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| {{Infobox political party | | {{Infobox political party |
| |name = Xiaodong Regeneration Society | | |name = Xiaodong Regeneration Society<br>''晓东再生会''<br><small>Xiǎodōng Zàishēnghuì</small> |
| |name_native = 晓东再生会<br>Xiǎodōng Zàishēnghuì
| | |name_native = |
| |logo = [[File:孝共和黨.png|250px]] | | |logo = [[File:孝共和黨.png|250px]] |
| |colorcode = {{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}} | | |colorcode = #CE1126 |
| |founder = [[Lu Keqian]] | | |founder = [[Lu Keqian]] |
| |leader1_title = Chairperson | | |leader1_title = |
| |leader1_name = [[Yuan Xiannian]] | | |leader1_name = |
| |leader2_title = Vice-Chairman | | |leader2_title = |
| |leader2_name = [[Xi Yao-tong]] | | |leader2_name = |
| |founded = 7<sup>th</sup> April 1914 | | |founded = 14<sup>th</sup> July 1935 |
| | merger = | | |dissolved = 7<sup>st</sup> April 1970 |
| |headquarters = 14, Donfang District, Ronghui Prefecture | | |headquarters = 14, Donfang District, Rongzhuo |
| |student_wing = | | |student_wing = |
| |newspaper = ''[[Qilai!]]'' | | |newspaper = Qilai |
| |youth_wing = Youth Front for National Revival | | |youth_wing = Youth Front for National Revival |
| |ideology = [[National Principlism]]<br>[[Xiaodongese nationalism]]<br>{{wp|Neosocialism}}<br>{{wp|National Conservatism}}<br>{{wp|Totalitarian democracy|Authoritarian democracy}}<br>{{wp|Revanchism}} | | |ideology = [[National Principlism]]<br>[[Xiaodongese nationalism]]<br>{{wp|Neosocialism}}<br>{{wp|National Conservatism}}<br>{{wp|Totalitarian democracy|Authoritarian democracy}}<br>{{wp|Revanchism}} |
| |position = {{wp|Centre-left}} (economic)<br>{{wp|Right-wing}} (social) | | |position = {{wp|Left-wing}} (economic)<br>{{wp|Right-wing}} (social) |
| |national = | | |national = |
| |international = | | |international = |
| |membership = | | |membership = |
| |colors = {{colorbox|#e61710}}{{colorbox|#ffbc12}}{{colorbox|#03279c}} Red, gold, blue | | |colors = {{colorbox|#e61710}}{{colorbox|#ffbc12}}{{colorbox|#03279c}} Red, gold, blue |
| |seats1_title = [[State Presidium of Xiaodong|State Presidium]]
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| |seats1 = {{Composition bar|122|215|{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
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| |seats2_title = Prefectural Congresses
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| |seats2 = {{Composition bar|673|922|{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
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| |seats3_title = Local Congress Seats
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| |seats3 = {{Composition bar|2028|2766|{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
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| |seats4_title = Governorships
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| |seats4 = {{Composition bar|20|20|{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
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| |flag = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong (1876-1951).png|250px]]
| |
| |symbol = | | |symbol = |
| |website = http://www.xzsh.com.xi | | |website = |
| |country = Xiaodong }} | | |country = Xiaodong }} |
| The '''Xiaodong Regeneration Society''' ('''晓东再生会'''; ''Xiǎodōng Zàishēnghuì'') is a {{wp|Neosocialism|neosocialist}} political organisation in [[Xiaodong]], having continuously ruled Xiaodong since 1934. Since 1988 it has been defined as a {{wp|nationalism|nationalist}} {{wp|party of power}} that upholds the ideology of [[National Principlism]] and is dominated by the interests of senior governmental figures, big business and the state bureaucracy. Its current Chairperson is [[Yuan Xiannian]], with the current First Minister [[Xi Yao-tong]] being deputy leader. The Xiaodong Regeneration Society calls itself a "part of the worldwide {{wp|social democracy|social democratic}} tradition". | | The '''Xiaodong Regeneration Society''' ('''晓东再生会'''; ''Xiǎodōng Zàishēnghuì'') was a [[Xiaodong|Xiaodongese]] secret society and later political party that ruled Xiaodong from the creation of the Auspicious Republic of Xiaodong on the 13<sup>th</sup>October 1940 to its dissolution following the [[1970 Xiaodongese coup d'état]]. Founded by [[Lu Keqian]], it was defined as a {{wp|nationalism|nationalist}} {{wp|party of power}} that upheld the ideology of [[National Principlism]] and was sought to represent the interests of senior governmental figures, the military and the state bureaucracy. |
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| The Xiaodong Regeneration Society was formed in the 1930's as a {{wp|secret society}} within the military that advocated for aggressive modernisation and ultranationalism, being dominated by war hero [[Lu Keqian]]. Following the signing of the Treaty of Keishi at the conclusion of the [[Senrian-Xiaodongese War]] and the [[Tinzhanese Communist Revolution]] Lu launched a military coup known as the [[Corrective Revolution (Xiaodong)|Corrective Revolution]] in 1934, dissolving the [[Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire]] and declaring the creation of the Auspicious Republic of Xiaodong under the leadership of Lu, who created a ''de facto'' single-party state under the guise of a {{wp|guided democracy}} which professed adherence to the ideology of National Principlism which advocated the principles of the revolution - nationalism, socialism, social conservatism and statism. Up until Lu's death the Xiaodong Regeneration Society ruled Xiaodong as an isolationist, authoritarian state with industrialisation occurring in the framework of a state socialist economy under [[Ma Renzhong]]. It briefly during the Xiaodongese spring oversaw liberalisation under [[Chen Xuechang]] before seeing more conservative rule under [[Li Zhaozheng]] and [[Lu Fangliang]] from 1957 onwards. In 1972 Lu was ousted by the party's longest serving leader [[Sun Yuting]] until he was assassinated in 1984 following the 1977 [[Kuoqing Massacre]]. | | The Xiaodong Regeneration Society was formed in the 1930's following the conclusion of the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]] as a {{wp|secret society}} within the military that advocated for republicanism, aggressive modernisation, ultranationalism and the rejection of the recently-signed Treaty of Keisi being dominated by war hero [[Lu Keqian]]. In September 1935 the Regeneration Society led a coup d'état known as the [[Corrective Revolution (Xiaodong)|Corrective Revolution]] which precipitated the [[Xiaodongese Civil War]]. The war saw the Regeneration Society in alliance with the socialist [[Workers' and Peasants' Party]] emerge victorious with the Auspicious Republic being declared. |
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| Following Sun's assassination [[Qian Xingwen]] came to power, implementing {{wp|Shock Therapy (economics)|shock therapy economics}} (the [[Economic Reorganising Programme]]) and encouraging rapprochement with [[Senria]] and [[Tuthina]], stipulating that the Xiaodong Regeneration Society whilst remaining committed to National Principlism would also seek to entrench inter-party collective leadership, introduce multi-party elections, fully marketise the Xiaodongese economy and modernise parts of Xiaodongese culture. In 1986 the first multi-party election saw a massive victory for the Xiaodong Regeneration Society, and after Qian's death in 1992 his successors [[Yang Zhengming]] and [[Han Guanzheng]] consolidated the reforms. In 2005 the party conservatives were successful in nominating their candidate [[Yuan Xiannian]] to the position of First Minister, with him succeeding the Han administration that year as the Xiaodong Regeneration Society won another landslide victory. The Yuan administration oversaw the cultivation of [[Neo-National Principlism]] which saw a resurgence of nationalism. In 2016, Yuan stepped down from the post of First Minister to be replaced with Xi Yao-tong whilst retaining his post as party chairman. In the election that year the Xiaodong Regeneration Society lost its majority, and the inability to form a government led to a snap election in 2017 that saw the Xiaodong Regeneration Society return to power, albeit being accused of {{wp|electoral fraud}}. On the 18<sup>th</sup> January 2017 the ZSH launched "[[Normalisation (Xiaodong)|Normalisation]]" (正规化; zhèngguī huà) which has seen it make Xiaodong into a ''de facto'' {{wp|police state}}.
| | As the Regeneration Society was less a political party and more resembling a loose grouping of generals, bureaucrats and ideologues supportive of Lu it was at first outclassed by the organisational strength of the Workers' and Peasants' party. This led to in 1942 for the Workers' and Peasants' Party to be purged and the 1942 constitution (named the "Wu constitution" after its primary drafter, [[State Chairman of Xiaodong|State Chairman]] [[Wu Jinmo]]) to be introduced. This created under the leadership of Lu a ''de facto'' single-party state under the guise of a {{wp|guided democracy}} which professed adherence to the ideology of National Principlism which advocated the principles of the revolution - nationalism, socialism, social conservatism and statism. Up until Lu's death the Xiaodong Regeneration Society ruled Xiaodong as an isolationist, authoritarian state with industrialisation occurring in the framework of state sponsorship ("{{wp|dirigisme}}"). |
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| The Xiaodong Regeneration Society between 1934-2016 retained a supermajority in the [[State Presidium of Xiaodong|State Presidium]] even after democratisation in 1992. Primarily a conservative party, the Xiaodong Regeneration Society have support across most societal sectors traditionally having links with big business, the government bureaucracy and the military. As the "permanent party of government" the Xiaodong Regeneration Society has in recent years resorted to a mixture of pragmatist and populist policies to the extent where critics contend that the party is largely non-ideological save for preserving statism. Currently the Xiaodong Regeneration Society maintain a 122 seat majority in the State Presidium, all but one of prefectural congresses as well as the majority of local council seats. It also has many members in the state bureaucracy and military, and as such has been called the "{{Wp|power behind the throne}} of Xiaodongese politics" and a {{wp|state within a state}}.
| | Lu was succeeded by military men, [[Qiao Zhaohui]] and [[Zhou Hongkui]], until 1950 when bureaucrat [[Ma Renzhong]] became State Chairman. Under Ma and his successor [[Li Zhaozheng]] Xiaodong would recover from the disastrous effects of the Great War and subsequent civil war whilst in foreign affairs aligning with other Coian countries in a united front against [[Euclea|Euclean]] {{wp|colonialism}}. During the 1950's and 1960's the military character of the Regeneration Society dissipated as civilian figures increasingly took control leading to a powerful bureaucratic state apparatus based around the society to emerge. |
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| | During the late 1960's State Chairman Li sought to further marginalise the military when he appointed the daughter of Lu Keqian, [[Lu Fangliang]], to the position of Premier in 1967. This alongside a more assertive [[Senria]] and the proliferation of anti-colonial struggles in Coius taking place seemingly without Xiaodongese action led to a radical group of young officers known as the Committee to Defend the Revolution to emerge who called for an end to the Regeneration Society's rule. In 1970 these officers under the command of [[Shao Yuzhang]] attempted to overthrow the government; this spurred the leadership of the army, airforce and [[Shujichu]] to support the putschists leading to Li to step down as State Chairman. Shortly afterwards the Regeneration Society was dissolved by State Chairman [[Sun Yuting]]. |
| ==History== | | ==History== |
| ===Historical context=== | | ===Historical context=== |
| [[File:Sunzhongshan 2.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Lu Keqian]], founder of the Xiaodong Regeneration Society]]Between the Xiaodongese [[Constitutional Revolution (Xiaodong)|Constitutional Revolution]] in 1909 to the mid-1920's the [[Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire]] suffered from political instability, leading to a group of {{wp|Ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalists}} known as the [[Xiaodong Expansion Group]] (晓东扩展小组; ''Xiǎodōng Kuòzhǎn Xiǎozǔ'') to take power, where it subsequently created a totalitarian state militarising society, launching genocidal policy on ethnic minorities and attempting to expand the empire. In 1926 the newly formed [[Senria|Senrian Republic]] annexed the Xiaodongese concession of Sakata, resulting in 1927 to Xiaodong to declare war on Senria, starting the [[Senrian-Xiaodongese War]]. During the initial invasion of Senria, {{wp|general}} [[Lu Keqian]] led Xiaodongese forces to advance deep into the island of Kitasuu turning him overnight into a war hero. | | [[File:Sunzhongshan 2.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Lu Keqian]], founder of the Xiaodong Regeneration Society]]Between the [[Great Collapse]] to the 1922 [[Jiayun Uprising]] the [[Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire]] suffered from political instability, leading to a group of ultra-nationalist military officers to take power, where it subsequently created a totalitarian state militarising society, launching genocidal policy on ethnic minorities and attempting to expand the empire. They were led by the [[Shanrong Emperor]] who shared much of the military's ultranationalism, pro-functionalism and imperialist motives. In 1927 the newly formed [[Senria|Senrian Republic]] annexed the Xiaodongese concession of Sakata, resulting in 1927 to Xiaodong to declare war on Senria, starting the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]]. During the initial invasion of Senria, {{wp|general}} [[Lu Keqian]] led Xiaodongese forces to advance deep into the island of Tousuu turning him overnight into a war hero. Lu was a member of the {{wp|Left-wing nationalism|socialist nationalist}} Xiaodong National Restoration Group (晓东国家复辟小组; ''Xiǎodōng Guójiā Fùbì Xiǎozǔ'') which was republican in contrast to other military cliques. |
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| Xiaodongese occupation forces would fare well in the first few months of the conflict, by 1929 the tide of the war was favouring Senria as Xiaodongese occupation authorities began to conduct the [[Senrian genocide]]. In 1930 Xiaodongese commanding officer in Senria [[Qiu Hanjie]] removed Lu Keqian from active duty in Senria, where he was sent back to Xiaodong. By 1933, Xiaodong was on the verge of being invaded by Senria when a group of military officers led a [[March 8 coup d'état|coup d'état]], creating the [[March 8th regime]] that subsequently attempted to make peace with Senria. The peace treaty signed between Senria and Xiaodong, the [[Treaty of Keishi]], saw Xiaodong accept sole responsibility for the war and requiered it pay 金1,321,454,279,555 ($12,608,695,652) in reparations to Senria. | | Xiaodongese occupation forces would fare well in the first few months of the conflict, by 1929 the tide of the war was favouring Senria as Xiaodongese occupation authorities began to conduct the [[Senrian Genocide]]. In 1930 Xiaodongese commanding officer in Senria [[Qiu Hanjie]] removed Lu Keqian from active duty in Senria, where he was sent back to Xiaodong. Lu was first appointed Commander of the Northern Expeditionary Army but when Xiaodong was invaded by Senria in 1933 he was recalled to serve as Military Governor of the Anqian Province, where he organised a successful defence against Senrian forces. In late 1934 he was made Military Governor of Rongzhuo after the capital Baiqiao fell to organise the defence of the city, but shortly afterwards the Xiaodongese government unexpectedly announced a surrender. The surrender led to the Treaty of Keisi to be signed which led to Xiaodong paying reparations to allied powers alongside cede land to independent countries, dismantle war industry and dissolve the empire amongst other conditions. Lu escaped across the border to Pardaran with a handful of his supporters. |
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| The Treaty of Keishi was hugely unpopular in Xiaodong being seen as an insult to the Xiaodongese nation and people. [[Xiaodongese nationalism|Xiaodongese nationalists]] in particular criticised the Treaty. Lu, who had not supported the March 8 coup d'état, alongside other nationalists in the military and government who were members of groups such as the Xiaodong Expansion Group and the {{wp|Left-wing nationalism|socialist nationalist}} Xiaodong National Restoration Group (晓东国家复辟小组; ''Xiǎodōng Guójiā Fùbì Xiǎozǔ'') in protest of the coup in April 1933 created the '''Xiaodong Regeneration Society''' (晓东再生会; ''Xiǎodōng Zàishēnghuì''), a {{wp|secret society}} that aimed to overthrow the government and create a {{wp|single-party state|single-party}} {{wp|Socialist state|socialist}} {{wp|republic}}. | |
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| | The Treaty of Keishi was hugely unpopular in Xiaodong being seen as an insult to the Xiaodongese nation and people. [[Xiaodongese nationalism|Xiaodongese nationalists]] in particular criticised the Treaty. Lu, in exile in Pardaran, wrote several articles denouncing the treaty and worked with former peers in the military to create the '''Xiaodong Regeneration Society''' (晓东再生会; ''Xiǎodōng Zàishēnghuì''), a {{wp|secret society}} that aimed to overthrow the government and create a {{wp|single-party state|single-party}} {{wp|Socialist state|socialist}} {{wp|republic}}. |
| | <div style="display:none;"> |
| The Regeneration Society admired the way [[Ankoren]] had developed under [[Nurcan Taylan]], in particular in its expulsion of foreign powers from its territory. They also saw the descent of the [[Republic of Namor (NMR 2250-90)|Namor]] into [[Namorese Civil War|civil war]] and the general failure of democracy in [[Senria]] between 1918-1926 following the [[Senrian Revolution]] to deal with the economic and social problems led the Regeneration Society to reject democracy as a concept in its entirety. The Regeneration Society also saw developed countries as being controlled by corrupt business elites that did not represent the interests of the people. As a result, the Regeneration Society quickly supported an elitist form of governance that would sweep away the corrupt nature of Xiaodongese capitalism and see the creation a powerful state that would modernise and impose order over Xiaodong. | | The Regeneration Society admired the way [[Ankoren]] had developed under [[Nurcan Taylan]], in particular in its expulsion of foreign powers from its territory. They also saw the descent of the [[Republic of Namor (NMR 2250-90)|Namor]] into [[Namorese Civil War|civil war]] and the general failure of democracy in [[Senria]] between 1918-1926 following the [[Senrian Revolution]] to deal with the economic and social problems led the Regeneration Society to reject democracy as a concept in its entirety. The Regeneration Society also saw developed countries as being controlled by corrupt business elites that did not represent the interests of the people. As a result, the Regeneration Society quickly supported an elitist form of governance that would sweep away the corrupt nature of Xiaodongese capitalism and see the creation a powerful state that would modernise and impose order over Xiaodong. |
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| On the 20<sup>th</sup> September 1934 a series of armed uprisings by military units and citizens were staged in Xiaoongese cities such as [[Rongzhuo]], [[Shenkong]] [[Baiqiao|Tiandufeng]] and [[Kuoqing]] which saw the creation of Revolutionary Committees. In Rongzhuo, the Revolutionary Committee led by Lu Keqian declared the creation of the Auspicious Republic of Xiaodong and the dissolution of the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire whilst in Tiandufeng the Emperor Taiyi signed the Edict of Abdication. Lu was declared Grand Marshal of the Republic. | | On the 20<sup>th</sup> September 1934 a series of armed uprisings by military units and citizens were staged in Xiaoongese cities such as [[Rongzhuo]], [[Shenkong]] [[Baiqiao|Tiandufeng]] and [[Kuoqing]] which saw the creation of Revolutionary Committees. In Rongzhuo, the Revolutionary Committee led by Lu Keqian declared the creation of the Auspicious Republic of Xiaodong and the dissolution of the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire whilst in Tiandufeng the Emperor Taiyi signed the Edict of Abdication. Lu was declared Grand Marshal of the Republic. |
| ===Early Republic===
| | </div> |
| ===Power struggle===
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| ===Xiandaihua===
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| ===Modern history===
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| ==Ideology== | | ==Ideology== |
| | <div style="display:none;"> |
| The Xiaodong Regeneration Society officially ascribe to the ideology of [[National Principlism]] which advocates for economic modernisation, centralised political republicanism and social collectivism that aim to serve national rather than personal interest. In a general sense this is defined to encompasses {{wp|nationalism}}, {{wp|authoritarianism}}, {{wp|neosocialism}}, {{wp|Asian values|Xiaodongese values}} and {{wp|social justice}} (although not in the modern meaning of the term). In recent years the ZSH have promoted "[[Neo-National Principlism]]" which has abandoned state socialism and authoritarian in favour of {{wp|market socialism}} and {{wp|Illiberal democracy|illiberal democracy}}. | | The Xiaodong Regeneration Society officially ascribe to the ideology of [[National Principlism]] which advocates for economic modernisation, centralised political republicanism and social collectivism that aim to serve national rather than personal interest. In a general sense this is defined to encompasses {{wp|nationalism}}, {{wp|authoritarianism}}, {{wp|neosocialism}}, {{wp|Asian values|Xiaodongese values}} and {{wp|social justice}} (although not in the modern meaning of the term). In recent years the ZSH have promoted "[[Neo-National Principlism]]" which has abandoned state socialism and authoritarian in favour of {{wp|market socialism}} and {{wp|Illiberal democracy|illiberal democracy}}. |
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| However, many have criticised the ZSH's stated commitment to socialism and social democracy, saying the ZSH's advocacy for a stratified society, ultra-nationalism, social conservatism, opposition to workers' rights, rejection of revolutionary change and more recent embrace of market economics has never made them a socialist party. The ZSH's close ties to business and neoconservtive foreign policy posturing have also led many to question the appellation of the ZSH as a socialist party. | | However, many have criticised the ZSH's stated commitment to socialism and social democracy, saying the ZSH's advocacy for a stratified society, ultra-nationalism, social conservatism, opposition to workers' rights, rejection of revolutionary change and more recent embrace of market economics has never made them a socialist party. The ZSH's close ties to business and neoconservtive foreign policy posturing have also led many to question the appellation of the ZSH as a socialist party. |
| ==Factions==
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| Within the Xiaodong Regeneration Society, there are overlapping factions often centred around certain leaders and patrons who will often clash over power within the party rather than be divided strictly on policy. That said, within the Xiaodong Regeneration Society there is a major ideological divide within the party that has defined its factional infighting since the 1990's - the Azure Dragon Society, Yujiang Committee and Jiebu Reform Council, which they themselves are divided into various subforms. | | Within the Xiaodong Regeneration Society, there are overlapping factions often centred around certain leaders and patrons who will often clash over power within the party rather than be divided strictly on policy. That said, within the Xiaodong Regeneration Society there is a major ideological divide within the party that has defined its factional infighting since the 1990's - the Azure Dragon Society, Yujiang Committee and Jiebu Reform Council, which they themselves are divided into various subforms. |
| ===Azure Dragon Society=== | | ===Azure Dragon Society=== |
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| Although in 1988 Qian and his core supporters joined the Jiebu Reform Council, it was never dominant in the Regeneration Society and thus ruled alongside the Yujiang Committee, with a Yujiang Committee member [[Han Guanzheng]] succeeding Qian. After Qian's death, the Jiebu Reform Council declined. Since Yuan Xiannian came to power the Jiebu Reform Council has been the strongest inter-party opposition to Yuan within the Regeneration Society. | | Although in 1988 Qian and his core supporters joined the Jiebu Reform Council, it was never dominant in the Regeneration Society and thus ruled alongside the Yujiang Committee, with a Yujiang Committee member [[Han Guanzheng]] succeeding Qian. After Qian's death, the Jiebu Reform Council declined. Since Yuan Xiannian came to power the Jiebu Reform Council has been the strongest inter-party opposition to Yuan within the Regeneration Society. |
| | </div> |
| ==Organisation== | | ==Organisation== |
| | <div style="display:none;"> |
| The Xiaodong Regeneration Society was originally formed with an organisation resembling a traditional Xiaodongese {{wp|secret society}}, with a military like structure with a Central Executive Committee commanding over party branches known as divisions. Over time the party has become more professionalised, with a more coherent structure being put into place. | | The Xiaodong Regeneration Society was originally formed with an organisation resembling a traditional Xiaodongese {{wp|secret society}}, with a military like structure with a Central Executive Committee commanding over party branches known as divisions. Over time the party has become more professionalised, with a more coherent structure being put into place. |
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| Due to the huge influence the Regeneration Society has in the Xiaodongese establishment many refer to it as a "{{wp|state within a state}}" with control not only of the political process but most of the economy, media and civil service. Political scientist Tao Fuqiang stated "''the Regeneration Society is perhaps the most {{Wp|totalitarianism|totalitarian}} of all organisations, as no body, no part of society, is free from its influence. It is far larger and more expansive than any party in a {{wp|single-party state}} could hope to achieve''". | | Due to the huge influence the Regeneration Society has in the Xiaodongese establishment many refer to it as a "{{wp|state within a state}}" with control not only of the political process but most of the economy, media and civil service. Political scientist Tao Fuqiang stated "''the Regeneration Society is perhaps the most {{Wp|totalitarianism|totalitarian}} of all organisations, as no body, no part of society, is free from its influence. It is far larger and more expansive than any party in a {{wp|single-party state}} could hope to achieve''". |
| | </div> |
| ===Leaders=== | | ===Leaders=== |
| ====Chairman of the Regeneration Society==== | | ====Chairman of the Regeneration Society==== |
| {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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| ! No.
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| ! width=150|Name<br /><small>(Born–Died)</small>
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| ! Portrait
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| ! colspan=2|Term in Office
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| ! Days
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| ! Notes
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| ! colspan=7|''Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Xiaodong Regeneration Society''
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| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|1
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| | [[Lu Keqian|Lu Keqian<br><small>陆客钱 </small>]]<br /><small>(1872–1945)</small> || [[File:Sunyatsen1.jpg|60px]] || 7<sup>th</sup> September 1933 || 12<sup>th</sup> May 1945 || {{Age in years, months and days|1933|9|20|1945|5|12}} || Served as First Minister from 1934-45. Died of cerebral haemorrhage in 1945.
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| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|2
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| | [[Ma Renzhong|Ma Renzhong<br><small>马任重</small>]]<br /><small>(1889–1958)</small> || [[File:Ma Renzhong 1955.jpg|60px]] || 12<sup>th</sup> May 1945 || 24<sup>th</sup> April 1954 || {{Age in years, months and days|1945|5|12|1954|8|24}} || Served as First Minister from 1945-1954. Died of dysentery in 1954.
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| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|3
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| | [[Li Zhaozheng|Li Zhaozheng<br><small>里找正</small>]]<br /><small>(1892-1972)</small> || [[File:Eisaku Sato 1960.jpg|60px]] || 24<sup>th</sup> April 1954 || 20<sup>th</sup> November 1967 || {{Age in years, months and days|1954|08|24|1967|11|20}} || Served First Minister from 1954-1967. Died of a stroke in 1967.
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| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|4
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| | [[Lu Fangliang|Lu Fangliang<br><small>陆方良</small>]]<br /><small>(1917-1998)</small> || [[File:Lu Fagliang.jpg|60px]] || 20<sup>th</sup> November 1967 || 31<sup>st</sup> March 1972 || {{Age in years, months and days|1954|08|24|1967|11|20}} || Served First Minister from 1967-1972. First Chairperson to resign before death.
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| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|5
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| | [[Sun Yuting|Sun Yuting<br><small>孙玉婷</small>]]<br /><small>(1910-1984)</small> || [[File:Roh Tae-woo 1989-03-13.jpg|60px]] || 31<sup>st</sup> March 1972 || 17<sup>th</sup> January 1984 || {{Age in years, months and days|1972|3|31|1984|1|17}} || Served First Minister from 1972-1984. Assassinated in 1984.
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| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|6
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| | [[Qian Xingwen|Qian Xingwen<br><small>钱兴文</small>]]<br /><small>(1910–1990)</small> || [[File:State Chairman 1990's.png|60px]] || 17<sup>th</sup> January 1984 || 9<sup>th</sup> June 1990 || {{Age in years, months and days|1984|1|17|1990|06|09}} || Served as First Minister 1984-1990. Died of cardiac arrest in 1990.
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| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|7
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| | [[Yang Zhengming|Yang Zhengming<br><small>钱兴文</small>]]<br /><small>(1939-)</small> || [[File:Wen Jiabao (Cropped).jpg|60px]] || 9<sup>th</sup> June 1990 || 15<sup>th</sup> October 1997|| {{Age in years, months and days|1990|06|09|1997|10|15}}|| Served as First Minister 1990-1997.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|8
| |
| | [[Han Guanzheng|Han Guanzheng<br><small>汗官正</small>]]<br /><small>(1940-)</small> || [[File:Hu Jintao Cannes2011.jpg|60px]] || 15<sup>th</sup> October 1997 || 30<sup>th</sup> September 2005|| {{Age in years, months and days|1997|10|15|2005|9|30}} || Served as First Minister 1997-2005.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|9
| |
| | [[Yuan Xiannian|Yuan Xiannian<br><small>远现年</small>]]<br /><small>(1949–)</small> || [[File:Shinzō Abe April 2015.jpg|60px]] || 30<sup>th</sup> September 2005 || Incumbent || {{Age in years, months and days|2005|9|30}} || Served as First Minister from 2005-16, and State Chairman from 2017-present.
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Vice-Chairman of the Regeneration Society====
| |
| {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! No.
| |
| ! width=150|Name<br /><small>(Born–Died)</small>
| |
| ! Portrait
| |
| ! colspan=2|Term in Office
| |
| ! Days
| |
| ! Notes
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan=7|''Vice-Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Xiaodong Regeneration Society''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|1
| |
| | [[Ma Renzhong|Ma Renzhong<br><small>马任重</small>]]<br /><small>(1889–1958)</small> || [[File:Ma Renzhong 1955.jpg|60px]] || 7<sup>th</sup> September 1933 || 12<sup>th</sup> May 1944 || {{Age in years, months and days|1933|9|20|1944|5|12}} || Served as Second Minister from 1938-1944. Became Chairman in 1944.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|2
| |
| | [[Zhou Hongkui]]<br />{{small|与长勺<br>(TBA-1948)}} || [[File:Ma Bufang.jpg|60px]] ||12<sup>th</sup> May 1944 || 6<sup>th</sup> March 1948 || {{Age in years, months and days|1944|5|12|1948|03|06}} || Served as Second Minister from 1944-1948. Died in 1948.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|3
| |
| | [[Wu Junji|Wu Junji<br><small>吳俊吉</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Li-Cheng Chang 3.pdf|60px]] ||12<sup>th</sup> May 1944 || 24<sup>th</sup> August 1951 || {{Age in years, months and days|1948|03|06|1951|08|24}} || Served as Second Minister from 1944-1951. Resigned in 1951.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|4
| |
| | [[Li Zhaozheng|Li Zhaozheng<br><small>里找正</small>]]<br /><small>(1892-1972)</small> || [[File:Eisaku Sato 1960.jpg|60px]] ||24<sup>th</sup> August 1951 || 20<sup>th</sup> March 1957 || {{Age in years, months and days|1951|08|24|1957|03|20}} || Served as Minister of International Affairs from 1951-1957. Became Chairman in 1957.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|5
| |
| | [[Shen Jinping|Shen Jinping<br><small>神仅凭</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Minami_Jirō_1931.jpg|60px]] ||20<sup>th</sup> March 1957 || 30<sup>th</sup> May 1965 || {{Age in years, months and days|1957|03|20|1965|7|30}} || Served as Second Minister from 1957-1965. Captured by foreign agents in 1965 and subsequently saw his mandate terminated.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|6
| |
| | [[Sun Zhukang|Sun Zhukang<br><small>孙竹康</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Li Dejiang.jpg|60px]] ||30<sup>th</sup> May 1965 || 17<sup>th</sup> April 1970 || {{Age in years, months and days|1965|7|30|1970|4|17}} || Served as Second Minister from 1965-1970. Dismissed from office in 1970.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|7
| |
| | [[Sun Yuting|Sun Yuting<br><small>孙玉婷</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Roh_Tae-woo_1989-03-13.jpg|60px]] ||17<sup>th</sup> April 1970 || 31<sup>st</sup> March 1972 || {{Age in years, months and days|1970|4|17|1972|3|31}} || Served as Second Minister from 1970-1972. Appointed Chairman in 1972.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|8
| |
| | [[Chen Yaoguo|Chen Yaoguo<br><small>称要过</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Senior General (ROCA) Tang Yao-ming 陸軍一級上將湯曜明.jpg|60px]] ||31<sup>st</sup> March 1972 || 18<sup>th</sup> July 1978 || {{Age in years, months and days|1972|3|31|1978|7|18}} || Served as Second Minister from 1972-1978. Resigned in 1978.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|9
| |
| | [[Qian Xingwen|Qian Xingwen<br><small>钱兴文</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:State_Chairman_1990's.png|60px]] ||18<sup>th</sup> July 1978 || 17<sup>th</sup> January 1984 || {{Age in years, months and days|1978|7|18|1984|1|17}} || Served as Second Minister from 1978-1984. Became Chairman in 1984.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|10
| |
| | [[Li Jingyao|Li Jingyao<br><small>俪竟要</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Wang Surong.jpg|60px]] ||17<sup>th</sup> January 1984 || 6<sup>th</sup> June 1988 || {{Age in years, months and days|1984|1|17|1988|6|6}} || Served as Second Minister from 1984-1988. Resigned in 1988.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|11
| |
| | [[Yang Zhengming|Yang Zhengming<br><small>钱兴文</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Wen_Jiabao_(Cropped).jpg|60px]] ||6<sup>th</sup> June 1988 || 9<sup>th</sup> June 1990 || {{Age in years, months and days|1988|6|6|1990|6|9}} || Served as Second Minister from 1988-1990. Became Chairman in 1990.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|12
| |
| | [[Luo Wenjing|Luo Wenjing<br><small>骆文景</small>]]<br />small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Wu_Bangguo_Beijing2011.jpg|60px]] || 9<sup>th</sup> June 1990 || 21<sup>st</sup> October 2002 || {{Age in years, months and days|1990|6|9|2002|10|21}} || Served as Second Minister from 1990-2002. Retired in 2002.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|13
| |
| | [[Yuan Xiannian|Yuan Xiannian<br><small>远现年</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Shinzō_Abe_April_2015.jpg|60px]] || 21<sup>st</sup> October 2002 || 30<sup>th</sup> September 2005 || {{Age in years, months and days|2002|10|21|2005|9|30}} || Served as Second Minister from 2002-2005. Became Chairman in 2005.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|14
| |
| | [[Jiang Zhongyu|Jiang Zhongyu<br><small>将终于</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Chen_Shui_Bian_MOD.jpg|60px]] || 30<sup>th</sup> September 2005 ||19<sup>st</sup> October 2009|| {{Age in years, months and days|2005|9|30|2009|10|19}} || Served as Second Minister from 2005-2009. Resigned in 2009.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:{{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}; color:white;"|15
| |
| | [[Xi Yao-tong|Xi Yao-tong<br><small>夕瑶棠</small>]]<br /><small>(1874-1946)</small> || [[File:Li_Keqiang_(cropped).jpg|60px]] || 19<sup>st</sup> October 2009|| Incumbent || {{Age in years, months and days|2009|10|19}} || Served as Second Minister from 2009-2016 and First Minister 2016-present.
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==Electoral results==
| |
| ===State Presidium===
| |
| {| class="wikitable sortable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! General elections!! Percentage of votes (%) !! Seating graph !! Presiding chair of the party !! Parliamentary position
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Xiaodongese general election, 2006|2006]]
| |
| | 66.5%
| |
| | {{Composition bar|434|563|hex={{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
| |
| | [[Yuan Xiannian]]
| |
| | {{color|green|Government}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Xiaodongese general election, 2009|2009]]
| |
| | 66.5%
| |
| | {{Composition bar|445|563|hex={{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
| |
| | [[Yuan Xiannian]]
| |
| | {{color|green|Government}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Xiaodongese general election, 2011|2011]]
| |
| | 49.6%
| |
| | {{Composition bar|419|563|hex={{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
| |
| | [[Yuan Xiannian]]
| |
| | {{color|green|Government}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Xiaodongese general election, 2016|2016]]
| |
| | 43.6%
| |
| | {{Composition bar|246|563|hex={{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
| |
| | [[Yuan Xiannian]]
| |
| | ''{{color|green|Caretaker Government}}''
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Xiaodongese general election, 2017|2017]]
| |
| | 49.1%
| |
| | {{Composition bar|319|563|hex={{Xiaodong Regeneration Society/meta/color}}}}
| |
| | [[Yuan Xiannian]]
| |
| | {{color|green|Government}}
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {{Template:Xiaodong Regeneration Society|state=expanded}}
| |
| [[Category:Xiaodong]][[Category:Politics in Xiaodong]] | | [[Category:Xiaodong]][[Category:Politics in Xiaodong]] |
The Xiaodong Regeneration Society (晓东再生会; Xiǎodōng Zàishēnghuì) was a Xiaodongese secret society and later political party that ruled Xiaodong from the creation of the Auspicious Republic of Xiaodong on the 13thOctober 1940 to its dissolution following the 1970 Xiaodongese coup d'état. Founded by Lu Keqian, it was defined as a nationalist party of power that upheld the ideology of National Principlism and was sought to represent the interests of senior governmental figures, the military and the state bureaucracy.
The Xiaodong Regeneration Society was formed in the 1930's following the conclusion of the Great War as a secret society within the military that advocated for republicanism, aggressive modernisation, ultranationalism and the rejection of the recently-signed Treaty of Keisi being dominated by war hero Lu Keqian. In September 1935 the Regeneration Society led a coup d'état known as the Corrective Revolution which precipitated the Xiaodongese Civil War. The war saw the Regeneration Society in alliance with the socialist Workers' and Peasants' Party emerge victorious with the Auspicious Republic being declared.
As the Regeneration Society was less a political party and more resembling a loose grouping of generals, bureaucrats and ideologues supportive of Lu it was at first outclassed by the organisational strength of the Workers' and Peasants' party. This led to in 1942 for the Workers' and Peasants' Party to be purged and the 1942 constitution (named the "Wu constitution" after its primary drafter, State Chairman Wu Jinmo) to be introduced. This created under the leadership of Lu a de facto single-party state under the guise of a guided democracy which professed adherence to the ideology of National Principlism which advocated the principles of the revolution - nationalism, socialism, social conservatism and statism. Up until Lu's death the Xiaodong Regeneration Society ruled Xiaodong as an isolationist, authoritarian state with industrialisation occurring in the framework of state sponsorship ("dirigisme").
Lu was succeeded by military men, Qiao Zhaohui and Zhou Hongkui, until 1950 when bureaucrat Ma Renzhong became State Chairman. Under Ma and his successor Li Zhaozheng Xiaodong would recover from the disastrous effects of the Great War and subsequent civil war whilst in foreign affairs aligning with other Coian countries in a united front against Euclean colonialism. During the 1950's and 1960's the military character of the Regeneration Society dissipated as civilian figures increasingly took control leading to a powerful bureaucratic state apparatus based around the society to emerge.
During the late 1960's State Chairman Li sought to further marginalise the military when he appointed the daughter of Lu Keqian, Lu Fangliang, to the position of Premier in 1967. This alongside a more assertive Senria and the proliferation of anti-colonial struggles in Coius taking place seemingly without Xiaodongese action led to a radical group of young officers known as the Committee to Defend the Revolution to emerge who called for an end to the Regeneration Society's rule. In 1970 these officers under the command of Shao Yuzhang attempted to overthrow the government; this spurred the leadership of the army, airforce and Shujichu to support the putschists leading to Li to step down as State Chairman. Shortly afterwards the Regeneration Society was dissolved by State Chairman Sun Yuting.
History
Historical context
Lu Keqian, founder of the Xiaodong Regeneration Society
Between the Great Collapse to the 1922 Jiayun Uprising the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire suffered from political instability, leading to a group of ultra-nationalist military officers to take power, where it subsequently created a totalitarian state militarising society, launching genocidal policy on ethnic minorities and attempting to expand the empire. They were led by the Shanrong Emperor who shared much of the military's ultranationalism, pro-functionalism and imperialist motives. In 1927 the newly formed Senrian Republic annexed the Xiaodongese concession of Sakata, resulting in 1927 to Xiaodong to declare war on Senria, starting the Great War. During the initial invasion of Senria, general Lu Keqian led Xiaodongese forces to advance deep into the island of Tousuu turning him overnight into a war hero. Lu was a member of the socialist nationalist Xiaodong National Restoration Group (晓东国家复辟小组; Xiǎodōng Guójiā Fùbì Xiǎozǔ) which was republican in contrast to other military cliques.
Xiaodongese occupation forces would fare well in the first few months of the conflict, by 1929 the tide of the war was favouring Senria as Xiaodongese occupation authorities began to conduct the Senrian Genocide. In 1930 Xiaodongese commanding officer in Senria Qiu Hanjie removed Lu Keqian from active duty in Senria, where he was sent back to Xiaodong. Lu was first appointed Commander of the Northern Expeditionary Army but when Xiaodong was invaded by Senria in 1933 he was recalled to serve as Military Governor of the Anqian Province, where he organised a successful defence against Senrian forces. In late 1934 he was made Military Governor of Rongzhuo after the capital Baiqiao fell to organise the defence of the city, but shortly afterwards the Xiaodongese government unexpectedly announced a surrender. The surrender led to the Treaty of Keisi to be signed which led to Xiaodong paying reparations to allied powers alongside cede land to independent countries, dismantle war industry and dissolve the empire amongst other conditions. Lu escaped across the border to Pardaran with a handful of his supporters.
The Treaty of Keishi was hugely unpopular in Xiaodong being seen as an insult to the Xiaodongese nation and people. Xiaodongese nationalists in particular criticised the Treaty. Lu, in exile in Pardaran, wrote several articles denouncing the treaty and worked with former peers in the military to create the Xiaodong Regeneration Society (晓东再生会; Xiǎodōng Zàishēnghuì), a secret society that aimed to overthrow the government and create a single-party socialist republic.
The Regeneration Society admired the way Ankoren had developed under Nurcan Taylan, in particular in its expulsion of foreign powers from its territory. They also saw the descent of the Namor into civil war and the general failure of democracy in Senria between 1918-1926 following the Senrian Revolution to deal with the economic and social problems led the Regeneration Society to reject democracy as a concept in its entirety. The Regeneration Society also saw developed countries as being controlled by corrupt business elites that did not represent the interests of the people. As a result, the Regeneration Society quickly supported an elitist form of governance that would sweep away the corrupt nature of Xiaodongese capitalism and see the creation a powerful state that would modernise and impose order over Xiaodong.
The Regeneration Society during 1933-1934 began to build up support amongst Xiaodongese nationalists, as well as creating alliances with other opponents of the March 8th regime such as the liberal Constitutional Society and Communist Party of Xiaodong. Following the start of the Tinzhanese Communist Revolution and the failure of the regime to suppress Bo Can Ca's Tinzhan Communist Front and eventual independence of Tinzhan led to Xiaodongese forces to be expelled from Tinzhan on the 15th September 1934 the Regeneration Society began to mobilise in their move to overthrow the Xiaodongese government.
On the 20th September 1934 a series of armed uprisings by military units and citizens were staged in Xiaoongese cities such as Rongzhuo, Shenkong Tiandufeng and Kuoqing which saw the creation of Revolutionary Committees. In Rongzhuo, the Revolutionary Committee led by Lu Keqian declared the creation of the Auspicious Republic of Xiaodong and the dissolution of the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire whilst in Tiandufeng the Emperor Taiyi signed the Edict of Abdication. Lu was declared Grand Marshal of the Republic.
Ideology
The Xiaodong Regeneration Society officially ascribe to the ideology of National Principlism which advocates for economic modernisation, centralised political republicanism and social collectivism that aim to serve national rather than personal interest. In a general sense this is defined to encompasses nationalism, authoritarianism, neosocialism, Xiaodongese values and social justice (although not in the modern meaning of the term). In recent years the ZSH have promoted "Neo-National Principlism" which has abandoned state socialism and authoritarian in favour of market socialism and illiberal democracy.
In practice, the ZSH often endorses the centralisation of state power, upholding of traditional culture and an archaic form of social justice. Key to the ZSH's policy making and ideology is the belief in authoritarian, top-down centralisation of power. National Principlism above all else endorses social stability and the role of an authoritarian, paternalistic state. As a result the ZSH remain sceptical of popular movements, and seek to maintain a low level of constant control of Xiaodongese society. The ZSH is disapproving of an active civil society, but since democratic reforms Neo-National Principlists have aimed to fuse traditional paternalist authoritarianism with a form of "authoritarian democracy" in which political participation is limited to elections alone. The ZSH's focus on social stability means that it endorses moderate social reform and the existence of a welfare state in order to prevent revolution and social collapse. The ZSH opposes market fundamentalism and individualism, seeing both as detrimental to the social cohesion of the nation.
International paper ___ described National Principlism and the ZSH's adoption of it as being a practice "a way to justify a rigid, authoritarian state that seeks to control the lives of its citizens whilst maintaining a thin veneer of adherence to democratic principles". The ZSH have been described as fascist due to their extreme nationalist stances and historical revisionism, although others put them closer to the pre-Minjuha Liberationist Party of Namor to their fusion of nationalism and socialism, although this has also been questioned as the ZSH reject revolutionary struggle and support societal stratification under the Hokka system in the name of harmony.
Economic policy
The ZSH often uses socialist rhetoric and identifies its economic position as serving the people's and national welfare, rejecting capitalism as being unsuited to the national conditions of Xiaodong, and proposes instead "Xiaodongese socialism" to deal with Xiaodongese problems. The ZSH's socialist ideology has been defined as "neosocialist revisionism".
Under Lu Keqian the ZSH was supported a form of market socialism creating a command economy that nevertheless use market forces to stimulate growth. This form of economic governance was continued under his successors Ma Renzhong and Sun Yuting, all of whom believed that a socialist economy served the interests of the nation rather than private multinationals. In the 1980's and 1990's however the ZSH championed the corpratisation, marketisation and economic liberalism, ideologically justifying the move on the grounds that state socialism hadn't led to national prosperity, and thus had to be abandoned. Nevertheless, marketisation still saw the ZSH engage in close cooperation with big business groups known as Caihongs with its economic policy being more accurately described as being corporatist rather than purely free-market.
Under Han Guanzheng and Yuan Xiannian the ZSH adopted a more statist, regulatory approach to economic management championing a form of state-sponsored capitalism wherein the state would direct large monopolies through strategic interventions, with the intention to guide the economy to ensure the national interest was served. However, certain sectors, notably the financial sector, remain deregulated and direct taxes low. As well as this, the ZSH became very heavily in favour of free trade aggressively dismantling tariffs and encouraging foreign investment. Under Yuan, faith in the free market was replaced by a belief of ZSH policy makers that the state was necessary to ensure economic growth in key sectors and mitigate the downturns of free-market instability. Nevertheless, the ZSH reject nationalisation and support the privatisation of state assets. In 2013 Yuan defined his economic strategy as encouraging investment through higher education and infrastructure spending, stability through economic interventions and tightly controlling the value of Renjin, and liberalisation through massive privatisation and embracing free trade.
The current economic program of the ZSH supports state-sponsored investment, privatisation of state-owned assets, flat income taxes, focus on indirect taxation, free trade and export-based inflationary growth.
Historical Revisionism
As part of its nationalist ideology, the ZSH support historical revisionism in regards to Xiaodongese history particularly the Senrian-Xiaodongese War and the Tinzhanese Communist Revolution. The ZSH wholeheartedly reject the Treaty of Keishi which they deem illegitimate as it was signed by an illegitimate government and was not done in fair terms. In particular, the ZSH have stated that Xiaodong does not bear responsibility for the war stating that the Senrian annexation of Bantian (Sakata) led to the conflict. The ZSH have also said that Xiaodong's imperialist ambitions were "no different" to those of Ainin, Luziyca, Francilie and Vjaarland and that Xiaodong's policy's were no more harsh.
In terms of the Senrian Genocide, the Xiaodong Regeneration Society have been unable to present a unified opinion on the matter. In the immediate years after the genocide the subject was taboo in Xiaodong, but in 1988 the Xiaodong Regeneration Society under Qian Xingwen published "On the Subject of the Xiaodongese War and its consequences" admitted mass killing had taken place and apologised for civilian deaths, although Qian ruled out the possibility of reparations, stating the mass killings of civilians was simply part of the war and there was no "policy of extermination".
Recently under Yuan Xiannian the Xiaodong Regeneration Society has become more openly historical revisionist, with Yuan rejecting the possibility of a genocide as "Senrian fascist and Tinzi communist propaganda". In 2016, Yuan stated Xiaodongese war crimes were a "detail of history" and that ", the Senrian claim that there was a pre-planned effort to kill civilians on a mass scale is absurd...why would a nation, especially one with as peaceful culture as Xiaodong, do such crimes?".[1] However, Yuan and his core supporters of historical revisionists are said to represent the "extreme minority of the Xiaodongese far-right" and that Yuan's views are not shared by the majority of Xiaodong Regeneration Society members, let alone greater Xiaodongese society.
Foreign policy
The ZSH have traditionally aimed to maintain "total independence" in foreign affairs, and are critical of "imperialist domination". It has always been the aim of the ZSH to create an alliance of Monic nations and promote Monic cooperation.
Prior to the 1980's the ZSH maintained the Three Fundamentals - the isolation of Senria from international affairs, the maintenance of Xiaodong as a regional power in eastern Borea, and the containment of revolutionary socialist movements, and notably built up a strong relationship with Ankoren (the Estanban-Rongzhuo Axis). However, under Qian Xingwen the ZSH became heavy advocates of maintaining a strong alliance with Tuthina whom was admired on the grounds on maintaining its traditional culture and its strong investment in Xiaodong, as well as starting close relations with Luziyca by joining the Esquarian Union in 1985. Under Yuan Xiannian Xiaodong downplayed its commitment to Luziyca and instead championed a "two-pronged" approach of reaching out to both developing countries whilst consolidating the Xiaodong-Tuthinian Axis, with Yuan's government heavily promoting the creation of the Monic Union and International Forum for Developing States. Current Xiaodongese First Minister Xi Yao-tong has stated that the aim of the ZSH's foreign policy is to consolidate the "Estanban-Rongzhuo" axis of anti-western states that constitutes a less belligerent alliance then the Iron Pact. The ZSH is heavily opposed to ETO and EC.
The ZSH is most well known for its heavily anti-Senria stance, with many of the ZSH's founders being members of the Xiaodong Expansion Group, an ultra-nationalist group that during the Senrian-Xiaodongese War called for the "the orderly and complete dismantlement of Senria and the elimination of is people's". The ZSH state that Senria is a rogue state run by a fascist organisation, and has accused Senria of attempting to turn Xiaodong into a neo-colony through the application of the Treaty of Keishi. The ZSH have consistently called for "international action" against "Senrian militarism".
The ZSH have in recent years promoted soft power positions such as increasing international aid, investing in developing countries, investing in Xiaodongese culture and promoting it abroad through organisations such as the International Forum for Xiaodongese Affairs.
Social Issues
The Regeneration Society oppose the legalisation of same-sex marriage. In 1978 the government of Sun Yuting raised the age of consent for homosexuals to 25, but it was equalised back to 18 in 2011. Critics accuse the ZSH of using homophobic rhetoric.
Relation to socialism
There exists academic debate on whether the ZSH should be considered a socialist party. The ZSH has long stated its adherence to "the Xiaodongese road to socialism" and during the premierships of Lu Keqian, Ma Renzhong and Sun Yuting modelled economic governance on the socialist regimes in Wset Luziyca, Koyro and to a lesser extent Namor and Ankoren. However, since the 1980's the ZSH has implemented neoliberal economic reforms, and has generally supported a market economy. Nevertheless ZSH Chairman Qian Xingwen stated in 1988 that he considered the ZSH to be a "socialist party, committed to equality for all people's, to cooperate as a society together and to respond to the people's needs." In 2008, Yuan Xiannian claimed the ZSH were part of the social democratic tradition, saying the ZSH have always championed core social democratic commitments such as "giving capitalism a human dimension, providing the people's welfare and rejecting revolutionary violence".
However, many have criticised the ZSH's stated commitment to socialism and social democracy, saying the ZSH's advocacy for a stratified society, ultra-nationalism, social conservatism, opposition to workers' rights, rejection of revolutionary change and more recent embrace of market economics has never made them a socialist party. The ZSH's close ties to business and neoconservtive foreign policy posturing have also led many to question the appellation of the ZSH as a socialist party.
Within the Xiaodong Regeneration Society, there are overlapping factions often centred around certain leaders and patrons who will often clash over power within the party rather than be divided strictly on policy. That said, within the Xiaodong Regeneration Society there is a major ideological divide within the party that has defined its factional infighting since the 1990's - the Azure Dragon Society, Yujiang Committee and Jiebu Reform Council, which they themselves are divided into various subforms.
Azure Dragon Society
The Azure Dragon Society (青龙会; Qīnglónghuì), sometimes known as the "nationalist group" is currently the largest faction within the Xiaodong Regeneration Society. It was founded in the late 1940's as a group of delegates with support from the Shujichu, the defence industry, financial services, the construction industry and veterans from the Senrian-Xiaodongese War who supported orthodox National Principlism. The Azure Dragon Society was state socialist, ultranationalist and supportive of historical revisionism with many of its original members being either members of the Xiaodong Expansion Society and Xiaodong National Restoration Group.
The Azure Dragon Society was a core base of Sun Yuting's support within the Regeneration Society during the 1960's-1980's, but was always held at an arms length as Sun relied on support from the powerful bureaucratic Yujiang Committee. The assumption of the Jiebu Reform Council in the late 1980's and continued rule by technocrats during the 1990's and early 2000's saw the decline of the Azure Dragon Society which was led by Qiao Shengzuo during that period. Under Qiao, the Azure Dragon Society abandoned strict National Principlism, especially its advocacy for a single-party state and state socialism and instead promoted "Neo-National Principlism" which incorporated a limited form of democracy and market-orientated socialism alongside the Azure Dragon Society's traditional support of ultranationalism and historical revisionism. The Azure Dragon Society have completely abandoned socialism and are heavily pro-market.
The current leader of the Azure Dragon Society is Yuan Xiannian, who in his stint as First Minister from 2005-16 and State Chairperson from 2017-present has promoted the Azure Dragon Society within the party and government to the extent they now dominate the Regeneration Society, with other factions nigh irrelevant.
Yujiang Committee
The Yujiang Committee (玉江委员会; Yùjiāng wěiyuán huì) is currently the second largest faction in the Regeneration Society. Formed by Ma Renzhong in the 1950's the Yujiang Committee courts the support of bureaucrats, the coal industry and rural farmers' and has always been technocratic in character. The Yujiang Committee until the 2006 election was the largest faction in the ZSH and between 1945-2005 provided all first ministers. Their dominance was largely a result of control of party organs and acting as the centre-point within the Regeneration Society, willing to accommodate both hardliners and moderates into government.
The Yujiang Committee generally supports economic development, technocratic decision making and a pragmatic foreign policy. The Yujiang Committee typically support pork-barrel politics in the form of promoting the interests of their core bases of support; as such, they favour giving preferential grants to construction companies and oppose moves to privatise the powerful Xiaodongese Mining Confederation.
The Yujiang Committee declined in power as a result of the 2006 election. Between 1986 (the first multi-party election) and 2006 the Regeneration Society had declined in seats in the State Presidium. The 2006 election saw the Regeneration Society gain seats - however, as an Azure Dragon Society faction member, Yuan Xiannian, was party chairman at the time many of the new presidium delegates were members of the Azure Dragon Society, outnumbering the Yujiang Committee members for the first time in the State Presidium. Since then the Yujiang Committee has supported the policies of the Yuan government.
Jiebu Reform Council
The Jiebu Reform Council (姐不改革理事会; Jiěbù gǎigé lǐshì huì) is the smallest faction in the State Presidium, supported by white collar urban workers and international investors. The Jiebu Reform Council was formed in 1988 as a breakaway from the Yujiang Committee by supporters of Qian Xingwen who wished to accelerate the reform process. The Jiebu Reform Council typically support third way, economic liberalism and nationalism,
Although in 1988 Qian and his core supporters joined the Jiebu Reform Council, it was never dominant in the Regeneration Society and thus ruled alongside the Yujiang Committee, with a Yujiang Committee member Han Guanzheng succeeding Qian. After Qian's death, the Jiebu Reform Council declined. Since Yuan Xiannian came to power the Jiebu Reform Council has been the strongest inter-party opposition to Yuan within the Regeneration Society.
Organisation
The Xiaodong Regeneration Society was originally formed with an organisation resembling a traditional Xiaodongese secret society, with a military like structure with a Central Executive Committee commanding over party branches known as divisions. Over time the party has become more professionalised, with a more coherent structure being put into place.
The highest ranking official within the Regeneration Society is its Chairman (主席; Zhǔxí) and his deputy the Vice-Chairman. The Chairman is the head of the Central Executive Committee (中央行政部门委员会; Zhōngyāng xíngzhèng bùmén wěiyuán huì) which is made up of 20 voting members and 5 non-voting members, acting as the supreme executive body within the Regeneration Society. The Central Executive Committee sets the policy of the party as well as oversee party affairs and appointments. The Central Executive Committee is appointed by the Chairman, who alongside the Vice-Chairman is elected by the Regeneration Society Plenum (全会; Quánhuì) which meets every three years - as such the Chairman is allowed to run for unlimited three year terms. The Plenum is made up of delegates from regional Regeneration Society branches who are picked by the Chairman, meaning the Chairman is always re-elected. The next party plenum is scheduled to take place in 2017.
The day-to-day running of the party is handled by the Co-ordination Unit which oversee's the administration and finances of the Society on a nationwide basis. It is led by three General Secretaries and contains several rotating members overall. The Co-ordination Unit is appointed by the Central Executive Committee. Members of the Regeneration Society who sit in the State Presidium form the Presidium Unit that coordinates party affairs between members of the State Presidium. The members of all these branches are appointed by the Central Executive Committee who also appoint the leaders of regional party branches. Prospective candidates for elections are also approved by the Central Executive Committee via the Co-ordination Unit. Most policy within the Regeneration Society is set by the Policy Unit, which is appointed by the Chairman. At a local level the Society is governed by prefectural branches which in turn are divided into municipal branches.
In practice much of the organisation of the Regeneration Society is based on guanxi networks between members of the Society and the public, with the Regeneration Society relying on the personal loyalty of members and supporters to increase their own influence in the Society and maintain power, leading to accusations of cronyism and nepotism as well as factionalism being common. As of 2017, a majority of members of the Central Executive Committee (17) are "princelings" including Chairman Yuan Xiannian.
During elections the Regeneration Society officially serves as a confederation of three parties - the National Regeneration Bloc, Socialist Party and Motherland Party. The Socialist Party runs candidates in East Thianchin, the Motherland Party in Duljun and National Bloc in Xiaodong proper. None of these organisations retain much autonomy and serve as essentially administrative bodies for the Regeneration Society as a whole.
State within a state
As it is not a political party, the Regeneration Society's members include most Xiaodongese businessmen, military commanders and civil servants - as such the Regeneration Society maintains a tight control over many sectors of public life. Members of the Regeneration Society own media organisations, most Xiaodongese corporations and control large sectors of government.
Due to the huge influence the Regeneration Society has in the Xiaodongese establishment many refer to it as a "state within a state" with control not only of the political process but most of the economy, media and civil service. Political scientist Tao Fuqiang stated "the Regeneration Society is perhaps the most totalitarian of all organisations, as no body, no part of society, is free from its influence. It is far larger and more expansive than any party in a single-party state could hope to achieve".
Leaders
Chairman of the Regeneration Society
