List of premiers of Shangea: Difference between revisions

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{{legend2|#C3B091|Military|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#C3B091|Military|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#008000|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|Constitutionalist Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#008000|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|Constitutionalist Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#DE2119|[[Nationalist Party (Shangea)|Nationalist Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#DE2119|[[Shangean Youth Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#013C78|[[Republican Party (Shangea)|Republican Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#013C78|[[Republican Party (Shangea)|Republican Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#ED3237|[[Shangean Section of the Workers' International]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#ED3237|[[Shangean Section of the Workers' International]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
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|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#DDDDDD;" rowspan="2"|2
! style="background:#DDDDDD;" rowspan="2"|2
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Liu Kunyi LOC ggbain 03677.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wu Tingfang2 (4to3).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Duke}}</small><br/>[[Hu Jianying|Hu Jianying<br><small>胡剑英</small>]]<br/><small>(1834–1906)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Duke}}</small><br/>[[Hu Jianying|Hu Jianying<br><small>胡剑英</small>]]<br/><small>(1834–1906)
|16<sup>th</sup> November 1885
|16<sup>th</sup> November 1885
Line 48: Line 48:
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Prince}}</small><br/>[[Yao Shusheng|Yao Shusheng<br><small>尧书生</small>]]<br/><small>(1829–1895)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Prince}}</small><br/>[[Yao Shusheng|Yao Shusheng<br><small>尧书生</small>]]<br/><small>(1829–1895)
|12<sup>th</sup> January 1887
|12<sup>th</sup> January 1887
|24<sup>th</sup> March 1890
|24<sup>th</sup> March 1889
|{{Age in years, months and days|1887|01|12|1890|03|24}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1887|01|12|1889|03|24}}
| {{wp|Independent (politics)|Nonpartisan}}
| {{wp|Independent (politics)|Nonpartisan}}
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>tba.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>tba.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|3
! style="background:#DDDDDD;" rowspan="2"|3
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Feng-Kwo-Chang, President of China (9to12).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ronglu.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br>[[Zhang Haodong|Zhang Haodong<br>张皓东</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Duke}}</small><br>[[Zheng Guangxin|Zheng Guangxin<br>郑光新</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|12<sup>th</sup> January 1890
|12<sup>th</sup> January 1889
|3<sup>rd</sup> June 1895
|3<sup>rd</sup> June 1893
|{{Age in years, months and days|1890|03|24|1895|06|03}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1889|03|24|1893|06|03}}
| {{wp|Independent (politics)|Nonpartisan}}
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>tba</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#DDDDDD;" rowspan="2"|(2)
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wu Tingfang2 (4to3).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Duke}}</small><br/>[[Hu Jianying|Hu Jianying<br><small>胡剑英</small>]]<br/><small>(1834–1906)
|3<sup>rd</sup> June 1893
|17<sup>rd</sup> November 1895
|{{Age in years, months and days|1893|06|03|1895|11|17}}
| style="background:#C3B091; color:white;"|[[Heavenly Army of Shangea|{{color|white|Military}}]]
| style="background:#C3B091; color:white;"|[[Heavenly Army of Shangea|{{color|white|Military}}]]
|-
|-
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|rowspan="2"|[[File:Li Hung-Chang, c. 1896.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Li Hung-Chang, c. 1896.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Prince}}</small><br/>[[Yao Shusheng|Yao Shusheng<br><small>尧书生</small>]]<br/><small>(1829–1895)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Prince}}</small><br/>[[Yao Shusheng|Yao Shusheng<br><small>尧书生</small>]]<br/><small>(1829–1895)
|3<sup>rd</sup> June 1895
|17<sup>rd</sup> November 1895
|16<sup>th</sup> April 1897†
|16<sup>th</sup> April 1897†
|{{Age in years, months and days|1895|06|03|1897|04|16}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1895|11|17|1897|04|16}}
| {{wp|Independent (politics)|Nonpartisan}}
| {{wp|Independent (politics)|Nonpartisan}}
|-
|-
Line 75: Line 85:
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|(3)
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|(3)
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Feng-Kwo-Chang, President of China (9to12).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ronglu.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br>[[Zhang Haodong|Zhang Haodong<br>张皓东</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|Duke}}</small><br>[[Zheng Guangxin|Zheng Guangxin<br>郑光新</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|16<sup>th</sup> April 1897
|16<sup>th</sup> April 1897
|6<sup>th</sup> June 1903
|6<sup>th</sup> June 1900
|{{Age in years, months and days|1897|04|16|1903|06|06}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1897|04|16|1900|06|06}}
| style="background:#C3B091; color:white;"|[[Heavenly Army of Shangea|{{color|white|Military}}]]
| {{wp|Independent (politics)|Nonpartisan}}
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>tba.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>tba.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|4
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|4
|rowspan="2"|[[File:赵秉钧 (4to3).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Zhang Xun2.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br>[[He Zuoxiang|He Zuoxiang<br>和作祥</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br>[[He Zuoxiang|He Zuoxiang<br>和作祥</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|6<sup>th</sup> June 1903
|6<sup>th</sup> June 1900
|22<sup>nd</sup> October 1905
|22<sup>nd</sup> October 1905
|{{Age in years, months and days|1903|06|09|1905|10|22}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1900|06|09|1905|10|22}}
| style="background:#C3B091; color:white;"|[[Heavenly Army of Shangea|{{color|white|Military}}]]
| style="background:#C3B091; color:white;"|[[Heavenly Army of Shangea|{{color|white|Military}}]]
|-
|-
Line 95: Line 105:
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|5
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|5
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Zhang Xun2.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Li Yuanhong(2) (9to12).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br/>[[Mao Zhaojian|Mao Zhaojian<br><small>毛昭谏</small>]]<br/><small>(1843-1908)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br/>[[Mao Zhaojian|Mao Zhaojian<br><small>毛昭谏</small>]]<br/><small>(1843-1908)
|22<sup>nd</sup> October 1905
|22<sup>nd</sup> October 1905
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|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|(5)
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|(5)
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Zhang Xun2.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Li Yuanhong(2) (9to12).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br/>[[Mao Zhaojian|Mao Zhaojian<br><small>毛昭谏</small>]]<br/><small>(1843-1908)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br/>[[Mao Zhaojian|Mao Zhaojian<br><small>毛昭谏</small>]]<br/><small>(1843-1908)
|25<sup>th</sup> June 1911
|25<sup>th</sup> June 1911
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|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|(5)
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|(5)
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Zhang Xun2.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Li Yuanhong(2) (9to12).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br/>[[Mao Zhaojian|Mao Zhaojian<br><small>毛昭谏</small>]]<br/><small>(1843-1908)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br/>[[Mao Zhaojian|Mao Zhaojian<br><small>毛昭谏</small>]]<br/><small>(1843-1908)
|27<sup>th</sup> August 1916
|27<sup>th</sup> August 1916
Line 184: Line 194:
| colspan="5"|<small>Appointed to replace Ren, Shi was seen as a weak figure who had little control over the military. He was involved in the defence of Shangea during the Senrian invasion but resigned in 1934 after the capture of Baiqiao.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>Appointed to replace Ren, Shi was seen as a weak figure who had little control over the military. He was involved in the defence of Shangea during the Senrian invasion but resigned in 1934 after the capture of Baiqiao.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|12
! style="background:#dddddd;" rowspan="2"|12
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Li Yuan-hong chopped.png|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Xu Shichang (cropped, 3to4 format, closeup).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br>[[Qin Xinyi|Qin Xinyi<br><small>秦心衣</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|rowspan="2"|[[Xu Dongwu|Xu Dongwu<br><small>许动物</small>]]<br/><small>(1884–1948)
|16<sup>th</sup> November 1934
|16<sup>th</sup> November 1934
|15<sup>th</sup> January 1935
|15<sup>th</sup> January 1935
|{{Age in years, months and days|1934|11|16|1935|01|15}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1934|11|16|1935|01|15}}
| style="background:#C3B091; color:white;"|[[Heavenly Army of Shangea|{{color|white|Military}}]]
| {{wp|Independent (politics)|Nonpartisan}}
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>Appointed following the fall of Baiqiao, Qin was the final chief of staff but was under pressure from the pro-peace sentiment in the country. In 1935 Qin became Shangea's first republican head of state, subsequently ordering the surrender of Shangea to the [[Grand Alliance]].</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>Appointed following the fall of Baiqiao, Qin was the minister of finance but was under pressure from the pro-peace sentiment in the country. In 1935 Xu became Shangea's first republican head of state, subsequently ordering the surrender of Shangea to the [[Grand Alliance]].</small>
|-
|-
! colspan=10 | [[File:State of Xiaodong CoA.png|30px]] Premier of the [[Wulin Government]] [[File:State of Xiaodong CoA.png|30px]]
! colspan=10 | [[File:State of Xiaodong CoA.png|30px]] Premier of the [[Wulin Government]] [[File:State of Xiaodong CoA.png|30px]]
Line 198: Line 208:
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#013C78; color:white;" rowspan="2"|(12)
! style="background:#013C78; color:white;" rowspan="2"|(12)
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Li Yuan-hung.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Xu Shichang (cropped, 3to4 format, closeup).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br>[[Qin Xinyi|Qin Xinyi<br><small>秦心衣</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|rowspan="2"|[[Xu Dongwu|Xu Dongwu<br><small>许动物</small>]]<br/><small>(1884–1948)
|15<sup>th</sup> January 1935
|15<sup>th</sup> January 1935
|23<sup>rd</sup> May 1935
|23<sup>rd</sup> May 1935
Line 205: Line 215:
| style="background:#013C78; color:white;"|[[Republican Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Republican Party}}]]
| style="background:#013C78; color:white;"|[[Republican Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Republican Party}}]]
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>Qin formally signed both the constitution of the republic and the Treaty of Keisi. The latter's signing saw a wave of destabilisation and political protest leading to a snap election which saw Qin's Republican party decisively defeated.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>Xu formally signed both the constitution of the republic and the Treaty of Keisi. The latter's signing saw a wave of destabilisation and political protest leading to a snap election which saw Xu's Republican party decisively defeated.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#DE2119; color:white;" rowspan="2"|13
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|13
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Xu Shichang2.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Lin Sen (9to12).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Xu Dongwu|Xu Dongwu<br><small>许动物</small>]]<br/><small>(1884–1948)
|rowspan="2"|[[Zhang Mingshu|Zhang Mingshu<br><small>張銘樞</small>]]<br /><small>(1877–1944)</small>
|23<sup>rd</sup> May 1935
|23<sup>rd</sup> May 1935
|14<sup>th</sup> December 1935
|22<sup>nd</sup> October 1936
|{{Age in years, months and days|1935|05|23|1935|12|14}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1935|05|23|1936|10|22}}
| style="background:#DE2119; color:white;"|[[Nationalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Nationalist Party}}]]
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>The leader of the treaty revisionists in the National Assembly Xu unsuccessfully attempted to renegotiate the Treaty of Keisi with the allied powers in order to blunt the growth of the Army of National Salvation. He resigned however after the forces of the popular general [[Lu Keqian]] staged the [[Corrective Revolution (Shangea)|Corrective Revolution]] and his attempt at treaty renegotiation floundering in the face of Senrian objections.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>Appointed to head an all party cabinet, Zhang soon faced a massive social and political crisis as the civil war worsened and the republican government saw large military setbacks. He lost support in late 1936.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|14
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|14
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Lin Sen (9to12).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:T. V. Soong in 1945 face detail, from- T.V. (Tse-Ven) Soong, minister-president van China, Bestanddeelnr 900-8980 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Zhang Mingshu|Zhang Mingshu<br><small>張銘樞</small>]]<br /><small>(1877–1944)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Meng Jianin|Meng Jianing<br><small>梦佳宁</small>]]<br /><small>(1860-1938)</small>
|14<sup>th</sup> December 1935
|22<sup>nd</sup> October 1936
|22<sup>nd</sup> April 1937
|17<sup>th</sup> December 1936
|{{Age in years, months and days|1935|12|14|1937|04|22}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1936|10|22|1936|12|17}}
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>Appointed to head an all party cabinet, Zhang soon faced a massive social and political crisis as the civil war worsened and the republican government saw large military setbacks. He lost support in late 1936.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>The former head of the National Assembly Meng was unable to improve the declining political situation and resigned after a month.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|15
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|15
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wang Yitang2 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:HHKung.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Hu Zhijiang|Hu Zhijiang<br><small>胡之江</small>]]<br /><small>(1860-1938)</small>
|17<sup>th</sup> December 1936
|24<sup>th</sup> February 1937
|{{Age in years, months and days|1936|12|17|1937|02|24}}
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>Appointed to replace Meng Hu was unable to govern effectively and resigned after two months in office.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|(14)
|rowspan="2"|[[File:T. V. Soong in 1945 face detail, from- T.V. (Tse-Ven) Soong, minister-president van China, Bestanddeelnr 900-8980 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Meng Jianin|Meng Jianing<br><small>梦佳宁</small>]]<br /><small>(1860-1938)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Meng Jianin|Meng Jianing<br><small>梦佳宁</small>]]<br /><small>(1860-1938)</small>
|22<sup>nd</sup> April 1937
|24<sup>th</sup> February 1937
|17<sup>th</sup> June 1937
|8<sup>th</sup> June 1937
|{{Age in years, months and days|1937|04|22|1937|06|17}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1937|02|24|1937|06|08}}
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>The former head of the National Assembly Meng was unable to improve the declining political situation and resigned in 1937.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>Recalled to office, Meng was unable both to stabilise the political situation nor get allied support for military aid. He resigned after the National Assembly vetoed several cabinet appointees.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#013C78; color:white;" rowspan="2"|(12)
! style="background:#013C78; color:white;" rowspan="2"|16
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Li Yuan-hung.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Chixie.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br>[[Qin Xinyi|Qin Xinyi<br><small>秦心衣</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|rowspan="2"|<small>{{wp|General officer|General}}</small><br>[[Qin Xinyi|Qin Xinyi<br><small>秦心衣</small>]]<br/><small>(1845-1923)
|17<sup>th</sup> June 1937
|8<sup>th</sup> June 1937
|14<sup>th</sup> November 1939
|14<sup>th</sup> November 1939
|{{Age in years, months and days|1937|06|17|1939|11|14}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1937|06|08|1939|11|14}}
| style="background:#013C78; color:white;"|[[Republican Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Republican Party}}]]
| style="background:#013C78; color:white;"|[[Republican Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Republican Party}}]]
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>Qin returned to power after being able to persuade the National Assembly to grant him near-dictatorial powers to fight the civil war. Qin subsequently created a police state in republican areas whilst implementing harsh tactics against the Army of National Salvation. His pro-Grand Alliance foreign policy alongside his repressive internal policies and a worsening financial situation led to an implosion of the government's popularity and he was ousted by the National Assembly in November.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>Qin came to power after being able to persuade the National Assembly to grant him near-dictatorial powers to fight the civil war. Qin subsequently created a police state in republican areas whilst implementing harsh tactics against the Army of National Salvation. His pro-Grand Alliance foreign policy alongside his repressive internal policies and a worsening financial situation led to an implosion of the government's popularity and he was ousted by a military coup November.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|(13)
! style="background:#DE2119; color:white;" rowspan="2"|17
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Lin Sen (9to12).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Chen Jiongming.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Zhang Mingshu|Zhang Mingshu<br><small>張銘樞</small>]]<br /><small>(1877–1944)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Fu Junsheng|Fu Junsheng<br><small>傅俊陞</small>]]<br /><small>(1877–1944)</small>
|14<sup>th</sup> November 1939
|14<sup>th</sup> November 1939
|26<sup>th</sup> April 1940†
|26<sup>th</sup> January 1940
|{{Age in years, months and days|1939|11|14|1940|04|26}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1939|11|14|1940|01|26}}
| style="background:#DE2119; color:white;"|[[Shangean Youth Party|{{color|white|Shangean Youth Party}}]]
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>Taking power in a coup Fu and his supporters sought to revitalise the war effort. Holding an election after coming to power his Shangean Youth Party was defeated and a cabinet made up of the opposition took his place.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|(14)
|rowspan="2"|[[File:T. V. Soong in 1945 face detail, from- T.V. (Tse-Ven) Soong, minister-president van China, Bestanddeelnr 900-8980 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Meng Jianin|Meng Jianing<br><small>梦佳宁</small>]]<br /><small>(1860-1938)</small>
|26<sup>th</sup> January 1940
|20<sup>th</sup> June 1940
|{{Age in years, months and days|1940|01|26|1940|06|20}}
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>Reappointed as Premier as the most popular of the republican figures, Xu was able to persuade [[Senria]] to lift restrictions on the size of the Shangean army in order to win the civil war. However a series of military defeats saw the government pushed further back and in April 1940 Xu committed suicide whilst still in office.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>Reappointed as Premier Meng was able to persuade [[Senria]] to lift restrictions on the size of the Shangean army in order to win the civil war. However a series of military defeats saw the government pushed further back and in June 1940 Meng fled the country.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#DE2119; color:white;" rowspan="2"|16
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" rowspan="2"|18
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ruan Zhenduo.JPG|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wang Chonghui (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Hu Yingjiu|Hu Yingjiu<br><small>胡英九</small>]]<br /><small>(1896–1948)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Hu Yingjiu|Hu Yingjiu<br><small>胡英九</small>]]<br /><small>(1896–1948)</small>
|26<sup>th</sup> April 1940
|20<sup>th</sup> June 1940
|13<sup>th</sup> July 1940
|13<sup>th</sup> July 1940
|{{Age in years, months and days|1940|04|26|1940|07|13}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1940|06|20|1940|07|13}}
| style="background:#DE2119; color:white;"|[[Nationalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Nationalist Party}}]]
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|[[Constitutionalist Party (Shangea)|{{color|white|Constitutionalist Party}}]]
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|<small>Hu's appointment as Prime Minister came during the final months of the civil war. Hu was considered to be an ineffectual leader and in April 1940 officially signed a decree abolishing the republic and resigning from his post following the victory of Lu Keqian's forces.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>Hu's appointment as Premier came during the final months of the civil war. Hu was considered to be an ineffectual leader and in July 1940 officially signed a decree abolishing the republic and resigning from his post following the victory of Lu Keqian's forces.</small>
|-
|-
! colspan=10 | [[File:Seal_of_Xiaodong.png|30px]] [[Premier of Shangea|Premier]] of the [[Shangea|Auspicious Republic of Shangea]] [[File:Seal_of_Xiaodong.png|30px]]
! colspan=10 | [[File:Seal_of_Xiaodong.png|30px]] [[Premier of Shangea|Premier]] of the [[Shangea|Auspicious Republic of Shangea]] [[File:Seal_of_Xiaodong.png|30px]]
|-
|-
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#dddddd;" rowspan="2"|17
! style="background:#dddddd;" rowspan="2"|19
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Chen Cheng in 1940's.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Chen Cheng in 1940's.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|{{Wp|General officer|General}}<br>[[Zhou Hongkui|Zhou Hongkui<br><small>周鸿逵</small>]]<br /><small>(1886–1954)</small>
|rowspan="2"|{{Wp|General officer|General}}<br>[[Zhou Hongkui|Zhou Hongkui<br><small>周鸿逵</small>]]<br /><small>(1886–1954)</small>
Line 280: Line 310:
| colspan="5"|<small>A general considered close to [[Lu Keqian]], Zhou was appointed as an interim premier during the transition period between the declaration of the republic and the signing of a new constitution. He resigned in 1942 after the signing of the new constitution, although would go on to serve a vice-premier from 1944 to 1952.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>A general considered close to [[Lu Keqian]], Zhou was appointed as an interim premier during the transition period between the declaration of the republic and the signing of a new constitution. He resigned in 1942 after the signing of the new constitution, although would go on to serve a vice-premier from 1944 to 1952.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#ED3237; color:white;" rowspan="2"|18
! style="background:#ED3237; color:white;" rowspan="2"|20
|rowspan="2"|[[File:GaoGang.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:GaoGang.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Luo Huizhong|Luo Huizhong<br><small>罗会众</small>]]<br /><small>(1910–1947)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Luo Huizhong|Luo Huizhong<br><small>罗会众</small>]]<br /><small>(1910–1947)</small>
Line 298: Line 328:
| rowspan="2" style="background:#CE1126; color:white;"|[[Shangean Section of the Workers' International|{{color|white|Shangean Section of the Workers' International}}]]<br>↓<br>[[Shangea Regeneration Society|{{color|white|Shangea Regeneration Society}}]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#CE1126; color:white;"|[[Shangean Section of the Workers' International|{{color|white|Shangean Section of the Workers' International}}]]<br>↓<br>[[Shangea Regeneration Society|{{color|white|Shangea Regeneration Society}}]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|19
! rowspan="2"|21
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" colspan="5"|tba
| rowspan="2" colspan="5"|tba
Line 304: Line 334:
! style="background:#CE1126; color:white;" height=40|
! style="background:#CE1126; color:white;" height=40|
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#CE1126; color:white;" rowspan="2"|20
! style="background:#CE1126; color:white;" rowspan="2"|22
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Sun Fo - Hong Kong - HK - c1950 cs.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Sun Fo - Hong Kong - HK - c1950 cs.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Lu Zhaohui|Lu Zhaohui<br><small>陆找回</small>]]<br /><small>(1904-1987)</small>  
|rowspan="2"|[[Lu Zhaohui|Lu Zhaohui<br><small>陆找回</small>]]<br /><small>(1904-1987)</small>  
Line 314: Line 344:
| colspan="5"|<small>tba.</small>
| colspan="5"|<small>tba.</small>
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|21
! style="background:#C3B091;" rowspan="2"|23
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Shao Yuzhang cropped.png|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Shao Yuzhang cropped.png|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Shao Yuzhang|Shao Yuzhang<br><small>少愈长</small>]]<br /><small>(1937-1980)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Shao Yuzhang|Shao Yuzhang<br><small>少愈长</small>]]<br /><small>(1937-1980)</small>
Line 325: Line 355:
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#dddddd;" rowspan="2"|22
! style="background:#dddddd;" rowspan="2"|22
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Qian army.png|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Roh Tae-woo - cropped, 1988-October-21 02 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Qian Xingwen|Qian Xingwen<br><small>钱兴文</small>]]<br /><small>(1922-2014)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Qian Xingwen|Qian Xingwen<br><small>钱兴文</small>]]<br /><small>(1922-2014)</small>
|24<sup>th</sup> April 1977
|24<sup>th</sup> April 1977
Line 335: Line 365:
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#dddddd;" rowspan="2"|23
! style="background:#dddddd;" rowspan="2"|23
|rowspan="2"|[[File:President04-large (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:孫運璿院長.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Liao Congwu|Liao Congwu<br><small>廖从吾</small>]]<br /><small>(1914-2001)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Liao Congwu|Liao Congwu<br><small>廖从吾</small>]]<br /><small>(1914-2001)</small>
|17<sup>th</sup> January 1984
|17<sup>th</sup> January 1984
Line 345: Line 375:
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#00A594; color:white;" rowspan="2"|24
! style="background:#00A594; color:white;" rowspan="2"|24
|rowspan="2"|[[File:總統李登輝先生玉照 (國民大會實錄).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wang surong.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Li Jingyao]]<br />{{small|俪竟要<br>(1924-)}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Li Jingyao]]<br />{{small|俪竟要<br>(1924-)}}
|9<sup>th</sup> June 1988
|9<sup>th</sup> June 1988
Line 355: Line 385:
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#DC143C; color:white;" rowspan="2"|25
! style="background:#DC143C; color:white;" rowspan="2"|25
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wang surong.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Zhao Ziyang Reagan cropped.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Mao Zhukang|Mao Zhukang<br><small>毛竹康</small>]]<br /><small>(1925-2006)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Mao Zhukang|Mao Zhukang<br><small>毛竹康</small>]]<br /><small>(1925-2006)</small>
|14<sup>th</sup> March 1991
|14<sup>th</sup> March 1991
Line 365: Line 395:
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
! style="background:#DC143C; color:white;" rowspan="2"|26
! style="background:#DC143C; color:white;" rowspan="2"|26
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Hu Jintao at White House 2011.jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:陳水扁2005.jpeg|80px]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Han Guanzheng|Han Guanzheng<br><small>汗官正</small>]]<br /><small>(1940-)</small>
| rowspan="2"|[[Han Guanzheng|Han Guanzheng<br><small>汗官正</small>]]<br /><small>(1940-)</small>
|18<sup>th</sup> July 1995
|18<sup>th</sup> July 1995
|30<sup>th</sup> March 2007
|30<sup>th</sup> March 2006
|{{Age in years, months and days|1995|07|18|2007|03|30}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|1995|07|18|2004|03|30}}
| style="background:#DC143C; color:white;"|[[Society for Restoring Benevolence|{{color|white|Society for Restoring Benevolence}}]]
| style="background:#DC143C; color:white;"|[[Society for Restoring Benevolence|{{color|white|Society for Restoring Benevolence}}]]
|-
|-
Line 377: Line 407:
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wen Jiabao (Cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wen Jiabao (Cropped).jpg|80px]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Xi Yaotang|Xi Yaotang<br><small>夕瑶棠</small>]]<br /><small>(1943–)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[Xi Yaotang|Xi Yaotang<br><small>夕瑶棠</small>]]<br /><small>(1943–)</small>
|30<sup>th</sup> March 2007
|30<sup>th</sup> March 2004
|19<sup>th</sup> June 2014
|19<sup>th</sup> June 2014
|{{Age in years, months and days|2007|03|30|2014|06|19}}
|{{Age in years, months and days|2004|03|30|2014|06|19}}
| style="background:#DC143C; color:white;"|[[Society for Restoring Benevolence|{{color|white|Society for Restoring Benevolence}}]]
| style="background:#DC143C; color:white;"|[[Society for Restoring Benevolence|{{color|white|Society for Restoring Benevolence}}]]
|-
|-

Revision as of 17:24, 6 August 2023

The Auspicious Republic of Xiaodong has had 30 premiers since the posts creation in 1882.

List

  Nonpartisan
  Military
  Constitutionalist Party
  Shangean Youth Party
  Republican Party
  Shangean Section of the Workers' International
  Shangea Regeneration Society
  Constitutional Protection Society
  Concordance Democratic Party
  National Association for Progress
  Society for Restoring Benevolence

No. Portrait Name Took office Left office Days Political Party
HXS seal.png Premier of the Heavenly Shangean Empire HXS seal.png
1 Li Hung-Chang, c. 1896.jpg Prince
Yao Shusheng
尧书生
(1829–1895) 		12rd May 1882 16th November 1885 3 years, 6 months and 4 days Nonpartisan
tba.
2 Wu Tingfang2 (4to3).jpg Duke
Hu Jianying
胡剑英
(1834–1906) 		16th November 1885 12th January 1887 1 year, 1 month and 27 days Nonpartisan
tba.
(1) Li Hung-Chang, c. 1896.jpg Prince
Yao Shusheng
尧书生
(1829–1895) 		12th January 1887 24th March 1889 2 years, 2 months and 12 days Nonpartisan
tba.
3 Ronglu.jpg Duke
Zheng Guangxin
郑光新
(1845-1923) 		12th January 1889 3rd June 1893 4 years, 2 months and 10 days Nonpartisan
tba
(2) Wu Tingfang2 (4to3).jpg Duke
Hu Jianying
胡剑英
(1834–1906) 		3rd June 1893 17rd November 1895 2 years, 5 months and 14 days Military
tba
(1) Li Hung-Chang, c. 1896.jpg Prince
Yao Shusheng
尧书生
(1829–1895) 		17rd November 1895 16th April 1897† 1 year, 4 months and 30 days Nonpartisan
tba.
(3) Ronglu.jpg Duke
Zheng Guangxin
郑光新
(1845-1923) 		16th April 1897 6th June 1900 3 years, 1 month and 21 days Nonpartisan
tba.
4 Zhang Xun2.jpg General
He Zuoxiang
和作祥
(1845-1923) 		6th June 1900 22nd October 1905 5 years, 4 months and 13 days Military
tba.
5 Li Yuanhong(2) (9to12).jpg General
Mao Zhaojian
毛昭谏
(1843-1908) 		22nd October 1905 7th September 1906 10 months and 16 days Military
tba
6 Kang Yu-wei cph.3a36142.jpg Duke
Zhang Qisun
张企孙
(1834–1906) 		7th September 1906 25th June 1911 4 years, 9 months and 18 days Constitutionalist Party
Considered to be a progressive in royalist politics, Zhang was surprisingly appointed by the newly-enthroned Qingzhuo Emperor as a change from the conservative militarism of his predecessors. Zhang intended to increase the power of the National Assembly relative to both the monarchy and the military. He was opposed to the expansion of the Shangean Empire in favour of promoting cordial relations with Euclean nations but during his term the First Sakata Incident saw Shangea expand into Senria. Zhang resigned in 1911 after feeling that the imperial system was unreformable.
(5) Li Yuanhong(2) (9to12).jpg General
Mao Zhaojian
毛昭谏
(1843-1908) 		25th June 1911 13th October 1914 3 years, 3 months and 18 days Military
A former military officer, Mao during his term promoted the continued strong rule of the imperial house often acting more akin to a chief bureaucrat then premier. In response to the Great Collapse Mao was seen to be slow to provide economic relief and was dismissed from office in 1914 after his budget was rejected twice by the National Assembly.
7 Zheng Xiaoxu 1932.jpg Long Zhengxin
龙增新
(1864-1938) 		13th October 1915 27th August 1916 10 months and 14 days Nonpartisan
tba
(5) Li Yuanhong(2) (9to12).jpg General
Mao Zhaojian
毛昭谏
(1843-1908) 		27th August 1916 17th February 1918 1 year, 5 months and 24 days Military
tba
8 Hu Weide 1917.jpg Baron
Kai Panming
凯盘铭
(1853-1922) 		17th February 1918 5th August 1920 2 years, 5 months and 19 days Nonpartisan
tba
9 Cao Kun (cropped).jpg General
Zhao Hongjun
赵鴻鈞
(1853-1922) 		5th August 1920 26th July 1923 2 years, 11 months and 21 days Military
Taking power during the Jiayin uprising, Zhao attempted to monopolise power around himself acting as a balancing factor between more conservative forces and radicals in the military. However the Shanrong Emperor, who was himself sympathetic to the radical military factors, saw Zhao as an opportunist and had him forcibly retired in 1923 in a purge of his supporters.
10 File:Cao Ghuozhang.jpg Cao Ghuozhang
曹国璋
(1842-1900) 		26th July 1923 4th April 1933 9 years, 8 months and 9 days Righteous Harmony Association
Nanqing Clique
Considered to be a key propagandist for the radical factions of the army, Cao was appointed as premier following Zhao's ouster from office. Cao was widely seen as a puppet to army chiefs Ren Xilian and Yao Fuzhang and so never held much real power. He was removed from power in 1933 after the military situation declined.
11 Shi Renshu.jpg Shi Renshu
石壬叔
(1860-1938) 		14th April 1933 16th November 1934 1 year, 7 months and 2 days Military
Appointed to replace Ren, Shi was seen as a weak figure who had little control over the military. He was involved in the defence of Shangea during the Senrian invasion but resigned in 1934 after the capture of Baiqiao.
12 Xu Shichang (cropped, 3to4 format, closeup).jpg Xu Dongwu
许动物
(1884–1948) 		16th November 1934 15th January 1935 1 month and 30 days Nonpartisan
Appointed following the fall of Baiqiao, Qin was the minister of finance but was under pressure from the pro-peace sentiment in the country. In 1935 Xu became Shangea's first republican head of state, subsequently ordering the surrender of Shangea to the Grand Alliance.
State of Xiaodong CoA.png Premier of the Wulin Government State of Xiaodong CoA.png
(12) Xu Shichang (cropped, 3to4 format, closeup).jpg Xu Dongwu
许动物
(1884–1948) 		15th January 1935 23rd May 1935 4 months and 8 days Republican Party
Xu formally signed both the constitution of the republic and the Treaty of Keisi. The latter's signing saw a wave of destabilisation and political protest leading to a snap election which saw Xu's Republican party decisively defeated.
13 Lin Sen (9to12).jpg Zhang Mingshu
張銘樞
(1877–1944) 		23rd May 1935 22nd October 1936 1 year, 4 months and 29 days Constitutionalist Party
Appointed to head an all party cabinet, Zhang soon faced a massive social and political crisis as the civil war worsened and the republican government saw large military setbacks. He lost support in late 1936.
14 T. V. Soong in 1945 face detail, from- T.V. (Tse-Ven) Soong, minister-president van China, Bestanddeelnr 900-8980 (cropped).jpg Meng Jianing
梦佳宁
(1860-1938) 		22nd October 1936 17th December 1936 1 month and 25 days Constitutionalist Party
The former head of the National Assembly Meng was unable to improve the declining political situation and resigned after a month.
15 HHKung.jpg Hu Zhijiang
胡之江
(1860-1938) 		17th December 1936 24th February 1937 2 months and 7 days Constitutionalist Party
Appointed to replace Meng Hu was unable to govern effectively and resigned after two months in office.
(14) T. V. Soong in 1945 face detail, from- T.V. (Tse-Ven) Soong, minister-president van China, Bestanddeelnr 900-8980 (cropped).jpg Meng Jianing
梦佳宁
(1860-1938) 		24th February 1937 8th June 1937 3 months and 15 days Constitutionalist Party
Recalled to office, Meng was unable both to stabilise the political situation nor get allied support for military aid. He resigned after the National Assembly vetoed several cabinet appointees.
16 Chixie.jpg General
Qin Xinyi
秦心衣
(1845-1923) 		8th June 1937 14th November 1939 2 years, 5 months and 6 days Republican Party
Qin came to power after being able to persuade the National Assembly to grant him near-dictatorial powers to fight the civil war. Qin subsequently created a police state in republican areas whilst implementing harsh tactics against the Army of National Salvation. His pro-Grand Alliance foreign policy alongside his repressive internal policies and a worsening financial situation led to an implosion of the government's popularity and he was ousted by a military coup November.
17 Chen Jiongming.jpg Fu Junsheng
傅俊陞
(1877–1944) 		14th November 1939 26th January 1940 2 months and 12 days Shangean Youth Party
Taking power in a coup Fu and his supporters sought to revitalise the war effort. Holding an election after coming to power his Shangean Youth Party was defeated and a cabinet made up of the opposition took his place.
(14) T. V. Soong in 1945 face detail, from- T.V. (Tse-Ven) Soong, minister-president van China, Bestanddeelnr 900-8980 (cropped).jpg Meng Jianing
梦佳宁
(1860-1938) 		26th January 1940 20th June 1940 4 months and 25 days Constitutionalist Party
Reappointed as Premier Meng was able to persuade Senria to lift restrictions on the size of the Shangean army in order to win the civil war. However a series of military defeats saw the government pushed further back and in June 1940 Meng fled the country.
18 Wang Chonghui (cropped).jpg Hu Yingjiu
胡英九
(1896–1948) 		20th June 1940 13th July 1940 23 days Constitutionalist Party
Hu's appointment as Premier came during the final months of the civil war. Hu was considered to be an ineffectual leader and in July 1940 officially signed a decree abolishing the republic and resigning from his post following the victory of Lu Keqian's forces.
Seal of Xiaodong.png Premier of the Auspicious Republic of Shangea Seal of Xiaodong.png
19 Chen Cheng in 1940's.jpg General
Zhou Hongkui
周鸿逵
(1886–1954) 		13th July 1940 7th May 1942 1 year, 9 months and 24 days Nonpartisan
A general considered close to Lu Keqian, Zhou was appointed as an interim premier during the transition period between the declaration of the republic and the signing of a new constitution. He resigned in 1942 after the signing of the new constitution, although would go on to serve a vice-premier from 1944 to 1952.
20 GaoGang.jpg Luo Huizhong
罗会众
(1910–1947) 		7th May 1942 24th August 1945 3 years, 3 months and 17 days Shangean Section of the Workers' International
An intellectual associated with the socialist movement, Luo was appointed as a compromise between the Regeneration Society and the Workers' Party following the signing of the 1942 constitution. Luo was dismissed in 1946 as he became increasingly unable to repair relations with the National Principalists and the socialists. He was later arrested and killed in the 1947 socialist purges.
國共內戰時期周恩來.jpg Chen Xuechang
陳学昌
(1898-1965) 		24th August 1945 20th November 1965 20 years, 2 months and 27 days Shangean Section of the Workers' International
↓
Shangea Regeneration Society
21
tba
22 Sun Fo - Hong Kong - HK - c1950 cs.jpg Lu Zhaohui
陆找回
(1904-1987) 		20th November 1965 31st March 1970 4 years, 4 months and 11 days Shangea Regeneration Society
tba.
23 Shao Yuzhang cropped.png Shao Yuzhang
少愈长
(1937-1980) 		31st March 1970 24th April 1977 7 years and 24 days Military
tba.
22 Roh Tae-woo - cropped, 1988-October-21 02 (cropped).jpg Qian Xingwen
钱兴文
(1922-2014) 		24th April 1977 17th January 1984 6 years, 8 months and 24 days Nonpartisan
tba.
23 孫運璿院長.jpg Liao Congwu
廖从吾
(1914-2001) 		17th January 1984 9th June 1988 4 years, 4 months and 23 days Nonpartisan
tba
24 Wang surong.jpg Li Jingyao
俪竟要
(1924-) 		9th June 1988 14th March 1991 2 years, 9 months and 5 days National Association for Progress
tba.
25 Zhao Ziyang Reagan cropped.jpg Mao Zhukang
毛竹康
(1925-2006) 		14th March 1991 18th July 1995 4 years, 2 months and 13 days Society for Restoring Benevolence
tba.
26 陳水扁2005.jpeg Han Guanzheng
汗官正
(1940-) 		18th July 1995 30th March 2006 8 years, 8 months and 12 days Society for Restoring Benevolence
tba.
27 Wen Jiabao (Cropped).jpg Xi Yaotang
夕瑶棠
(1943–) 		30th March 2004 19th June 2014 10 years, 2 months and 20 days Society for Restoring Benevolence
tba.
28 Xi jinping Brazil 2013.png Jiang Zhongyu
江终于
(1956–) 		19th June 2014 8th March 2022 7 years, 8 months and 17 days Society for Restoring Benevolence
tba.
29 Wang Yang (Chinese politician) Washington 2013.jpg Wen Kezhi
问可知
(1950–) 		8th March 2022 Incumbent 2 years, 8 months and 23 days Nonpartisan
(endorsed by the Society for Restoring Benevolence)
tba.
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