Lozhai language: Difference between revisions
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'''Qazhshavan''' (Qazhshavan: Марша | '''Qazhshavan''' (Qazhshavan: Марша Гԙл, Marşa Gyel [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet| [ˈmar.ʃa ɣjæ̝l] ]]; Маршашла, Marşaşla [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet| [ˈmar.ʃa.ʃla̽] ]]) is a unique langauge spoken in [[Thuadia|Southern Thuadia]], primarily in the [[Qazhshava|Qazhshavan Federation]] and adjacent areas. It is the only major language in the Mokhavic language family, and the most spoken. It serves as a [[wikipedia:Lingua Franca|lingua franca]] in [[Qazhshava]] and among all [[Mokhavic languages|Mokhavic peoples]]. | ||
Qazhshavan is also the main language of some areas of Western Thrismari, being notable the case of [[Nashe]], a former colony of Qazhshava and current federal subject of [[Riamo]] where the language constitutes a major part of local culture. It is also an important factor that has contributed towards the pro-independentist movement in the region. | Qazhshavan is also the main language of some areas of Western Thrismari, being notable the case of [[Nashe]], a former colony of Qazhshava and current federal subject of [[Riamo]] where the language constitutes a major part of local culture. It is also an important factor that has contributed towards the pro-independentist movement in the region. |
Revision as of 16:45, 4 April 2021
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Qazhshavan Mezhian-Qazhshavan | |
---|---|
Марша Гԙл, Маръашла Marşa Gyel, Marşaşla | |
Pronunciation | [ˈmar.ʃa ɣjæ̝l] [ˈmar.ʃa.ʃla̽] |
Native to | Qazhshava |
Region | Southern Thuadia |
Native speakers | 85 million (2018) |
Mokhavic
| |
Early form | Middle Qazhshavan
|
Standard forms | Mezhian (Qazhshava)
Nashean/Riamese (Riamo)
|
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Qazhshava |
Regulated by | Qazhshavan Council of Languages |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | qz |
ISO 639-2 | qzs |
ISO 639-3 | qzs |
Glottolog | qazh1331 [1] |
Distribution of the language Absolute majority >35% native speakers | |
Qazhshavan (Qazhshavan: Марша Гԙл, Marşa Gyel [ˈmar.ʃa ɣjæ̝l] ; Маршашла, Marşaşla [ˈmar.ʃa.ʃla̽] ) is a unique langauge spoken in Southern Thuadia, primarily in the Qazhshavan Federation and adjacent areas. It is the only major language in the Mokhavic language family, and the most spoken. It serves as a lingua franca in Qazhshava and among all Mokhavic peoples.
Qazhshavan is also the main language of some areas of Western Thrismari, being notable the case of Nashe, a former colony of Qazhshava and current federal subject of Riamo where the language constitutes a major part of local culture. It is also an important factor that has contributed towards the pro-independentist movement in the region.
Basic information
Qazhshavan is a Pro-Drop agglutinative SVO/SOV language with a moderately complex syllable structure, it puts adjectives before nouns and has postpositions. It has a high number of cases (12~14) compared to its neighbors and shares very little grammar with them. The language is neutorious with its long words.
Writing system
Qazhshavan has 3 official writing systems, of which the Govoric one dominates, it also has an unnoficial verion of it's Latin alphabet which is used mainly by people outside of qazhshava or ones who aren't able to type the special characters. The Traditional Qazhshavan script is used mainly in official documents, not so much in the daily life, but it is kept allive.
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | З з | И и |
Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ҥ ҥ | О о | Ө ө | П п |
Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ў ў | Ф ф | Х х | X̆ x̆ | Ц ц |
Дз дз | Ч ч | Дж.дж | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ь ь | Ы ы | Ю ю | Я я |
Ԙ ԙ |
A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | Dz dz | E e | F f | G g |
H h | Hh hh | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | N̈ n̈ |
O o | Ö ö | P p | Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | Ts ts |
U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Ÿ ÿ | Z z | Ӡ ӡ |
- version | Govoric version | Latin version | IPA Symbol | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offical | Unofficial | ||||
А а | A a | /a~ɑ/ | |||
Б б | B b | /b/ | |||
В в | V v | /v/ | |||
Г г | G g | /ɣ/ | It can get pronounced as /g/ in foreing word and/or when its doubled or in a stressed syllable | ||
Д д | D d | /d/ | |||
Е е | E e | /ɛ/ | |||
Ж ж | Ӡ ӡ | Zh zh | /ʒ/ | ||
З з | Z z | /z/ | |||
И и | I i | /i~ɨ/ | When its before a vowel it gets pronounced as /ij/. | ||
Й й | Y y | /j/ | Used after vowels and as first letter. J j is used as /j/ in forein words. | ||
К к | K k | /k/ | |||
Л л | L l | /l/ | |||
М м | M m | /m/ | |||
Н н | N n | /n/ | |||
Ҥ ҥ | N̈ n̈ | Ng ng | /ŋ/ | ||
О о | O o | /ɔ/ | |||
Ө ө | Ö ö | Oe oe | /ø̞/ | ||
П п | P p | /p/ | |||
Кф кф | Q q | /k͡f/ | |||
Р р | R r | /ɾ/ | |||
С с | S s | /s/ | |||
Т т | T t | /t/ | |||
У у | U u | /u~ʊ/ | It gets pronounsed as /w/ when a final vowel. | ||
Ў ў | W w | /w/ | |||
Ф ф | F f | /f/ | |||
Х х | H h | /x/ | |||
X̆ x̆ | Hh hh | /ħ/ | |||
Ц ц | Ts ts | /t͡s/ | |||
Дз дз | Dz dz | /d͡z/ | |||
Ч ч | Ç ç | Ch ch | /t͡ʃ/ | ||
Дж дж | C c | /d͡ʒ/ | |||
Ш ш | Ş ş | Sh sh | /ʃ/ | ||
Щ щ | Şt şt | Sht sht | // | ||
Ь ь | Y y | /◌ʲ/ | Used only after consonants. J j can be it in foreign words. | ||
Ы ы | Ý ý | /ɤ~ɯ/ | |||
Ю ю | Yu yu | Ü ü * | /ju/ | ||
Я я | Ya ya | Ä ä * | /ja/ | ||
Ԙ ԙ | Ye ye | Ë ë * | /jɛ~jæ̝/ | Pronounciation varies thourghout dialects | |
Кс кс | X x Ks ks |
/k͡s/ | The latin 'X x' is used only in foreign words |
Phonology
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Epiglottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||||
voiced | b | d | (ɡ) | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ħ | ||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | ||||
Aproximant | voiced | w | l | j | ||||
Tap & Trill | ɾ |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i~ɨ | u~ʊ ɤ~ɯ | |
Mid | ø̞ | ||
Open-Mid | ɛ (æ̝) |
ɔ | |
Open | a~ɑ |
Pronouns
Qazhshavan has basic pronouns that one would find in Common, but has 2 forms of "we" (inclusive and exclusive) as well as the 12 cases:
Translation to Common | Person and number | Nom. | Acc. | Dat. | Gen. | Ine. | Ade. | Supe. | Sube. | Ill. | Ela. | Ben. | Voc. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I, Me | First | Singular | Ԙм Yem |
Ԙми Yemi |
Ԙмити Yemiti |
Мей Mey |
Ԙмне Yemne |
Мыԙ Mÿye |
Ԙмеми Yememi |
Ԙмемөш Yememöş |
Ԙмдже Yemce |
Ԙмеж Yemeӡ |
Ԙмек Yemek |
|
You, Your | Second | Шин Şin |
Шини Şini |
Шинити Şiniti |
Ший Şiy |
Шинне Şinne |
Шыԙ Şÿye |
Шинеми Şinemi |
Шинемөш Şinemöş |
Шиндже Şince |
Шинеж Şineӡ |
Шинек Şinek |
Ши'! Şi'! | |
He, him | Third | Ой Oy |
Ойы Oyÿ |
Ойыти Oyÿti |
Ойин Oyin |
Ойни Oyni |
Ойо Oyo |
Ойеми Oyemi |
Ойемөш Oyemöş |
Ойдже Oyce |
Ойеж Oyeӡ |
Ойек Oyek |
||
She, her | Ай Ay |
Айы Ayÿ |
Айыти Ayÿti |
Айин Ayin |
Айни Ayni |
Ая Aya |
Аями Ayami |
Аямөш Ayamöş |
Айджа Ayca |
Аяж Ayaӡ |
Аяк Ayak |
|||
It | Лы Lÿ |
Ойы Oyÿ |
Ойыти Oyÿti |
Ойин Oyin |
Ойни Oyni |
Ойо Oyo |
Ойеми Oyemi |
Ойемөш Oyemöş |
Ойдже Oyce |
Ойеж Oyeӡ |
Ойек Oyek |
|||
Myself | First | Ԙмлы Yemlÿ |
Ԙмлыи Yemlÿi |
Ԙмлыити Yemlÿiti |
Мейлы Meylÿ |
Ԙмлыне Yemlÿne |
Мылыԙ Mÿlÿye |
Ԙмлыеми Yemlÿemi |
Ԙмлыемөш Yemlÿemöş |
Ԙмлыдже Yemlÿce |
Ԙмлылеж Yemlÿleӡ |
Ԙмлыек Yemlÿek |
||
Yourselves | Second | Шинлы Şinlÿ |
Шинлыи Şinlÿi |
Шинлыити Şinlÿiti |
Шийлы Şiylÿ |
Шинлыне Şinlÿne |
Шылыԙ Şÿlÿye |
Шинлыеми Şinlÿemi |
Шинлыемөш Şinlÿemöş |
Шинлыдже Şinlÿce |
Шинлылеж Şinlÿleӡ |
Шинлыек Şinlÿek |
||
Himself | Thirds | Ойлы Oylÿ |
Ойлылы Oylÿlÿ |
Ойлылыти Oylÿlÿti |
Ойлыин Oylÿin |
Ойлыни Oylÿni |
Ойлыо Oylÿo |
Ойлыеми Oylÿemi |
Ойлыемөш Oylÿemöş |
Ойлыдже Oylÿce |
Ойлылеж Oylÿleӡ |
Ойлыек Oylÿek |
||
Herself | Thirds | Айлы Aylÿ |
Айлылы Aylÿlÿ |
Айлылыти Aylÿlÿti |
Айлыин Aylÿin |
Айлыни Aylÿni |
Айлыа Aylÿa |
Айлыами Aylÿami |
Айлыамөш Aylÿamöş |
Айлыджа Aylÿca |
Айлылаж Aylÿlaӡ |
Айлыак Aylÿak |
||
Itself | Thirds | Лылыл Lÿlÿl |
Ойлылы Oylÿlÿ |
Ойлылыти Oylÿlÿti |
Ойлыин Oylÿin |
Ойлыни Oylÿni |
Ойлыо Oylÿo |
Ойлыеми Oylÿemi |
Ойлыемөш Oylÿemöş |
Ойлыдже Oylÿce |
Ойлылеж Oylÿleӡ |
Ойлыек Oylÿek |
||
We, us (Exclusive) |
First | Plural (Formal) |
Меԙ Meye |
Мейи Meyi |
Мейити Meyiti |
Мерши Merşi |
Мейне Meyne |
Най Nay |
Меԙми Meyemi |
Меԙмөш Meyemöş |
Мейдже Meyce |
Меԙж Meyeӡ |
Меԙк Meyek |
|
We, us (Inclusive) |
Мейше Meyşe |
Мейши Meyşi |
Мейшити Meyşiti |
Мешерши Meşerşi |
Мейшне Meyşne |
Найш Nayş |
Мейшеми Meyşemi |
Мейшемөш Meyşemöş |
Мейшдже Meyşce |
Мейшеж Meyşeӡ |
Мейшек Meyşek |
|||
You (plr.) | Second | Шеԙ Şeye |
Шейи Şeyi |
Шейити Şeyiti |
Шерши Şerşi |
Шейне Şeyne |
Шай Şay |
Шеԙми Şeyemi |
Шеԙмөш Şeyemöş |
Шейдже Şeyce |
Шеԙж Şeyeӡ |
Шеԙк Şeyek |
Шеԙ! Şeye! | |
They, them | Third | Але Ale |
Али Ali |
Алити Aliti |
Алерше Alerşe |
Алени Aleni |
Алай Alay |
Алеми Alemi |
Алемөш Alemöş |
Алдже Alce |
Алеж Aleӡ |
Алек Alek |
||
Ourselves (exclusive) |
First | Меԙлы Meyelÿ |
Мейлыи Meylÿi |
Мейлыити Meylÿiti |
Мелырши Melÿrşi |
Мейлыне Meylÿne |
Найлы Naylÿ |
Мейлыеми Meylÿemi |
Мейлыемөш Meylÿemöş |
Мейлыдже Meylÿce |
Мейлылеж Meylÿleӡ |
Мейлыек Meylÿek |
||
Ourselves (inclusive) |
First | Мейшелы Meyşelÿ |
Мейшлыи Meyşlÿi |
Мейшлыити Meyşlÿiti |
Мешлыерши Meşlÿerşi |
Мейшлыне Meyşlÿne |
Найшлы Nayşlÿ |
Мейшлыеми Meyşlÿemi |
Мейшлыемөш Meyşlÿemöş |
Мейшлыдже Meyşlÿce |
Мейшлылеж Meyşlÿleӡ |
Мейшлыек Meyşlÿek |
||
Yourselves | Second | Шеԙлы Şeyelÿ |
Шейлыи Şeylÿi |
Шейлыити Şeylÿiti |
Шелырши Şelÿrşi |
Шейлыне Şeylÿne |
Шайлы Şaylÿ |
Шейлыеми Şeylÿemi |
Шейлыемөш Şeylÿemöş |
Шейлыдже Şeylÿce |
Шейлылеж Şeylÿleӡ |
Шейлыек Şeylÿek |
||
Themselves | Thirds | Алелы Alelÿ |
Аллыи Allÿi |
Аллыити Allÿiti |
Алелырше Alelÿrşe |
Алелыни Alelÿni |
Алалый Alalÿy |
Алелыми Alelÿmi |
Алелымөш Alelÿmöş |
Аллыдже Allÿce |
Аллылеж Allÿleӡ |
Аллыек Allÿek |
Nouns
Vowel harmony
Words with the last vowel being part of the 'thich' vowels (⟨a⟩ ⟨ы/ÿ⟩ ⟨o⟩ ⟨я/ya⟩) get the vowel -a- Words with the last vowel being part of the 'thin' vowels (⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ю/yu⟩) get the vowel -e-
Grammatical Number
Qazhshavan has 3 grammatical numbers:
Defenite article
Qazhshavan has two types of definite articles (singular and plural) and no indefinite.
Both definite articles are prefixes: Definite singular: ан’- / an’- Definite plural: x̆е(т)’- / hhe(t)’-
Grammatical Cases
Qazhshavan has 12 grammatical cases.
- Nominative: Subject
- Accusative: Interract with the Subject (hear, hit, harm...)
- Dative: to the Subject
- Genitive: Possesed by the Subject
- Inessive: In/Inside the Subject
- Adessive: Neer by the Subject
- Superessive: On top of the Subject
- Subessive: Under the Subject
- Illative: Moving into the Subject or an action towards it
- Elative: Moving out of / from the Subject
- Benefactial: for the Subject
- Vocative: calling the Subject
It also has the suffixes for making nouns into Adjectives and Adverbs.
Case | Suffix | Quastion words |
Example | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thick Harmony | Thin Harmony | |||||
Nominative | - | -(v)л -(v)l |
кьем, тьем kyem, tyem (who, what) |
кьел, тьел kyel, tyel (who, what - plr) |
Тафa Tafa (Bow; subject) |
Куч Kuç (Dog; subject) |
Accusative | -(v)ў -(v)w |
-(v)лу -(v)lu |
кьемек, тьемек kyemek, tyemek (whom, what) |
кьелк, тьелк kyelk, tyelk (whom, what - plr) |
Тафаў Tafaw (Bow; Object) |
Кучеў Kuçew (Dog; Object) |
Dative | -ти -ti |
-(v)лти -(v)lti |
кьемти, тьемти kyemti, tyemti (to whom, to what) |
кьелти, тьелти kyelti, tyelti (to whom, to what - plr) |
Тафaти Tafati (to a bow) |
Кучти Kuçti (to a dog) |
Genitive | -(v)н -(v)л(v)н |
-(v)n -(v)l(v)n |
кьен, тьен kyen, tyen (whose, what's) |
кьелен, тьелен kyelen, tyelen (whose, whay's - plr) |
Тафан Tafan (a bow's) |
Кучен Kuçen (a dog's) |
Inessive | -(v)щ -(v)şt |
-(v)л(v)щ -(v)l(v)şt |
кьещ, тьещ kyeşt, tyeşt (on who, where) |
Тафащ Tafaşt (in/inside a bow) |
Кучещ Kuçeşt (in/inside a dog) | |
Adessive | -(v)й -(v)y |
-(v)л(v)й -(v)l(v)y |
кьей, тьей kyey, tyey (next to who,/what) |
кьей, тьей kyey, tyey (next to who,/what - plr) |
Тафай Tafay (neer a bow) |
Кучей Kuçey (neer a dog) |
Superessive | -ми -mi |
-(v)лми -(v)lmi |
кьеми, тьеми kyemi, tyemi (on top of who,/what) |
кьеми, тьеми kyemi, tyemi (on top of who,/what -plr) |
Тафaми Tafami (on top of/above a bow) |
Кучми Kuçmi (on top of/above a dog) |
Subessive | -мө -mö |
-(v)лмө -(v)lmö |
кьемө, тьемө kyemö, tyemö (under who,/what) |
кьемө, тьемө kyemö, tyemö (under who,/what -plr) |
Тафaмө Tafamö (under a bow) |
Кучмө Kuçmö (under a dog) |
Illative | -(v)ж -(v)ӡ |
-(v)л(v)ж -(v)l(v)ӡ |
кьеж, тьеж kyeӡ, tyeӡ (towards who,/what) |
кьележ, тьележ kyeleӡ, tyeleӡ (towards who, what - plr) |
Тафаж Tafaӡ (towards/going into a bow) |
Кучеж Kuçeӡ (towards/going into a dog) |
Elative | -(v)дж(v) -(v)c(v) |
-(v)лдж(v) -(v)lc(v) |
кьеджe, тьеджe kyece, tyece (out of who,/what) |
кьелджe, тьелджe kyelce, tyelce (out of who,/what - plr) |
Тафаджа Tafaca (away from/going out of a bow) |
Кучедже Kuçece (away from/going out of a dog) |
Benefactial | -(v)к -(v)k |
-(v)л(v)к -(v)l(v)k |
кьем, тьем kyem, tyem (for who,/what) |
кьел, тьел kyel, tyel (for who,/what - plr) |
Тафак Tafak (for a bow) |
Кучек Kuçek (for a dog) |
Vocative | -(c)e | -(v)/o | Тафo Tafo (calling a bow) |
Куче Kuçe (calling a dog) | ||
Adjectives | -(v)в -(v)v |
-(v)л(v)в -(v)l(v)v |
Тафaв Tafav (bow; adjective) |
Кучeв Kuçev (dog; adjective) | ||
Adverbs | -(v)д -(v)d |
-(v)лд -(v)ld |
Тафaд Tafad (bow; adverb) |
Кучeд Kuçed (dog; adverb) |
Qazhshavan uses Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:
- Positive - Bassic form of the word- happy - шасив / şasiv
- Negative - Negation of the word - unhappy - нөшасив / nöşasiv
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something - happier - ю-шасив / yu-şasiv
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group - happiest - я-шасив / ya-şasiv
- Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative - ultimately happy - я-я-шасив / ya-ya-şasiv
Possesive suffixes
Qazhshavan has a number of Possessive suffixes that show to whom an object belongs too, though one can use the genitive form of a pronoun instead, and by doing so bringing more emphesis on the owner.
Person & number | Suffix | Examples | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Пал/Pal - oven | Енеш/Eneş - Shirt | |||
Thick harmony | Thin harmony | |||
1st | Singular | -(v)м/m | Палым Palÿm |
Енешим Eneşim |
2nd | -(v)ш/ş | Палыш Palÿş |
Енешиш Eneşiş | |
3d M | -(v)йо/yo | Палыйо Palÿyo |
Енешийо Eneşiyo | |
3d F | -(v)йо/yo | Палыйa Palÿya |
Енешийa Eneşiya | |
3d N | -(v)йо/yo | Палыйо Palÿyo |
Енешийо Eneşiyo | |
1st | Plural | -(v)меԙ/meye | Палымар Palÿmar |
Енешимер Eneşimer |
2nd | -(v)шеԙ/şeye | Палышар Palÿşar |
Енешишер Eneşişer | |
3d | -(v)ле/le | Палылар Palÿlar |
Енешилер Eneşiler |
Verbs
Tense-Aspect-Mood
Qazhshavan has 4 tenses and each has 2 aspects, and 2 moods:
Mood | Person | Number | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | Perfect | Simple | Continious | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | |||
Indicative | 1st | Singular | Таиeдым Taiedÿ·m |
Таиeдым’аҥ Taiedÿ·m’an̈ |
Таим Taim |
Таиeчeм Taieçem |
Таиeчeм’аҥ Taieçem’an̈ |
Таиeчeшым Taieçeşÿm |
Таиeчeшым’аҥ Taieçeşÿm’an̈ | |
Plural exclusive |
Таиeдыме Taiedÿme |
Таиeдыме’аҥ Taiedÿme’an̈ |
Таиме Taime |
Таиeчeме Taieçeme |
Таиeчeме’аҥ Taieçeme’an̈ |
Таиeчeшыме Taieçeşÿme |
Таиeчeшыме’аҥ Taieçeşÿme’an̈ | |||
Plural inclusive |
Таиeдымше Taiedÿmşe |
Таиeдымше’аҥ Taiedÿmşe’an̈ |
Таимше Taimşe |
Таиeчeмше Taieçemşe |
Таиeчeмше’аҥ Taieçemşe’an̈ |
Таиeчeшымше Taieçeşÿmşe |
Таиeчeшымше’аҥ Taieçeşÿmşe’an̈ | |||
2nd | Singular | Таиeдыш Taiedÿş |
Таиeдыш’аҥ Taiedÿş’an̈ |
Таиш Taiş |
Таиeчeш Taieçeş |
Таиeчeш’аҥ Taieçeş’an̈ |
Таиeчeшыш Taieçeşÿş |
Таиeчeшыш’аҥ Taieçeşÿş’an̈ | ||
Plural | Таиeдыше Taiedÿşe |
Таиeдыше’аҥ Taiedÿşe’an̈ |
Таише Taişe |
Таиeчeше Taieçeşe |
Таиeчeше’аҥ Taieçeşe’an̈ |
Таиeчeшыше Taieçeşÿşe |
Таиeчeшыше’аҥ Taieçeşÿşe’an̈ | |||
3d | Singular | Таиeдый Taiedÿy |
Таиeдый’аҥ Taiedÿy’an̈ |
Таийи Taiyi |
Таиeчeй Taieçey |
Таиeчeй’аҥ Taieçey’an̈ |
Таиeчeшый Taieçeşÿy |
Таиeчeшый’аҥ Taieçeşÿy’an̈ | ||
Plural | Таиeдыԙ Taiedÿye |
Таиeдыԙ’аҥ Taiedÿye’an̈ |
Таиԙ Taiy |
Таиeчeԙ Taieçeye |
Таиeчeԙ’аҥ Taieçeye’an̈ |
Таиeчeшыԙ Taieçeşÿye |
Таиeчeшыԙ’аҥ Taieçeşÿye’an̈ | |||
Imperative | All | Singular | Таиeдзe Taiedze |
Таиeдзeтe Taiedzete |
||||||
Plural | Таиeдзeл Taiedzel |
Таиeдзeлтe Taiedzelte |
Note: Vowels that follow vowel harmony are highlighted in a dark blue color
Pronouns+Be
Qazhshavan has the feature of pronounse mixed with the verb "be":
Person | Number | +be | +NEG-be | +will-be | +will-NEG-be | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | Singular | Яме Yame |
Ныяме Nÿyame |
Ямече Yameçe |
Ныямече Nÿyameçe | ||||
Plural exclusive |
Меирече Meireçe |
Нимеирече Nimeireçe |
Меирече Meireçe |
Нимеирече Nimeireçe | |||||
Plural inclusive |
Мешир Meşir |
Нимешир Nimeşir |
Меширече Meşireçe |
Нимеширече Nimeşireçe | |||||
2nd |
Singular | Шир Şir |
Нишир Nişir |
Ширече Şireçe |
Ниширече Nişireçe | ||||
Plural | Шеир Şeir |
Нишеир Nişeir |
Шеирече Şeireçe |
Нишеирече Nişeireçe | |||||
3d |
Singular Masculine & Neuter |
Ойир Oyir |
Нуйир Nuyir |
Ойирече Oyireçe |
Нуйирече Nuyireçe | ||||
Singular Feminine |
Айир Ayir |
Ныйир Nÿyir |
Айирече Ayireçe |
Ныйирече Nÿyireçe | |||||
Plural | Алер Aler |
Нылер Nÿler |
Алерече Alereçe |
Нылерече Nÿlereçe | |||||
Negation
The present and Past tenses get the simpler negation prefix, and the Future tense get the more complex one.
Past & Present | Future & Future in the past |
---|---|
Нө-<word> Nö-<word> |
Нал-<word> Nal-<word> |
Examples | |
Нөтаим Nötaim |
Налтаиечем Naltaieçem |
I'm not running i don't run |
I'm not going to run |
Нөтаиедыш Nötaiadÿş |
Налтаиечешыш Naltaieçeşÿş |
You didn't run | You weren't going to run |
Нөтаиедзе Nötaiedze |
Налтаиедзете Naltaiedzete |
Don't run | Don't run later |
Note: the past/present negation form is also used for adjectives and adverbs.
Affix order
The order of how words are formed with affixes:
Noun affix order | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definite- | Word | -Plurality | -Possessive | -Case/Adjective | -Question |
Verb affix order | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negation- | Word | -Tense | -Person~Number | -Perfective | -Question |
Numbers
Qazhshavan is a Decimal language, meaning it has a base 10 number system.
Literally translated "12" is "1 on (top of) 12", and 21 is "1 on (top of) 2-10" and so on.
Number (-) |
Number term (Qazhshavan) |
Number (-) |
Number term (Qazhshavan) |
Number (-) |
Number term (Qazhshavan) |
Number (-) |
Number term (Qazhshavan) |
Number (-) |
Number term (Qazhshavan) |
Number (-) |
Number term (Qazhshavan) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Атыл Atÿl |
11 | Атылнеми Atÿlnemi |
10 | Ен En |
101 | Атыл-шехеми Atÿl-şehemi |
100 | Шех Şeh |
1000 | Огил Ogil | ||||||
2 | Кайы Kayÿ |
12 | Кайынеми Kayÿnemi |
20 | Кайыен Kayÿen |
21 | Атыл-кайыенми Atÿl-kayÿenemi |
200 | Кайышех Kayÿşeh |
2000 | Кайыогил Kayÿogil | ||||||
3 | Балы Balÿ |
13 | Балынеми Balÿnemi |
30 | Балыен Balÿen |
31 | Атыл-балыенеми Atÿl-balÿenemi |
300 | Балышех Balÿşeh |
3000 | Балыогил Balÿogil | ||||||
4 | Кулун Kulun |
14 | Кулуннеми Kulunnemi |
40 | Кулунен Kulunen |
41 | Атыл-кулунеми Atÿl-kulunemi |
400 | Кулуншех Kulunşeh |
4000 | Кулуногил Kulunogil | ||||||
5 | Боўгы Bowgÿ |
15 | Боўгынеми Bowgÿnemi |
50 | Боўгыeн Bowgÿen |
51 | Атыл-боўгыенеми Atÿl-bowgÿenemi |
500 | Боўгышех Bowgÿşeh |
5000 | Боўгыогил Bowgÿogil | ||||||
6 | Алшы Alşÿ |
16 | Алшынеми Alşÿnemi |
60 | Алшыен Alşÿ-En |
61 | Атыл-алшыенеми Atÿl-alşÿenemi |
600 | Алшышех Alşÿşeh |
6000 | Алшыогил Alşÿogil | ||||||
7 | Сувун Suvun |
17 | Сувуннеми Suvunnemi |
70 | Сувунен Suvunen |
71 | Атыл-сувуненеми Atÿl-Suvunenemmi |
700 | Сувуншех Suvunşeh |
7000 | Сувуногил Suvunogil | ||||||
8 | Ненте Nente |
18 | Нентенеми Nentenemi |
80 | Нентеен Nenteen |
81 | Атыл-нентенеми Atÿl-nentenemi |
800 | Нентешех Nenteşeh |
8000 | Нентеогил Nenteogil | ||||||
9 | Талы Talÿ |
19 | Талынеми Talÿnemi |
90 | Талыен Talÿen |
91 | Атыл-талыенеми Atÿl-talÿenemi |
900 | Талышех Talÿşeh |
9000 | Талыогил Talÿogil |
Questions
Yes-No type
Qazhshavan forms Yes and No questions with a quesiton suffix:
Queastion affix | ||
---|---|---|
Thick Harmony |
Thin Harmony | |
<word>-кы <word>-kÿ |
<word>-ки <word>-ki | |
Examples | ||
Гаяшкы Gayaşkÿ |
Таишки Taişki | |
Are you Fishing? | Are you Running? | |
Aн’ягенкы? An’yagenkÿ? |
Aн’Кучԙки? An’Kuçeyeki? | |
Inside the House? | Neer the dogs? | |
Таиш ан’ягaжкы? Taiş аn’yagajkÿ? |
Ԙечешки aйы? Yeeçeşki ayÿ? | |
You're running from/out of the house? | Are you going to see her? |
Wh- type
"Wh- type" questions are pretty straight forward, as they just add another word to the mix.
Dialects
Qazhshavan is generally split into 3 dialect groups that form a continuem, from Karakach to the mountain passes to the west.
Nashean
Nashean Qazhshavan, commonly just Nashean, is a dialect spoken in and around the region of Nashe, Riamo, it is a resault of settlers left over from colonial times, it's has Phonetic influence from the Riamese langauge spoken there and many loanwords.
Lnaguage examples
Common words and sentances | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Qazhshavan Govoric |
Qazhshavan Latin |
Common | Gloss Literal meaning |
IPA |
Хялдза / Хял. | Hyaldzа / Hyal. | Hello / Hi (singular) |
health-2S-IMP health |
/ˈxʲal.d͡za/ /xʲal/ |
Хялдзал / Хял. | Hyaldzаl / Hyal. | Hello / Hi (plr. & pauc.) |
health-2P-IMP health |
/xʲalˈd͡za.da/ /xʲal/ |
Нԙлeв шагю. | Nyelev şagyu. | Good morning. | good.adj morning | /ɲæ̝.lav ˈʃaɣju/ |
Нԙлeв ичин. | Nyelev için. | Good afternoon/day | good.adj day | /ɲæ̝.lav it͡ʃin/ |
Нԙлeв хачи. | Nyelev haçi. | Good evening | good.adj night | /ɲæ̝l.lav ˈxa.t͡ʃi/ |
Иишeв хачи. | Iişev haçi. | Good night | Soft.adj night | /i.jiʃ.lav ˈxa.t͡ʃi/ |
Сиджа ԙeй / Сам | Sica yeey / Sam | Goodbye / Bye | next see-ADE bye |
/ˈsa.d͡ʒa jæ̝ːj/ /sam/ |
Лан руш шинлы? | Lan ruş şinlÿ? | What's your name? | how say-2S yourself | /lan ɾuʃ ˈʃin.lɤl/ |
Рум ԙмлы ___ | Rum yemlÿ ___ | My name is ___ | say-1S myself ___ | /ɾum ˈjæ̝m.lɤl/ |
Шир аладжa? | Şir alaca? | Where are you from? | 2S.be where-ELA | /ʃiɾ ˈa.la.d͡ʒa/ |
Яме ___(-е/а)дж(-е/а) | Yamе ___(-е/а)c(-е/а) | I'm from ___ | 1S.be ___-ELA | /ja.mɛ ___-ɛ/a.d͡ʒɛ/a/ |
Лан шир? | Lan şir? | How are you? | how 2S.be | /lan ʃiɾ/ |
Яме нԙлeв | Yame nyelev | I'm good/alright/okay | 1S.be good-adj | /ja.mɛ ˈɲæ̝.lav/ |
Яме нөнԙлeв | Yame nönyelev | I'm not good/okay/alright | 1S.be NEG-good-adj |
Sample text
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Qazhshavan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.