 2018 in [[Chekumabvazuva]], called the [[TBD University of Chekumabvazuva]], due to the growing demand of students in Rwizikuru wanting to study at a TBDian university, as opposed to the University of Rwizikuru.
However, due to allegations of corruption and declining educational standards at the university, since the 1990s, more and more students are studying abroad in countries, especially TBD. This has led to the opening of a {{wp|satellite campus}} of the TBD university in 2018 in [[Chekumabvazuva]], called the [[TBD University of Chekumabvazuva]], due to the growing demand of students in Rwizikuru wanting to study at a TBDian university, as opposed to the University of Rwizikuru.


===Polytechnics===
===Polytechnics===
There are twenty-seven recognized '''polytechnics''' ({{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}}: ''koreji hwokugadzira'') in Rwizikuru. They largely specialize in {{wp|technology}}, {{wp|engineering}}, {{wp|applied sciences}} and {{wp|natural sciences}}, though some have {{wp|fine arts programs}}, such as the [[Mkondo Polytechnic]] at [[Chekumabvazuva]].
There are twenty-seven recognized '''polytechnics''' ({{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}}: ''koreji hwokugadzira'') in Rwizikuru. They largely specialize in {{wp|technology}}, {{wp|engineering}}, {{wp|applied sciences}} and {{wp|natural sciences}}, though some have {{wp|fine arts programs}}, such as the [[Mkondo Polytechnic]] at [[Chekumabvazuva]].


[[Category:Rwizikuru]]
[[Category:Education in Rwizikuru]]

Latest revision as of 23:08, 15 August 2023

Part of a series on
Life in
Rwizikuru
File:CoatOfArmsOfRwizikuru.png

Education in Rwizikuru is heavily based off of the Estmerish education system as had been implemented during their rule over Rwizikuru until 1946.

Overview

The basis of modern day education in Rwizikuru dates back to the arrival of the first Sotirian missionaries in the 1840s in present-day Rutendo. Over the next few decades, missionary schools were established to "educate the native population."

Following Charles Fitzhubert securing control of Rwizikuru in the 1860s, the educational system in the colony was developed along Estmerish lines, with colonial officials implementing similar policies to Estmere. By the 1920s, missionaries started reducing their role in providing education, especially in Port Fitzhubert and other major cities as local educational authorities were established.

After independence in 1946, the education system of Rwizikuru became more centralized, in order to foster a sense of national unity among Rwizikuran citizens.

Grading

Grade Marks
A+ 97% to 100%
A 90% to 96%
B 80% to 89%
C 70% to 79%
D 60% to 69%
E 50% to 59%
F 40% to 49%
G 0% to 39%
U ungraded

Academic year

The academic year in Rwizikuru is divided into three trimesters (Rwizi: chetatu).

The first trimester starts on the first week of September, and lasts until the last week of November. Following the end of the first trimester, a one-month Christmas break takes place, with the second trimester beginning on the start of January and lasting until Easter. After a week-long Easter break, the third trimester starts and lasts until the first week of July, when the academic year ends.

Classes usually start at 9 am and usually last until 3 pm. However, in many schools, especially in fast-growing regions, hot-seating is common, where one half of the students are taught in the morning, and the other in the afternoon.

Education stages

The structure is based off the Estmerish education system as it stood on the eve of Rwizikuru's independence from Estmere in 1946, with no changes having occurred to the educational structure in Rwizikuru since its independence from Estmere.

Education at the primary and secondary level are officially free, although the cost of education has been rising over the past few decades.

Age range Name Categories Mandatory?
3-4 Playgroup Preschool No
4-5 Reception Infant school Yes
5-6 Year 1 Yes
6-7 Year 2 Yes
7-8 Year 3 Junior school Yes
8-9 Year 4 Yes
9-10 Year 5 Yes
10-11 Year 6 Yes
11-12 First Form Secondary modern school Grammar school Yes
12-13 Second Form Yes
13-14 Third Form Yes
14-15 Fourth Form No
15-16 Fifth Form N/A No
16-17 Lower Sixth Form N/A No
17-18 Upper Sixth Form N/A No

Preschool education

The preschool (Rwizi: pamberi chikoro, lit. before school) are largely offered by volunteers and charities, although they have to meet the educational requirements of the Education Ministry. They are often multi-age classrooms, with students ages three to five often in one classroom.

However, since the late 1990s, more and more primary schools have offered pamberi chikoro programs in chikoro mucheche, with the amount of schools offering them rising from 5% in 1990 to 74% in 2015. In larger centers such as Port Fitzhubert or Chekumabvazuva, schools will often have two classrooms at the preschool level: one for students ages 3-4, and one for ages 4-5.

As of 2015, 64% of three year-old children, and 85% of four-year old children attend a preschool, with the rate higher in major cities, and lower in rural areas.

Primary education

When a student turns five, compulsory education begins, and children will start going to a infant school. Students are all taught in Estmerish, Gaullican, or Rwizi in the infant school, and are taught literacy, art, physical education, sciences, and mathematics. After three years, students will go to a junior school for four more years. At the junior school, students begin learning history, sex education, and another language, usually Gaullican.

At the end of Year 6, students take the eleven-plus exam. Those who are in the top 25% of students who passed nationwide go to the grammar schools while the remainder of students who passed go to the secondary modern schools. Those that fail have to repeat Year 6 until they have passed.

Secondary education

Students outside a grammar school, Port Fitzhubert, 2011

The most prestigious schools in Rwizikuru are the grammar schools. At the grammar schools, students are expected to learn sciences (physics, biology, chemistry), mathematics, physical education, history, arts (either fine arts or applied arts), literature in Estmerish and Rwizi, and foreign languages.

The less prestigious schools are the secondary modern schools. At the secondary modern schools, they are taught mathematics, sciences (physics, biology, chemistry), applied arts, Estmerish, Rwizi and Gaullican.

At the age of 14, students are no longer required to attend school. The following year, students take the O-levels at the Fourth Form. Those who pass receive the ordinary diploma (Rwizi: dhipuroma yakajairika), and if they are at the grammar school, can be eligible to enter sixth form and take the A-levels during that period. If they are at the secondary modern school, however, they are ineligible to take the A-levels.

If one passes the A-levels, the students receive the honourable diploma (Rwizi: dhipuroma inokudzwa), and are eligible to apply to study at a polytechnic, or at the University of Rwizikuru.

Tertiary education

Universities

University of Rwizikuru, 2006

The only independent university (i.e. not affiliated with another university) in Rwizikuru is the University of Rwizikuru, which opened in 1941 in Port Fitzhubert, and continues to operate from its site at Port Fitzhubert, as well as satellite sites in Munzwa and Port Graham. The University of Rwizikuru gives degrees in law, education, health sciences, natural sciences, political science, chemistry, biology, geology, engineering, nursing, medicine, linguistics, music, and journalism.

However, due to allegations of corruption and declining educational standards at the university, since the 1990s, more and more students are studying abroad in countries, especially TBD. This has led to the opening of a satellite campus of the TBD university in 2018 in Chekumabvazuva, called the TBD University of Chekumabvazuva, due to the growing demand of students in Rwizikuru wanting to study at a TBDian university, as opposed to the University of Rwizikuru.

Polytechnics

There are twenty-seven recognized polytechnics (Rwizi: koreji hwokugadzira) in Rwizikuru. They largely specialize in technology, engineering, applied sciences and natural sciences, though some have fine arts programs, such as the Mkondo Polytechnic at Chekumabvazuva.

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