User:Native Qazh/Sandbox6

Phonolohy

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal		Velar
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p	t	t͡ɕ		k
	palatal	pʲ	tʲ			kʲ
Fricative			s	ɕ		x
Nasal		m	n	nʲ
Approximant		ʋ	l	lʲ	j
Rhotic			ɾ

Vowels

Tamir Tyulov
(1961)

	Front	Central	back
Close	i	ɪ̈, ʊ	u
Mid	ʲe	ɤ̈	o
Open		a

Λubomєr Џretyȝa
(1947)

	Front	back
Close	i	u, ŭ
Mid	ʲɛ, ĕ	ɔ
Open	a, ă

^1 palatalized when it's the first sound of a word, or it comes after a vowel or consonants with palatal equivalents.

	Vowels	Harmony
		type 1	type 2
Front	i, ʲe, ɪ̈	ɪ̈	i
Back	a, ɤ̈,	ɤ̈	a
Round	o, u, ʊ	ʊ	u

A - type1 vowel harmony
А² - type 2 vowel harmony, which is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and when creating new verbs via affixes.

Writing system

А а	Ӑ ӑ	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ӗ ӗ
Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н
О о	П п	Р р	С с	Ҫ ҫ	Т т	У у	Ў ў
Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Ь ь	Ю ю	Я я

А а	Ă ă	B b	C c	Ć ć	D d	E e	Ĕ ĕ
F f	G g	H h	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m
N n	O o	P p	Q q	R r	S s	Ś ś	T t
U u	Ŭ ŭ	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Z z

Order	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32
Cyrillic upper case	А	Ӑ	Б	В	Г	Д	Е	Ӗ	Ж	З	И	Й	К	Л	М	Н	О	П	Р	С	Ҫ	Т	У	Ў	Ф	Х	Ц	Ч	Ш	Ь	Ю	Я
Cyrillic lower case	а	ӑ	б	в	г	д	е	ӗ	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	ҫ	т	у	ў	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	ь	ю	я
Latin upper case	A	Ă	B	V	G	D	E	Ĕ	Ž	Z	I	Y	K	L	M	N	O	P	R	S	Ś	T	U	Ŭ, U	F	H	C	Ć	Š	Y	Yu	Ya
Latin lower case	a	ă	b	v	g	d	e	ĕ	ž	z	i	y	k	l	m	n	o	p	r	s	ś	t	u	ŭ, u	f	h	c	ć	š	y	yu	ya
IPA sound	a	ɤ̈	b	ʋ	ɡ	d	ʲe	ɪ̈	ʑ	z	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	ɾ	s	ɕ	t	u	ʊ	ʋ̥	x	ts	t͡ɕ	ɕ	◌ʲ	ju	ja

Affixes don't effect the spelling of the stem.

Palatals

	When CV				When VCV	When VC
	ӑ, ӗ, о, и	-а	-у	-е
/pʲ/	пь / py	пя / pya	пю / pyu	пе / pe	пп / pp	пь / py
/tʲ/	ть / ty	тя / tya	тю / tyu	те / te	тт / tt	ть / ty
/kʲ/	кь / ky	кя / kya	кю / kyu	ке / ke	кк / kk	кь / ky
/nʲ/	нь / ny	ня / nya	ню / nyu	не / ne	нн / nn	нь / ny
/lʲ/	ль / ly	ля / lya	лю / lyu	ле / le	лл / ll	ль / ly

When the consonant is in the VCV possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.
Affixes don't effect the spelling.

Gramar

Syntax

 SOV
 noun like adjectives
 possessee - possessor
 adjective - noun
 postpossitions

Pronouns

Number and Person		Nominative	Dative / Genetive			Accusative		Locative	Ablative	Allative	Instrumental	Abessive
			stressed	clitic dative	clitic genitive	stressed	clitic
Singular	First	Пӗ	Пӗн	-мА2	-(й)А2м	Пӗй	-мА	Пӗтӗ	Пӗр	Пӗть	Пӗҫӗн	Пӗҫӗр
	Second	Сӗ	Сӗн	-сА2	-(й)А2н	Сӗй	-сА	Сӗтӗ	Сӗр	Сӗть	Сӗҫӗн	Сӗҫӗр
Plural	First	Пӗме	Пӗмен	-мА2м	-(й)А2мА	Пӗмей	-мАм	Пӗметӗ	Пӗмер	Пӗметь	Пӗмеҫӗн	Пӗмеҫӗр
	Second	Сӗме	Сӗмен	-сА2м	-(й)А2нА	Сӗмей	-сАм	Сӗметӗ	Сӗмер	Сӗметь	Сӗмеҫӗн	Сӗмеҫӗр
Third		Во	Вон	-вА2	-(й)А2	Вой	-вА	Вотў	Вор	Воть	Воҫўн	Воҫўр
Reflexive (Self)		Хӑн	Хӑнӑн	-хА2	-(й)А2х	Хӑнӑ	-хА	Хӑнтӑ	Хӑнӑр	Хӑнӑть	Хӑнҫӑн	Хӑнҫӑр

^2 There's no singlular or plural distinction of the third person pronouns besides contextual.

Nouns

Number & Definitiness

Grammatical number is implied by the speaker, in the context of singular usually the indefinite article is used, while the definite is also used in the plural context too.

Article		Example
Indefinite Singular	ӗ/ӗн	ӗ сўр	ӗн етӗ
Definite / Plural	-∅	сўр	ет
Partitive	тес	тес сўр	тес етӗ
Negative Indefinite Singular	рӗ/рӗн	рӗ сўр	рӗн етӗ
Negative Partitive	рӗтес	рӗтес сўр	рӗтес етӗ

сўр - house
етӗ - dog

Case

Case	Affix	Example
Nominative	-∅	аўa	ҫив	тур
Dative/Genetive	-нАн	аўaнӑн	ҫивнӗн	турнўн
Definite Accusative	-А/й	аўaй	ҫивӗ	турў
Locative	-тА	аўaтӑ	ҫивтӗ	туртў
Ablative	-(А)р	аўaр	ҫивӗр	турўр
Allative	-(А)ть	аўaть	ҫивӗть	турўть
Instrumental	-ҫАн	аўaҫӑн	ҫивҫӗн	турҫўн
Abessive	-ҫАр	аўaҫӑр	ҫивҫӗр	турҫўр
Vocative	-/о, -e	аўо	ҫиве	туре

A - vowel harmony.
аўa - air
ҫив - water
тур - earth

Adjectives & Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

• Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - кай
• Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-кай
• Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - то-кай
• Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-кай

Verbs

Person & Direction

	Person (Do-er)	Direction (Reciever)
		Direct (ACC)	Indirect (DAT)
1S	-(A)м	-мА	-мА2
2S	-(А)с	-сА	-сА2
1P	-(А)ме	-мАм	-мА2м
2P	-(А)се	-сАм	-сА2м
3S/P	-(А)в	-вА	-вА2
Reflexive		-хА	-хА2

In sentances like "give him to me", the inderect pronoun goes before the direct one, i.e. it would literally translate as "give-to.me-him"

Tense, Aspect, Mood

Tense		Mood
		Indicative	Imperative	Conditional	Presumptive	Permissive
Present		-∅	-и/й	-пАт	-кАм	-(А)сҫА
Past		-(А)ть				-(А)сҫАть
Past-participle	Active	-(А)ль		-пАтАль	-кАмАль	-(А)сҫАль
	Passive	-(А)нь		-пАтАнь	-кАмАнь
Future		-(А)х		-пАт	-кАм	-(А)сҫАх
Past Future		-(А)хАть				-(А)сҫАхАть

^3 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.

Copula

Copula dosent conjugate in literary [Placeholder] and most dialects.

Tense	Mood
	Indicative	Imperative	Conditional	Presumptive	Permissive
Present	тӗ	тӗй	тӗпӗт	тӗкӗм	тӗсҫӗ
Past	тӗть				тӗсҫӗть
Past-participle	тӗль		тӗпӗтӗль	тӗпӗкӗм	тӗсҫӗль
Future	тӗх		тӗпӗт	тӗкӗм	тӗсҫӗх
Past Future	тӗхӗть				тӗсҫӗхӗть

^4 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.

Evidentiality

	Affix	Example	Overliteral translation
Indicative	-∅	Ет пулӑкӑ яҫе	"I know from my own observation that the dog ate the fish."
Inferential	-(А)вА (copula)	Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗ	"The dog must have eaten the fish."
Renarrative	-(А)вА	Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ	"I've been told that the dog ate the fish."
Dubitative	-(А)вА (P.PTCP copula)	Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗль	"I've been told that the dog ate the fish, but I doubt it."

^5 The speaker did not witness it, but inferred it, for example, from the fact that the fish was missing and there was a pile of fish bones by the kennel.

Verb-forming

Form	Suffix	Verb	English Translation
Positive	-∅	килӗм	"I come", "I'm coming"
Negative	-рА	килрӗм	"I do not come", "I'm not coming"
Perfective	и/й-	икилӗм	"I come", "I'm coming"*
Necessitative	-мАҫ	килмӗҫӗм	"I must come"
Potential	-(й)Ай	килӗйм	"I can come"
Impotential	-(й)АйрА	килӗйрӗм	"I cannot come"
Conditional	-сА	килсӗм	"if only I came"
Cusative	-(й)А2т	килитӗм	"I bring", Ï'm bringing"

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

№	Word
0	нўл
1	пӗр
2	икке
3	виҫ
4	тавӑт
5	пиҫĕк
6	ўлта
7	ҫапте
8	сакӑр
9	тахӑр
10	вӗн
11	пӗр вӗнтӗ
12	иккӗ вӗнтӗ
13	виҫӗ вӗнтӗ
14	тавӑт вӗнтӗ
15	пиҫĕк вӗнтӗ
16	ўлта вӗнтӗ
17	ҫапте вӗнтӗ
18	сакӑр вӗнтӗ
19	тахӑр вӗнтӗ
20	иккӗвӗн
21	пӗр иккӗвӗнтӗ
22	иккӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
23	виҫӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
24	тавӑт иккӗвӗнтӗ
25	пиҫĕк иккӗвӗнтӗ
30	виҫӗвӗн
40	тавӑтвӗн
50	пиҫĕквӗн
60	ўлтавӗн
70	ҫаптевӗн
80	сакӑрвӗн
90	тахӑрвӗн
100	ҫĕр
101	пӗр ҫĕртӗ / ҫĕр я пӗр
110	вӗн ҫĕртӗ / ҫĕр я вӗн
111	ҫĕр я пӗр вӗнтӗ
200	иккӗҫĕр
500	пиҫĕкҫĕр
1 000	пӗнь
1 999	пӗнь тахӑрҫĕр тахӑрвӗн я тахӑр
2 000	иккӗпӗнь
5 000	пиҫĕкпӗнь
10 000	равӑ
1 000 000	ҫĕрравӑ (100 x 1 000) / мильон

Derevation

Language Examples

Derivation affixes:

Affix	Used to create:	Example
-(А2)р	Agents of Verbs	ура (tp step) → урар (foot)
-лАў	Collective nouns	киме (boat) → кимелӗў (port, harbor)
-(A)ч	Nouns from Adjectives/Adverbs/Verbs	хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color)
-(А)п	Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns	венне (fast) → веннеп (to go fast)
-ў	Adjectives	кўн (sun, day) → кўнў (sunny, dayly)
-йА2р	Adjectives indicating lack of something	сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless)
-ҫА,-лA	Adverbs	киҫ (human) → киҫлӗ (humanly) алте (happy) → алтеҫӗ (happily)
-(А)нчА	Diminutive	етӗ (dog) → етӗнчӗ (doggie, puppy)
-кА	Augmentatives	киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship)
-ҫА2н	Places, locations	пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union)
-тАвА	Decendents (son of)	Ҫечер (shepherd) → Ҫечертӗвӗ (son of a shepherd)
-	Fractional numbers
-	Ordinal numbers

Dialects

Tghok:
base words intermediet voiceless consonants -> voiced (ata -> ada)
y -> j
ă, ŭ, ĕ -> ə
ə lost in polysyllabic words between fricatives when possible (when theres two of it, the unstressed disapears) (səve -> sve)
words starting in voiced-voicless (vise-verse) -> voiced (sve -> zve)
ś -> h́
voiced consonant + voiceless affix -> voiced affix
vowel-h -> long vowel
ho in base words -> ə