Tayamo language

Tayamo
Tayamese
т'аясы итол, итол т'аямоно
Pronunciation	/ˈt’ajas̻ɨ̯ ˈitol/
Native to	Qazhshava Tayamo autonomy Krenya Selenzia Gadorien [PlaceHolder]
Region	Tayamo Archipelego, Selenzia
Ethnicity	Tayamo people
Native speakers	790,000 (2018)
Language family	Language isolate
Dialects	Western Central Eastern
Writing system	Cyrillic Latin Tayamese (historically)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	tm
ISO 639-2	tym
ISO 639-3	tym
Glottolog	None

The Tayamo language (also known as Tayamese) (Tayamo: т'аясы итол; t'ayasy itol) is a pre-Thuado-Thrismaran languages language isolate spoken on the islands of the laurentine gulf. It's an official language in the Tayamo autonomy, and arecognized regional language in the nation of Qazhshava.

History

Prehistory

Proto-Tayamo is thought to have been brought to the Mainland, and later on to the Islands, by settlers coming from what is now southern Krenya sometime in the early- to mid-5th century BC. Very little is known about the Tayamo of this period. Because writing had yet to be invented or introduced, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on reconstructions of Old Tayamo.

Old-Tayamo

Old Tayamo is the oldest attested stage of the Tayamo language. Through the spread of trade from the east, Aschari and Sinitic people from what is today Prei Meas and Canton River Delta brought with them and introduced writing in the forms of the Aschari script, which was used in some of the eastern islands for a while, and also sinitic characters. The earliest known Tayamo writing, the [placeholder], dates back to the late 8th century and is written in sinitic characters.

Middle Tayamo

Significantly more is known about Middle Tayamo, largely due to the creation of the Tayamese script, which occured during the Early Middle Tayamo period, and thanks to which during this period tayamo literature blew up. Middle Tayamo is the first form of the language to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Kentalian and Ereskan missionaries, thus documentation of the Late Middle Tayamo language are plenty.

Modern Tayamo

The Modern Tayamo period is said to have begun around the 1800's, during this period the city of Hancamara grew in size bringing more people to it, and so the dialect of the island on which Hancamara was on, Kaidi, was declared the standard form of the language. During the 1880's the language almost fell out of use due to progressively worse discrimination and supression from the Yirgadas rulers, during the last year of the Great War, the Yirgadas empire was desolved, and the Tayamo Kingdom was briefly independent, later on going on to sign a confederate union treaty with the other ex-Yirgadas nations, and officially joining the newly formed Union of Qazhshava, at that time the language made a huge comeback in usage, as the people didn't forget how to speak it, it became the second official language of the Tayamo autonomous republic besides Haydag.

In the year 2018, at lesat 94% of the population of the Tayamo autonomous republic can speak the language fluently, and around 90% of the enitre ethnic population knows how to at least hold a conversation in it.

Status

Classiffied as Vigorous, the language is spoken by majority of the ethnic Tayamese population, majority of the speakers live on the largest island of Kairi within the Qazhshavan borders. The western dialect almost went extinct due to Krenyan supression, but with pressure of the post-Great war Qazhshavan government, it is making a slow come back, but is still threatened. The Eastern dialects are in a better spot but still have a relatively low number of speakers.

Classification

With a lot of foreign influence over 2000 years the language has taken in a lot of Thuado-Thrismaran and even some Aschari influence, due to which the modern grammar is very poluted compared to it's original form, of which there are very little texts, due to active periods of supressions from more powerfull nations, which makes the language hard to classify, some believe it to be a relative of the extinct Hewehetan language in Qazhshava.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar/ Uvular
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	d͡z̻		ɡ
	voiceless	p	t	t͡s̻		k
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡s̻ʼ		kʼ
Fricative	voiced		z̻			ʁ̟
	voiceless		s̻			x
Sonorant	Approximant	ʋ~w	l		j
	Sonorant	m	n		j	w
Liquid			ɾ~l

Vowels

	Front	Central	back
Close	i		u
Mid	ɛ	ɨ̞~ɘ	o
Open		a

Phonotactics

The syllable template in Tayamo is (C)V(S), where S is sonorant consonant, no more that 2 vowels are allowed to cluster in native words. In the Western dialect the template (C)(C)V(C)(C) is possible due to the disapearence of the vowel /ɨ̞/ in polysylabbic words.

Dialects

There are three main dialect areas of modern Tayamo which all form a Dialect continuum:

• The western dialects spoken on the island of Selenzia/Hrastmož, which are hard to understand for speakers of any other Tayamese dialects, due to its more complex syllables.
• The central dialects spoken on the Qazhshavan islands, which are the most spoken dialects.
• The eastern dialects spoken on the islands owned by Gadorien, they aren't much diferent from the central dialects, with their major distinction being a distinctive soft speech.

The standard literary forms of the language was based on the Kairi dialect, which is one of the central dialects and the most spoken dialect, however the standard form was created around 100 years ago, so the modern pronounciation varies from how it's written.

Writing System

Tayamo is most commonly written in the Cyrillic and Latin scripts, the language was historically written in it's own Alphasyllabarical script, which fell out of use during the last years of the Yirgadas empire, but it modern times it is making a revival.

The earliest writing system in which Tayamo was written was the Sinitic logography, and historically some islands also used the Aschari script to write their language in, which was replaced with the Tayamese script shortly after it's invention.

Alphabets

Cyrillic Tayamo alphabet:

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Г' г'	Д д	Е е	Ж ж
З з	И и	Й й	К к	К' к'	Л л	М м	Н н
О о	П п	П' п'	Р р	С с	Т т	Т' т'	У у
Ў ў	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ц' ц'	Ч ч	Ш ш	Ъ ъ
Ы ы	Ь ь	Ю ю	Я я

Latin Tayamo alphabet:

A a	B b	C c	C' c'	D d	E e	F f	G g
Gh gh	H h	I i	J j	K k	K' k'	L l	M m
N n	O o	P p	P' p'	Q q	R r	S s	T t
T' t'	U u	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Z z	Zh zh

Order	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36
Cyrillic upper case	А	Б	В	Г	Г'	Д	Е	Ж	З	И	Й	К	К'	Л	М	Н	О	П	П'	Р	С	Т	Т'	У	Ў	Ф	Х	Ц	Ц'	Ч	Ш	Ъ	Ы	Ь	Ю	Я
Cyrillic lower case	а	б	в	г	г'	д	е	ж	з	и	й	к	к'	л	м	н	о	п	п'	р	с	т	т'	у	ў	ф	х	ц	ц'	ч	ш	ъ	ы	ь	ю	я
Latin upper case	A	B	V	G	Gh	D	E	Z	Zh	I	Y	K	K'	L	M	N	O	P	P'	R	S	T	T'	U	W	F	H	C	C'	Ch	Sh		Y	Y	Yu	Ya
Latin lower case	a	b	v	g	gh	d	e	z	zh	i	y	k	k'	l	m	n	o	p	p'	r	s	t	t'	u	w	f	h	c	c'	ch	sh		y	y	yu	ya
IPA sound	a	b	ʋ~w	ɡ	ʁ̟	d	ɛ	z̻	d͡z̻	i	j	k	kʼ	l	m	n	o	p	pʼ	ɾ	s̻	t	tʼ	u	ʋ~w	p	x	t͡s̻	t͡s̻ʼ	t͡s̻	s̻		ɨ̞~ɘ	◌j	ju	ja

Letters in red are used in foreign words only.

In the latin variant of the alphabet, the letters y /j/ and w /ʋ~w/, are used only when the sounds are the onsets of a syllable, while i and u are used for when the sounds are in the coda position or when some affixes are used (т'аў → t'au; т'аўу → t'auu; катаўа → katawa), this rule exists becouse the tayamese script's literal adaptation into latin. The letter в is sometimes used as a substitude for ў when a device isn't able to write it.

Tayamese script

TBA

Grammar

Syntax

Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.

Nouns

Case and Number

There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo. Tayamo has 6 noun cases:

Case	Signular
	Affix	Example	Question
Nominative		к'а (rock), зан (bear)	мо (what), мы (who)
Dative	-ху/у	к'аў (to a rock), зану (to a bear)	моў (to what), мыў (to who)
Genetive	-но	к'ано (of a rock), занно (of a bear)	моно (of what), мыно (whose)
Accusitive	-й/и	к'ай (rock), зани (bear)	мой (what), мый (who)
Instrumental	-г'а	к'аг'а (with a rock), занг'а (with a bear)	мог'а (with what), мыг'а (with who)
Locative	-да	к'ада (on a rock), занда (on a bear)	мода (where), мыда (at who)

Case	Plural
	Affix	Example	Question
Nominative	-(а)цы	к'ацы (rocks), занцы (bears)	моцы (what), мыцы (who)
Dative	-(а)цу	к'ацу (to rocks), занцу (to bears)	моцу (to what), мыцу (whose)
Genetive	-(а)цын	к'ацын (оf rocks), занцын (оf bears)	моцын (оf what), мыцын (оf who)
Accusitive	-(а)ци	к'аци (rocks), занци (bears)	моци (what), мыци (who)
Instrumental	-(а)цыг'а	к'ацыг'а (with rocks), занцыг'а (with bears)	моцыг'а (with what), мыцыг'а (with who)
Locative	-(a)цыда	к'ацыда (on rocks), занцыда (on bears)	моцыда (where), мыцыда (at who)

The definite article

Due to Thuado-Thrismaran influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the та(н) particle, which is placed infront of a word (та мак'о, тан итал). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.

In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:

syllable type	suffix	example
open /a, ɨ̞/	-'та	кана'та (the song) мары'та (the horse)
open /ɛ, i, o, u/	-'то	хоне'то (the friend) токо'то (the town)
closed	-'ы	там'ы (the fish) ўен'ы (the bell)

• Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.

Prnouns

One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the Aschari language is the polite pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to Aschari, only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite and impolite. With Thuado-Thrismaran influence the polite/impolite pronouns became more formal/imformal over time.

Number and Person			Nominative	Accusitive (Direct object)		Dative (Indirect object)		Genitive	Innesive	Locative
				stressed	clitic	stressed	clitic
Singular	First		Коны	Кони	-ки	Кону	-ку	Коно	Ког'а	Кода
	Second	Formal	Уда	Уди	-ди	Уду	-ду	Удано	Удаг'а	Удада
		Imformal	Да	Ди		Ду		Дано	Даг'а	Дада
	Third		То	Той	-ти	Тоў	-ту	Тоно	Тог'а	Тода
Plural	First		Коныцы	Коци	-кыци	Коцу	-кыцу	Коцыно	Коцыг'а	Коцыда
	Second	Formal	Удацы	Удаци	-дыци	Удацу	-дыцу	Удацыно	Удацыг'а	Удацыда
		Imformal	Дацы	Даци		Дацу		Дацыно	Дацыг'а	Дацыда
	Third		Тоцы	Тоци	-тыци	Тоцу	-тыцу	Тоцыно	Тоцыг'а	Тоцыда

The clitic suffixes are used to form Polypersonal verbs.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

• Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - ян
• Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-ян
• Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - п'а-ян
• Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-ян

Verbs

Copula

The clitic word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is OV, but if it's stressed its SVO. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.

Number & Person			Past	Resultative participle	Present	Future	Aorist	Imperative
Singular	First		рыт'а	рыюн	рын	я рын	рылун
	Second		рыц'а	рыюўа	рыўа	я рыўа	рылуўа	рыўай
	Third			рыю	ры	я ры	рылу
Plural	First		рыт'ары	рыюнры	рынры	я рынры	рылунры
	Second		рыц'ары	рыюўары	рыўары	я рыўары	рылуўары	рыўарый
	Third			рыюры	рыры	я рыры	рылуры

Tense, Aspect, Mood

The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.

Number & Person		Indicative					Imperative
		Past imperfect	Past/Present perfect	Present	Future	Past Future
Singular	First	катат'а дамт'а	катаюн дамюн	катан дамын	я катан я дамын	ят'а катан ят'а дамын
	Second	катак'а дамк'а	катаюўа дамюўа	катаўа дамўа	я катаўа я дамўа	яц'а катаўа яц'а дамўа	катай дами
	Third		катаю дамю	ката дам	я ката я дам	яц'а ката яц'а дам
Plural	First	катат'ахы дамт'ахы	катаюнхы дамюнхы	катанхы дамынхы	я катанхы я дамынхы	ят'а катанхы ят'а дамынхы
	Second	катак'ахы дамк'ахы	катаюўхы дамюўхы	катаўхы дамўхы	я катаўхы я дамўхы	яц'а катаўхы яц'а дамўхы	катацый дамхый
	Third		катаюхы дамюхы	катахы дамхы	я катахы я дамхы	яц'а катахы яц'а дамхы

ката - say, tell

дам - drink

Imperfective verb	Perfective verb	Meaning
арин	жанарин	i read
ахен	жанахен	i fly
сайн	жасайн	i write
ц'ан	жац'ан	i shoot

Verbs can be negated with the ре- suffix: тоўа (you give) → ретоўа (you don't give).

Numerals

Tayamo is a Decimal (Base-10) language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second way is the New way, which is homogenous to the Thuado-Thrismaran ways, it exists due to their influence on the language. In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, while the New way is used with large numbers the hunderds, thousands and millions.

In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on. While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн га (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.

Cardinal numbers

All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix -цы, this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.

List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:

№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way
0	нулцы					21	тиминедацы	мине-га-тицы	600	тикадапайцы
1	тицы		11	тинедацы		26	тикадаминедацы	мине-га-тикадацы	1 000	цанцы
2	мицы		12	минедацы		30	ренецы		1 001	тицандацы	цан-га-тицы
3	рецы		13	ренедацы		40	юнецы		2 000	мицанцы
4	юцы		14	юнедацы		50	канецы		6 000	тикадацанцы
5	кацы		15	канедацы		60	тикаданецы		10 000	ўанцы
6	тикадацы		16	тикаданедацы		100	пайцы		10 001	тиўандацы	ўан-га-тицы
7	микадацы		17	микаданедацы		101	типайдацы	пай-га-тицы	20 000	миўанцы
8	рекадацы		18	рекаданедацы		110	непайдацы	пай-га-нецы	60 000	тикадаўанцы
9	юкадацы		19	юкаданедацы		111	тинедапайдацы	пай-га-тинедацы	1 000 000 (100x10 000)	пайўанцы
10	(не)нецы		20	минецы		200	нипайцы

Ordinal numbers

In Tayamo the circumfix г'а-...-и/й produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:

№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way
1st	г'атий		11th	г'атинедай		21st	г'атиминедай	г'амине-га-тий	1 001st	г'атицандай	г'ацан-га-тий
2nd	г'амий		12th	г'аминедай		26th	г'атикадаминедай	г'амине-га-тикадай	2 000th	г'амицани
3d	г'арей		13th	г'аренедай		60th	г'атикаданей		6 000th	г'атикадацани
4th	г'аюй		14th	г'аюнедай		100th	г'апайи		10 000th	г'аўани
5th	г'акай		15th	г'аканедай		101st	г'атипайдай	г'апай-га-тий	10 0001st	г'атиўандай	г'аўан-га-тий
6th	г'атикадай		16th	г'атикаданедай		110th	г'анепайдай	г'апай-га-ней	20 000th	г'амиўани
7th	г'амикадай		17th	г'амикаданедай		111th	г'атинедапайдай	г'апай-га-тинедай	60 000th	г'атикадаўани
8th	г'арекадай		18th	г'арекаданедай		200th	г'амипайи		1 000 000th (100x10 000th)	г'апайўани
9th	г'аюкадай		19th	г'аюкаданедай		600th	г'атикадапайи
10th	г'аней		20th	г'аминей		1 000th	г'ацани

Fractional numbers

In Tayamo the prefix ра- produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:

№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way
Whole	тили		1/11	ратинеда		1/21	ратиминеда	рамине-га-ти	1/1 001	ратицанда	рацан-га-ти
Half	апо		1/12	раминеда		1/26	ратикадаминеда	рамине-га-тикада	1/2 000	рамицан
1/3	раре		1/13	раренеда		1/60	ратикадане		1/6 000	ратикадацан
1/4	раю		1/14	раюнеда		1/100	рапай		1/10 000	раўан
1/5	рака		1/15	раканеда		1/101	ратипайда	рапай-га-ти	1/10 0001	ратиўанда	раўан-га-ти
1/6	ратикада		1/16	ратикаданеда		1/110	ранепайда	рапай-га-не	1/20 000	рамиўан
1/7	рамикада		1/17	рамикаданеда		1/111	ратинедапайда	рапай-га-тинеда	1/60 000	ратикадаўан
1/8	рарекада		1/18	рарекаданеда		1/200	рамипай		1/1 000 000 (100x10 000)	рапайўан
1/9	раюкада		1/19	раюкаданеда		1/600	ратикадапай
1/10	ране		1/20	рамине		1/1 000	рацан

Language Examples

Lord's prayer:

English	Tayamo (Cyrillic)	Tayamo (Latin)	Tayamo (Tayamese)
Our Father in heaven,	Ба коцыно ўахацыда'та,	Ba kocyno wahacyda'ta,
hallowed be your name.	и ры данасы катама'та удано.	i ry danasy katama'ta udano.
Your kingdom come.	И то одора'та удано.	I to odora'ta udano.
Your will be done,	Тала'та удацы я ры жакесы,	Tala'ta udacy ya ty zakesy,
on earth as it is in heaven.	ает'ада'та лато ры ўахацыда'та.	aet'ada'ta lato ry wahacyda'ta.
Give us today our daily bread	Хонсы'та коцыно п'ита сыйкыцу дахонда	Hansy'ta kocyno p'ita syikycu dahonda
and forgive us our debts,	га жанай даг'а коцыно,	ga zanai dagha kocyno,
as we forgive our debtors.	лато коныцы жананхы даг'ажыцы коцыно.	lato konycy zhananhy daghazycy kocyno.
And do not bring us into temptation,	Га реталкыци сыкусымада,	Ga retalkyci sykusymada,
but rescue us from the evil one.	а к'аўайкыци кара татарысы'та.	a k'awaikyci kara tatarysy'ta.
Amen.	Амин.	Amin.