Northumbric language: Difference between revisions
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|speakers2 = | |speakers2 = 6,644,000 | ||
|familycolor = Uralic | |familycolor = Uralic | ||
|fam2 = [[Nevanic languages|Nevanic]] | |fam2 = [[Nevanic languages|Nevanic]] | ||
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'''Northumbric''' (ᛄᛠᚱᛗᚣᛗᛒᚢᚱᚠᚪᛞᚪ <small>tr.</small> ''Hjermymbervada'', "language of the [[River Umbre|north river]]") is a [[Nevanic languages|Nevanic language]] spoken in the [[Northumberland]] region of [[Ambrose]]. It is | '''Northumbric''' (ᛄᛠᚱᛗᚣᛗᛒᚢᚱᚠᚪᛞᚪ <small>tr.</small> ''Hjermymbervada'', "language of the [[River Umbre|north river]]") is a [[Nevanic languages|Nevanic language]] spoken in the [[Northumberland]] region of [[Ambrose]]. It is a member of the {{wpl|Samoyedic languages|Voragonevanic language family}}, with its closest modern relative (aside from several other [[Nordania|Hyperborean]] minority languages) being the distantly-related {{wpl|Finno-Ugric languages|Conitonevanic}} [[Mespalian language]]. As such, it is derived primarily from {{wpl|Proto-Samoyedic language|Common Voragonevanic}}, although since the 11th century it has been subject to significant {{wpl|Anglo-Saxon}} influence. | ||
Despite its status as the most widely spoken Voragonevanic language in [[Esquarium]], it is spoken by a minority of [[Northumbrian people|Northumbrians]] — only 6,644,000 native speakers as of 2016, approximately 45% of the total Northumbrian population. Largely due to 19th and 20th century Ambrosian {{wpl|language politics}}, it has been supplanted as a {{wpl|first language}} by {{wpl|Linguistic purism in English|Anglish}} throughout much of the Northumberland. However, it persists as a {{wpl|vernacular}} in several rural and isolated regions of [[Tyemara]], [[Collmagorscoye]], and [[Ulfstead]]. | |||
Northumbric is characterized by its {{wpl|agglutination}}, g morphological type, with a small case system; three rows of conjugation (subject, subject-object and "return"); rich system of moods , expressing a variety of meanings - in particular, evidential , but with a very poor system of verb tenses . There is a ramified system of nonfinite forms , nominal conjugation (the use of verb indices for names , for example, not “woman”, not “I am a woman”). | |||
{{wpl|Noun}}s are characterized by three {{wpl|grammatical number}}s (singular, dual, and plural), seven cases, the category of personal belonging, and personal-purpose suffixes . There are three verb tenses : indefinite, past and future. There is objective, subject and objectless conjugations. Verb infinitive is indicated by the suffix -c (first class), -c, or -z (second class). | |||
== Orthography == | == Orthography == | ||
Line 40: | Line 49: | ||
The Runic script has no direct counterpart for the phoneme {{wpl|schwa}}, [ə], and as such it may appear as may appear as ⟨ᚪ⟩ or ⟨ᚩ⟩. | The Runic script has no direct counterpart for the phoneme {{wpl|schwa}}, [ə], and as such it may appear as may appear as ⟨ᚪ⟩ or ⟨ᚩ⟩. | ||
== Phonology == | |||
=== Vowels === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Northumbric vowels | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |{{wpl|Front vowel|Front}} | |||
! colspan="2" |{{wpl|Central vowel|Central}} | |||
! colspan="2" |{{wpl|Back vowel|Back}} | |||
|- | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Unrounded vowel|Unrounded}}</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Rounded vowel|Rounded}}</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Unrounded vowel|Unrounded}}</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Rounded vowel|Rounded}}</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Unrounded vowel|Unrounded}}</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Rounded vowel|Rounded}}</small> | |||
|- | |||
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}} | |||
| {{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|iː}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|ɯ}}, {{IPA link|ɯ̟}} | |||
| {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|ə}}, {{IPA link|ɘː}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|ɤ}}, {{IPA link|ɤ̝}} | |||
| {{IPA link|o̞}}, {{IPA link|o̞ː}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA link|aː}} | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== Consonants === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Northumbric consonants | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2"|{{wpl|Labial consonant|Labial}} | |||
! colspan="2"|{{wpl|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}} | |||
! rowspan="2"|{{wpl|Retroflex consonant|Retroflex}} | |||
! rowspan="2"|{{wpl|Palatal consonant|Palatal}} | |||
! colspan="2"|{{wpl|Velar consonant|Velar}} | |||
! colspan="2"|{{wpl|Glottal consonant|Glottal}} | |||
|- class=small | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Palatalized|Pl}}</small> | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Palatalized|Pl}}</small> | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Palatalized|Pl}}</small> | |||
! <small>Plain</small> | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Palatalized|Pl}}</small> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| {{wpl|Nasal consonant|Nasal}} | |||
| {{IPA link|m}} | |||
| {{IPA link|mʲ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|n}} | |||
| {{IPA link|nʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |{{wpl|Plosive}} | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Voice (phonetics)|Voiced}}</small> | |||
| {{IPA link|b}} | |||
| {{IPA link|bʲ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|d}} | |||
| {{IPA link|dʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|ʔ̬}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Voice (phonetics)|Voiceless}}</small> | |||
| {{IPA link|p}} | |||
| {{IPA link|pʲ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|t}} | |||
| {{IPA link|tʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|k}} | |||
| {{IPA link|kʲ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| {{wpl|Affricate consonant|Affricate}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|t͡s}} | |||
| {{IPA link|t͡sʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | {{wpl|Fricative consonant|Fricative}} | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Voice (phonetics)|Voiced}}</small> | |||
| ({{IPA link|v}}) | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|z}} | |||
| {{IPA link|zʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ({{IPA link|ɣ}}) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>{{wpl|Voice (phonetics)|Voiceless}}</small> | |||
| ({{IPA link|f}}) | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|s}} | |||
| {{IPA link|sʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|ɕ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|h}} | |||
| {{IPA link|hʲ}} | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| {{wpl|Trill consonant|Trill}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|r}} | |||
| {{IPA link|rʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| {{wpl|Approximant consonant|Approximant}} | |||
| {{IPA link|w}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|l}} | |||
| {{IPA link|lʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|j}} | |||
| ({{IPA link|ʍ}}) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
== Sample == | == Sample == |
Revision as of 00:59, 4 May 2019
Northumbric | |
---|---|
ᛄᛠᚱᛗᚣᛗᛒᚢᚱᚠᚪᛞᚪ Hjermymbervada | |
Pronunciation | /d͡ʒəːmɪːmˌbɚːˈvad̪a/ |
Native to | Ambrose |
Region | Esquarium |
Native speakers | X (2015) 6,644,000 |
Uralic
| |
Early form | =
|
Runic Latin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Ambrose |
Recognised minority language in | |
Regulated by | Northumbric Language Preservation Institute |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | nmb |
Northumbric (ᛄᛠᚱᛗᚣᛗᛒᚢᚱᚠᚪᛞᚪ tr. Hjermymbervada, "language of the north river") is a Nevanic language spoken in the Northumberland region of Ambrose. It is a member of the Voragonevanic language family, with its closest modern relative (aside from several other Hyperborean minority languages) being the distantly-related Conitonevanic Mespalian language. As such, it is derived primarily from Common Voragonevanic, although since the 11th century it has been subject to significant Anglo-Saxon influence.
Despite its status as the most widely spoken Voragonevanic language in Esquarium, it is spoken by a minority of Northumbrians — only 6,644,000 native speakers as of 2016, approximately 45% of the total Northumbrian population. Largely due to 19th and 20th century Ambrosian language politics, it has been supplanted as a first language by Anglish throughout much of the Northumberland. However, it persists as a vernacular in several rural and isolated regions of Tyemara, Collmagorscoye, and Ulfstead.
Northumbric is characterized by its agglutination, g morphological type, with a small case system; three rows of conjugation (subject, subject-object and "return"); rich system of moods , expressing a variety of meanings - in particular, evidential , but with a very poor system of verb tenses . There is a ramified system of nonfinite forms , nominal conjugation (the use of verb indices for names , for example, not “woman”, not “I am a woman”).
Nouns are characterized by three grammatical numbers (singular, dual, and plural), seven cases, the category of personal belonging, and personal-purpose suffixes . There are three verb tenses : indefinite, past and future. There is objective, subject and objectless conjugations. Verb infinitive is indicated by the suffix -c (first class), -c, or -z (second class).
Orthography
The 32-character alphabet of the Northumbric language is based on the Runic script; specifically the Anglish futhorc, a rune set derived from the Sjealandian elder futhark. Unlike modern Anglish, it continues to be written in Runic as well as being transliterated to the Latin script, using the standard 26 letters as well as additional characters: ʼ and ˮ.
ᚠ /f/ |
ᚢ /u/ |
ᚦ /θ/ |
ᚩ /o/ |
ᚱ /r/ |
ᚳ /k/ |
ᚷ /ɣ/ |
ᚹ /w/ |
ᚻ /h/ |
ᚾ /n/ |
ᛁ /i/ |
ᛄ /j/ |
ᛇ /ç/ |
ᛈ /p/ |
ᛉ /ks/ |
ᛋ /s/ |
ᛏ /t/ |
ᛒ /b/ |
ᛖ /e/ |
ᛗ /m/ |
ᛚ /l/ |
ᛝ /ŋg/ |
ᛟ /e:/ |
ᛞ /d/ |
ᚪ /a/ |
ᚫ /æ/ |
ᚣ /y/ |
ᛡ /ja/ |
ᛠ /æɑ/ |
ᛢ /kw/ |
ᛥ /st/ |
ᚸ /g/ |
ˮ /ʔ/ |
The Runic script has no direct counterpart for the phoneme schwa, [ə], and as such it may appear as may appear as ⟨ᚪ⟩ or ⟨ᚩ⟩.
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
Close | i, iː | ɯ, ɯ̟ | u, ʊ | |||
Mid | ə, ɘː | ɤ, ɤ̝ | o̞, o̞ː | |||
Open | a, aː |
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plain | Pl | Plain | Pl | Plain | Pl | Plain | Pl | ||||
Nasal | m | mʲ | n | nʲ | ŋ | ||||||
Plosive | Voiced | b | bʲ | d | dʲ | ɡ | ʔ̬ | ||||
Voiceless | p | pʲ | t | tʲ | k | kʲ | ʔ | ||||
Affricate | t͡s | t͡sʲ | |||||||||
Fricative | Voiced | (v) | z | zʲ | (ɣ) | ||||||
Voiceless | (f) | s | sʲ | ɕ | h | hʲ | |||||
Trill | r | rʲ | |||||||||
Approximant | w | l | lʲ | j | (ʍ) |
Sample
Northumbric Runic | Transliteration | English translation |
ᛖᛏ ᛉᛁᛒᛄᚫᚱᛁ ᚾᛖᚾᛖᚳ ᛋᚩᛄᚪᛗᚪᚱᛠᚾᛏᚪ ᛉᚢᚱᚳᚪᚱᛁ ᛈᚱᚪᚠᚪᚪ ᛏᚾᛄᚪᚠᚪ, ᚾᚩᛒᚩᛄ ᚾᛖᚾᛖᛖᛄᚪ ᚾᛁᛞᚢ ᚾᛁᚳ ᛏᚩᚳᚪᛚᛒᚪ, ᚾᚣᛒᛏᚪᛗᚪ ᛁᚳᛖᚠᚪᛏᚢ ᛏᚪᚱᚪ | Et xibjæri nenėc’ sojamareanta xurkari pravada tnjava, ṇoboj nenėėja nidu nic’ tokalba, ṇybtamba ilevatu tara. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |