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#REDIRECT [[Standard Yu language]]
{{Country icon Hondonia}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Heiyin
| nativename =海宮話, ''Hei-giúng vài''<br />海人話, ''Hei-ín vài''<br />海語, ''hei-viú''
| pronunciation = {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[hèɪk̬ýŋ vȁɪ]}}, {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[hèɪín vȁɪ]}}, {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[hèɪvý]}}
| states = {{flag|Hondonia}},<br> {{flag|Kentalis}}
| region = Heigiung Autonomous Region and surrounding Coasta de Ploaie, Giulce island, Hrastmozh island
| ethnicity = Heiyin people
| script={{wp|Chinese characters|Sinitic characters}}, {{wp|Cyrillic script}} ([[Kentalis]])
| speakers = around 1 million
| date = 2018
| familycolor = Oriental
| fam2 = {{wp|Sinitic languages|Sinitic}}
| fam3 = Yu
| fam4 = Common Yu
| isoexception = dialect
| iso6 =
| linglist =
| lingua =
| notice = IPA
| glotto =
| glottoname =
}}
 
The '''Heiyin language''', also known as the '''Heigiung language''', or simply '''Hei language''', is a variety of Yu spoken in the majority of the Heigiung Autonomous Region of [[Hondonia]] and its surrounding areas, as well as the island of Hrastmozh in [[Kentalis]]. It is classified as part of the {{wp|Sino-Tibetan languages|Oriental language family}}.
 
Heiyin belongs to the Common Yu subgroup of the Yu languages. With around 1 million speakers, Heiyin is also the largest single form of Yu and used as the standard form of the Yu languages. It used to serve as the {{wp|lingua franca}} of the entire western Laurentine bay region, but after the 17th century its status and use declined due to dominating {{wp|Indo-European languages|Thuado-Thrismaran languages}}, which most Heiyin speakers can also speak, and the decline of the Heigiung Kingdom.
 
Like other Yu varieties, Heiyin has a large number of {{wp|vowel}}s and {{wp|consonant}}s, comepared to it's surrounding non-{{wp|Indo-European languages|Thuado-Thrismaran languages}}, with around fifteen unique vowel qualities, six of which are {{wp|Phoneme|phonemic}}. Heiyin also has a low number of tones compared to other {{wp|Sino-Tibetan languages|Oriental languages}}, and has a system of tone sandhi similar to the {{wp|Japnese pitch accent|Hoterallian pitch accent}}.
 
== History ==
 
== Classification ==
 
== Status ==
 
== Phonology ==
Following conventions of Sinitic syllable structure, Heiyin syllables can be divided into {{wp|Syllable onset|initials}} and finals. The initial occupies the first part of the syllable. The final occupies the second part of the syllable and can be divided further into an optional medial and an obligatory {{wp|Syllable rime|rime}} (sometimes spelled ''rhyme''). Tone is also a feature of the syllable in Heiyin.
 
=== Initials ===
The following is a list of all initials in Heiyin, as well as the Heiviu romanization:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! {{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
! {{wp|Coronal consonant|Coronal}}
! {{wp|Palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|Dorsal consonant|Dorsal}}
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal}}
| {{IPAlink|m}} ⟨m⟩
| {{IPAlink|n}} ⟨n⟩
|
| ({{IPAlink|ŋ}} ⟨ng⟩)
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Plosive}}
! plain
| {{IPAlink|p}} ⟨b⟩
| {{IPAlink|t}} ⟨d⟩
|
| {{IPAlink|k}} ⟨g⟩
|-
! aspirated
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} ⟨p⟩
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} ⟨t⟩
|
| {{IPAlink|kʰ}} ⟨k⟩
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Affricate}}
! plain
|
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}} ⟨j⟩
| {{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}} ⟨jy⟩
|
|-
! aspirated
|
| {{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}} ⟨c⟩
| {{IPAlink|t͡ɕʰ}} ⟨cy⟩
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! voiced
| {{IPAlink|v}} ⟨v⟩
| {{IPAlink|z}} ⟨z⟩
| {{IPAlink|ʑ}} ⟨zy⟩
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ɦ}}~{{IPAlink|h}} ⟨h⟩
|-
! voiceless
| {{IPAlink|f}} ⟨f⟩
| {{IPAlink|s}} ⟨s⟩
| {{IPAlink|ɕ}} ⟨sy⟩
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant}}
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}~{{IPAlink|ɫ}} ⟨l⟩
| {{IPAlink|j}} ⟨y/i⟩
|
|-
|}
*The velar nasal {{IPAlink|ŋ|/ŋ/}} dosen't appear as an initial in modern Heiyin, however it is found in some dialects as an allophone of plain {{IPAlink|k|/k/}} after nasals.
*The plain plosives and affricates {{IPAlink|p|/p/}}, {{IPAlink|t|/t/}}, {{IPAlink|k|/k/}}, {{IPAlink|t͡s|/t͡s/}} and {{IPAlink|t͡ɕ|/t͡ɕ/}} can be realized as voiced {{IPAlink|b|/b/}}, {{IPAlink|d|/d/}}, {{IPAlink|ɡ|/ɡ/}}, {{IPAlink|d͡z|/d͡z/}} and {{IPAlink|d͡ʑ|/d͡ʑ/}}.
*In modern Heiyin the fricatives {{IPAlink|ɦ|/ɦ/}} and {{IPAlink|h|/h/}} have merged and are allophones of eachother.
 
=== Finals ===
The following is a list of the {{wp|Phoneme|phonemic}} {{wp|vowel}} sounds in Heiyin, as well as the Heiviu romanization::
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
! {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! {{wp|Back vowel|back}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
! {{small|unrounded}}
| {{IPA link|i}} ⟨i⟩
|
|-
! {{small|rounded }}
| {{IPA link|y}} ⟨iu/u⟩
| {{IPA link|u}} ⟨u⟩
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
! {{small|unrounded}}
| {{IPA link|e}} ⟨e⟩
| {{IPA link|ɤ}} ⟨eo⟩
|-
! {{small|rounded}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}} ⟨o⟩
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}} ⟨a⟩
|-
|}
 
The following is a list of all possible finals in Heiyin, as well as the Heiviu romanisation:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="7" | Codas
|-
! ∅
! ɪ
! ʊ
! m
! n
! ŋ
! ɫ
|-
! a
| a ⟨a⟩
| aɪ ⟨ai⟩
|
| am ⟨am⟩
| an ⟨an⟩
| aŋ ⟨ang⟩
| aɫ ⟨al⟩
|-
! ja
| ja ⟨ya/ia⟩
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! e
| e ⟨e⟩
| eɪ ⟨ei⟩
|
| em ⟨em⟩
| en ⟨en⟩
| eŋ ⟨eng⟩
| eɫ ⟨el⟩
|-
! je
| je ⟨ye/ie⟩*
|
|
|
| jen ⟨yen⟩*
|
|
|-
! y
| y ⟨iu/yu⟩
|
|
|
| yn ⟨iun/yun⟩
| yŋ ⟨iung/yung⟩
|
|-
! u
| u ⟨u⟩
|
|
|
|
| uŋ ⟨ung⟩
| uɫ ⟨ul⟩
|-
! o
| o ⟨o⟩
| oɪ ⟨oi⟩
| oʊ ⟨ou⟩
| om ⟨om⟩
| on ⟨on⟩
| oŋ ⟨ong⟩
| oɫ ⟨ol⟩
|-
! ɤ
| ɤ ⟨oe⟩
| ɤɪ ⟨oei⟩
| ɤʊ ⟨oeu⟩
| ɤm ⟨oem⟩
| ɤn ⟨oen⟩
| ɤŋ ⟨oeng⟩
| ɤɫ ⟨oel⟩
|-
! jɤ
| jɤ ⟨yoe⟩
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
* Some dialects preserve medial /je/, but in the standard language it has dissapeared.
 
=== Tones ===
Heiyin has four phonetically distinguishable tones for single syllables said in isolation. These tones are illustrated below.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Tone
! rowspan="2" | Description
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}}
! rowspan="2" | Heiviu
! rowspan="2" | Tyulev
! colspan="4" | Example
|-
! Heiviu
! Tyulev
! Character
! Meaning
|-
! Medium
| medium flat
| ˧ (33)
| ◌
| 1
| syim
|
| 心
| heart
|-
! High
| medium rising
| ˨˦ (24)
| ◌́
| 2
| foéu
|
| 好
| good
|-
! Low
| medium falling
| ˦˨ (42)
| ◌̀
| 3
| jyù
|
| 酒
| wine
|-
! Entering
| falling rising
| ˦˨˥ (425)
| ◌̌
| 4
| goě
|
| 國
| state
|-
|}
 
Some linguists assign two more tones, due to dissolution from the {{wp|Middle Chinese|Middle Sinitic}} checked tone which split into the current entering tone and the two lateral tones which are a medium and low tones with a final lateral approximant /ɫ/. In some varieties of Yu as well as dialects of Heiyin these final lateral sounds have merged with vowels to form diphthongs.
 
==== Tone Sandhi ====
{{wp|Tone sandhi}} is a process whereby adjacent tones undergo dramatic alteration in connected speech. Heiyin, like other Yu varieties, is characterized by left-prominent tone sandhi where the first syllable dominates over the contour of the entire tone domain. As a result, the underlying tones of syllables other than the leftmost syllable, have no effect on the tone contour of the domain.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! tone
! One syllable
! Two syllable
! Three syllable
! Four syllable
! Five syllable
|-
! 1
| 33
| 33 33
| 33 33 33
| 33 33 33 33
| 33 33 33 33 33
|-
! 2
| 24
| 22 44
| 22 44 55
| 22 44 55 22
| 22 33 44 55 22
|-
! 3
| 42
| 44 22
| 44 33 22
| 44 33 22 22
| 44 33 22 22 22
|-
! 4
| 425
| 42 44
| 44 22 44
| 44 22 33 55
| 44 33 22 44 55
|-
|}
 
== Grammar ==
Like other {{wp|Sinitic languages}}, Heiyin is an isolating language that lacks marking for tense, person, case, number or gender. Similarly, there is no distinction for tense or person in verbs, with word order and particles generally expressing these grammatical characteristics. However, some analyses do suggest that one can analyse Heiyin to have tenses, especially in modern varieties.
 
Affixation, generally (but not always) taking the form of suffixes, occurs rather frequently in Heiyin, although the line between suffix and particle is somewhat nebulous. In the example below, the term 頭子 (dou-joe) can be used to change an adjective to a noun.
 
::{|
| 給||了||||我||||彼||||小||頭子！
|-
| ''kìl''||''loe''||||''voé''||||bé||||''siu''||- ''dou-joé!''
|-
| give||<small>P</small>||||me||||<small>DEF</small>||||small||- ''dou-joé!''
|-
| colspan=9 | Give me the small thing!
|}
 
Words can be reduplicated in order to express various differences in meaning. Nouns, for example, can be reduplicated to express collective or diminutive forms; adjectives so as to intensify or emphasize the associated description; and verbs in order to soften the degree of action. Below is an example of noun reduplication resulting in semantic alteration.
 
::{|
|獲||||獲。
|-
|''vè''||-||''ve.''
|-
|hold||-||hold
|-
|colspan=3|hold for a bit.
|}
 
Word compounding is also very common in Heiyin, and is the most productive method of creating new words. Many recent borrowings in Heiyin originating from Thuado-Thrismaran languages are di- or polysyllabic.
 
=== Word Order ===
 
Heiyin generally adhears to SVO and SOV word order. The placement of objects in Yu dialects is somewhat variable, with Common Yu varieties positioning the direct object before the indirect object, and Giulce varieties favoring the indirect object before the direct object.
 
Adjectives usually go before the noun, most speakers place adverbs after verbs, however in some dialects, particularly in dialects close to or spoken by speakers of the Giulce Yu varieties.
 
=== Nouns ===
Except for the limited derivational processes described above, Heiyin nouns are isolating. There was no inflection for overt case or number, however in modern times the plural marker 拉 (lo), when suffixed to an animate noun, can indicate plurality, for inanimte nouns the plural marker 些 (sya) is used. When an overt number is used the plural markers are dropped, unless when part of pronuns.
 
::{|
|小子||||拉||兮||母。
|-
|''siu-joe''||-||''ló''||''he''||''moèu''
|-
|child||-||<small>PL</small>||<small>POSS</small>||mother
|-
|colspan=5|childrens' mother
|}
 
There are no proper articles in Heiyin, however marking for {{wp|definiteness}} in nouns is done by using the demonstrative pronouns, indefiniteness is usually unmarked, but the bare classifiers can be used to mark it.
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
::{|
|我||去||伊||山||上。
|-
|''voé''||''kiù''||''i''||''sen''||''zyàng''
|-
|I||go||this||mountain||on
|-
|colspan=5|Im going to the mountain.
|}
</div>
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
::{|
|彼||人||獵漁||彼些||魚。
|-
|''bé''||''in''||''yel-viú''||''be-syá''||''viu''
|-
|that||man||hunt||those||fish
|-
|colspan=5|The man catches the fish.
|}
</div>
==== Classifies ====
Yu varieties, unlike other sinitc languages, posses a small number of classifiers (also sometimes known as "counters" or "measure words"). Some classifiers are based on standard measurements or containers. Classifiers can be paired with a preceding determiner (often a numeral) to form a compound that further specifies the meaning of the noun it modifies. The most basic classifiers used in Heiyin are split into animate and inanimate objects. Animate objects include living things like animals and plants, as well as ghosts and spirits, inanimate objects are everything else. There are also several other classifiers specifically for people, liquids, bundles, and abstractions and others.
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
::{|
|伊||根||果子||太||味||兮。
|-
|''i''||''gan''||''gu-joé''||''toèi''||''miù''||''he''
|-
|this||<small>CL</small>||fruit||very||taste||<small>POSS</small>
|-
|colspan=6|This fruit is tasty.
|}
</div>
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
::{|
|我||見||十二||個||人。
|-
|''voé''||''gèn''||''zyil-yáng''||''goè''||''in''
|-
|I||see||twelve||<small>CL</small>||person
|-
|colspan=5|I see twelve people.
|}
</div>
 
Classifiers can be reduplicated to mean "all" or "every", as in:
::{|
|隻||||隻||鹿。
|-
|''jyè''||-||''jye''||''lǔ''
|-
|<small>CL</small>||-||<small>CL</small>||deer
|-
|colspan=4|All of the deer.
|}
 
=== Verbs ===
Heiyin verbs are {{wp|analytic}} and as such do not undergo any sort of conjugation to express tense or person. However, the language does have a richly developed aspect system, expressed using various particles. This system has been argued to be a tense system.
 
====Aspect====
Some disagreement exists as to how many formal aspect categories exist in Heiyin, but it is generally accepted that there are at least six. The line between aspect and tense is blurry, so they form a single cathegory.
 
'''Imperfective''' aspect expresses an incomplete or ongoing action, it is the default form of the verb.
::{|
|渠||往||學齋||對。
|-
|''giu''||''váng''||''vò-jei''||''jì''
|-
|3s||go||school||too
|-
|colspan="4"|He is going/goes to school.
|}
 
'''Perfective''' aspect expresses a complete action, it's marked by 了 (''loe''), which comes post-verbally.
::{|
|渠||往||了||學齋||對。
|-
|''giu''||''váng''||''loe''||''vò-jei''||''jì''
|-
|3s||go||<small>PF</small>||school||too
|-
|colspan="5"|He went to school.
|}
 
'''General future''' aspect is marked by 要 (''yu''), which comes pre-verbally.
::{|
|渠||要||往||學齋||對。
|-
|''giu''||''yu''||''váng''||''vò-jei''||''jì''
|-
|3s||<small>FUT</small>||go||school||too
|-
|colspan="5"|He will go to school?
|}
 
'''Imidiate future''' aspect is marked by 快 (''kòi''), and also comes pre-verbally.
::{|
|渠||快||往||學齋||對。
|-
|''giu''||''kòi''||''váng''||''vò-jei''||''jì''
|-
|3s||<small>IMM.FUT</small>||go||school||too
|-
|colspan="5"|He will go to school soon.
|}
 
'''Diminutive''' aspect expresses a softer quality to the verb, it's marked by redublication of the verb.
::{|
|渠||往||||往||學齋||對。
|-
|''giu''||''vang''||-||''váng''||''vò-jei''||''jì''
|-
|3s||go||-||go||school||too
|-
|colspan="6"|He goes to school a little.
|}
 
'''Participle-Renarrative''' aspect which depending on the context can express either a past participle form or a renerrative form of the verb. It is marked by 唻 (''lei'') post-verbally.
::{|
|渠||往||唻||學齋||對。
|-
|''giu''||''váng''||''lei''||''vò-jei''||''jì''
|-
|3s||go||-||go||school||too
|-
|colspan="5"|He has gone to school.
|-
|colspan="5"|Apparently he went to school.
|}
 
====Mood====
There is no overt marking for mood in Heiyin, some linguists go so far as to suggest that the concept of grammatical mood does not exist in the language. There are, however, several modal auxiliaries that collectively express concepts of desire, conditionality, potentiality and ability.
 
::{|
|-
| "can" || 會 (''voèi'') / 好 (''foéu'')
|-
| "may" || 可使 (''koe-soé'') / 可 (''koé'')
|-
| "ought to" || 該 (''gei'')
|-
| "should" || 應該 (''hoeng-gèi'')
|-
| "would" || 會...卻 (''voèi... kiǎ'') / 會...但 (''voèi... doen'')
|-
| "wish to"<br>(subjunctive) || 相 (''syang'')
|}
 
It's argued that there exists a type of passive voice in Heiyin, governed by the particle 撥 (bul). This construction is superficially similar to by-phrases in English.
 
::{|
|伊||果子||撥||渠||吃||了。
|-
|''i''||''gu-joé''||''bul''||''giu''||''kě''||''loe''
|-
|this||fruit||by||3s||eat||<small>PF</small>
|-
|colspan="6"|The fruit was eaten by him/her.
|}
 
=== Pronouns ===
Personal pronouns in Heiyin do not distinguish gender or case. Owing to its isolating grammatical structure, Shanghainese is not a {{wp|pro-drop language}}.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | General
! colspan="2" | Formal
|-
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
| 我||我拉
| ||
|-
| voé||voe-ló
| ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
| 你||你拉
| 儂||儂拉
|-
| yoě||yoè-lo
| noeng||noeng-lo
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
| 渠||渠拉拉
| 厥||厥
|-
| giu||giu-lo
| gol||gol-lo
|}
 
Heiyin distinguishes between general and formal pronouns in the second and third person, the formal pronouns are used to show respect.
 
Reflexive pronouns are formed by the addition of the particle 自 (jyì) / 自家 (''jyi-gà''), as in:
 
:{|
|渠||會||怪||淨||自家。
|-
|''giu''||''voèi''||''giù''||''jyèng''||''jyi-gà''
|-
|3s||can||blame||only||self
|-
|colspan=4|He can only blame himself.
|}
 
Possessive pronouns are formed via the particle 兮 (he), for instance, 我兮 (voé he) meaning ''my / mine''.
 
=== Adjectives ===
Most basic Heiyin adjectives are monosyllabic. Like other parts of speech, adjectives do not change to indicate number, gender or case. Adjectives can take semantic prefixes, which themselves can be reduplicated or repositioned as suffixes, in order to express degree of comparison or other changes in meaning. Thus:
 
::冷 ''léng'' ("cold")
::冰冷 ''boeng-leng'' ("ice-cold"), where 冰 (boeng) means ice
::冰冰冷 ''boeng-boeng-leng'' ("cold as ice")
 
=== Interrogatives ===
 
=== Negation ===
 
=== Writing ===
 
== See also ==
 
{{Template:Anteria info pages}}
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]][[Category:Anteria]][[Category:Hondonia]]

Latest revision as of 11:40, 19 May 2023

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