User:Mu/Sandbox3
| Nuxican Revolution Revolució Nuxicana | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
      Left-Right from top: Aquilles Pintà in the National Palace with his officers, Federals execute Vermell rebels, Blanc paramilitaries during the Battle of Jerilejo, Federals march following the Battle of Quezalquina, Vermell militias prepare to execute suspected spies, Federal-Blancs move into the city of Estancaja. | ||||||||
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| Belligerents | ||||||||
1915-28  Federals |
1915-28  Vermells |
1916-20  Blancs | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
|
Aquilles Pintà Aaron Larroder † Tomàs Sitjar † Cosme Sansalva Lleó Vilademuls Roger Badal Ferran Puyal † Samsó Balagué Raül Fores Arnau Roel |
Biel Izaguerri  Emili Yaben † Salvador Fatjó † Borja Baye Àngel Ribes † Livi Traveria Brandà Maruny † Absaló Ull Arnau Latas Gondicari Xifrà Pere Decasas |
Moisès Utge Aleix Arqués Raimon Guillaum Pròsper Bos † Llucià Cubells Jacint Bover | ||||||
| Strength | ||||||||
|
1915 strength: 225,000+ army 350 tankettes 800 aircraft 75 ships 35 submarines 1928 strength: 815,000+ army 360 tanks 725 aircraft 60 ships 30 submarines |
1915 strength: 600,000+ fighters 120 tankettes 275 aircraft 30 ships 2 submarines 1928 strength: 72,000 fighters 150 tankettes 25 tanks 100 aircraft 13 ships |
1915 strength: 650,000+ fighters 120 tankettes 100 aircraft 12 ships | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
|
220,750+ killed in action 125,000+ civilians killed inside the Federalist zone |
375,000+ killed in action 570,000+ civilians killed inside the Izaguerrist zone |
95,700+ killed in action 12,000+ civilians killed in inside the Blancist zone | ||||||
| Estimated 213,520-1,570,000 civilians and military killed total. | ||||||||
The Nuxican Revolution (Floren: Revolució Nuxicana), also known as the Great Chaos (Floren: Gran Caos), the Lost Thirteen (Floren: El Tretze Perdut) or the Nuxican Civil War (Floren: Guerra civil nuxicana) was a major civil, military, and political struggle in Nuxica fought from 1915 to 1928. Nuxican Army forces -- known as the Federals -- loyal to the centre-right government fought, in an alliance with the right-wing to far-right National Front for Traditional Rights and Piety -- known as the Blancs -- from 1920 onward, against a revolt against the far-left umbrella organization United Army of the Labor Class -- known as the Vermells.
The conflict ended with the execution of Biel Izaguerri and the implementation of the constitution of 1928, drafted, passed, and promulgated by both the Federals and the Blancs, which effectively installed an authoritarian government under significant sway of the Nuxican Armed Forces. The war was both politically and economically destructive, shattering existing political norms and leading directly to the 1950 Nuxican white coup and the beginning of La Suautadura.
The passive phase of the conflict technically began in 1914, when the military overthrew the civilian government of Bernat Bargalló and installed a military hexagonite, leading to violence and strikes. The active phase of the conflict began when government forces, now under the authority of Prime Minister Aquilles Pintà i Puigdellivol, crushed strikes nationwide, but particularly in the industrial city of Estancaja, prompting the Nuxican Revolutionary League, the Syndicalist Party of Nuxica, and the Social Democratic Labor Party to arm themselves and unite under the United Red Army of the Labor Class (Floren: Exèrcit Roig Unit de la Classe Treballadora; ERUCT), led by revolutionary equalist Biel Izaguerri. Establishing the Nuxican Socialist Republic in Estancaja the ERUCT, now known as the Vermells, Reds, or Red Army, engaged in fierce fighting with the government while also attacking both Catholics, the Solarian Catholic Church, and much of the traditional values still making up Nuxican society. These events prompted Bishop Moisès Utge along with leaders of the Catholic-interest party National Action, Aleix Arqués and Raimon Guillaum to lead an armed counter-rebellion against the Estancaja government. Uniting with other local groups and Catholic sympathizers the leading triumvirate of the counter-rebellion declared an alternative government, known as the Nuxican State.
Red Army forces initially made rapid gains against government forces in industrialized areas of northern and western Nuxica, while the government maintained control of major population centers of the western coast and south, and the Blancs secured control over much of the central areas of the country. Having a major advantage in terms of numbers and the element of surprise, Red Army forces took the cities of Nagua, Semeca, San Peluca, and El Tumcualpa during the 1915 fall offensive, besieging San Ferteli and forcing a general retreat of government forces to the west. Diplomatic talks between Federal and Blanc forces led to the two creating a united front against the Vermells, known as the Federal-Blancs or Federal-Whites. The Vermells, while numerically superior, lacked the training and equipment necessary to prosecute a war against the two united armies. With their forces effectively split in half after the Battle of Quezalquina as a part of the Federal-Blanc strategy Pla d’operació Boa the Vermells reverted to scorched earth tactics before inevitably being besieged in the final holdout of La Hetezo. Principle Vermell leadership were killed during the fall of the city; others, including Biel Izaguerri, were captured, tried, and executed, while the remainder fled into neighboring Chervolesia and began the initial phase of the Nuxican insurgency from there.
The war represents the end of the liberal republicanism and parliamentarianism that made up the Nuxican political sphere for nearly half a century, and the centralization of a right-wing, proto-Functionalist political ascendancy. Though not officially cemented until 1950 many historians posit that the end of the revolution and the promulgation of the Constitution of 1928 marked the technical beginning of the La Suautadura civic-military dictatorship, with the military not giving up its power on politics until the Dahlia Revolution.
Background
1910-1915 Nuxican political crisis
Political entrenchment had been slowly building in the country following the election of 1890, with traditionalists, far-right demagogues, and radical socialists, anarchists, and syndicalists making up an ever increasing percentage of parliament. This, of course, came at the expense of the moderate liberals, democrats, and social democrats that made up the center of the political sphere. Though having led the government since the inception of the Democratic Labor Front (Floren: Front Laborista Democràtic; FLD) in 1905, the Social Democratic Labor Party of Nuxica (Floren: Partit Laborista socialdemòcrata; PLs) had been consistently coming under threat from both the far-left and the right. Between 1910 and 1913 Nuxica experienced four separate changes in power as parties began to leave the FLD, with many parties threatening to withdraw their seats should certain political agendas not be fulfilled. The election of Bernat Bargalló in the 1913 snap elections saw the PLs with the fewest number of seats ever, with the government coalition only maintaining an overall fifty-one percent of the parliamentary seats.
These tensions escalated following the 1910 Great Depression, which threw Nuxica's economy into disarray. Radicals on both sides of the political spectrum began to make concerted efforts to sway public opinion from the ruling PLs and seize power for themselves. These efforts were both political and civil, with rallies, marches, strikes, and riots breaking out frequently.
During this time the far-right political society called the Association for National Rejuvenation (Floren: Associació per a Rejoveniment Nacional; ARN), primarily made up of conservatives, business leadership within the Chamber of Industry and Commerce (Floren: Cambra de Indústria i Comerç; CIC), and former officers of the Nuxican Armed Forces began publishing speeches and letters to the public calling for the "imposition of martial order over the nation, until such time as the political upheavals our country are experiencing have ceased." Over time, calls for the resignation of Bergalló grew to come from the other right-wing parties within parliament as well from some active members of the Armed Forces themselves.
Tensions further increased following the "events of the First of May," when low-level soldiers attempted an insurrection in order to form a left-wing collectivist government. Though it failed, the fallout from this event and the subsequent increase in the size of the concurrent general strike resulted in significant tensions between the government and the military over the continued stability and security of the nation under Bergalló's leadership.
1914-15 Nuxican general strike
Economic fallout from the 1910 Great Depression in Nuxica led to a sharp decrease in labor accountability and labor laws, with governments from 1910 to 1913 loosening labor laws in order to maximize productivity. Following the election of the Social Democratic Labor Party and Democratic Labor Front to government with slim margins, many far-left parties began to attempt to agitate towards unionization, workers rights, and progressive labor laws. Members of the Nuxican Section of the Worker's Internationale (Floren: Secció Nuxicana de la Internacional dels Treballadors; SNIT) began a general strike against the government, with Nuxican Revolutionary League (Flore: Lliga Revolucionària Nuxicana; LRN) and the Syndicalist Party of Nuxica (Flore: Partit Sindicalista de Nuxica; PSN) following later on.
Initial strikes
Known as the Crimson Summer (Floren: Estiu Carmesí), the term denotes a series of general strikes that occurred almost continually from March 1914 until September 1915. Beginning with protests over the continued government paralysis on economic issues following the 1910 Great Depression, they quickly began to have a more radical tinge as more and more members of the far-left began to protest as well.
Initially made up of just members of the Nuxican Section of the Worker's Internationale, members of the , the Farmer's and Worker's Party (Floren: Partit de Pagesos i Obrers; PPO), Nuxican Revolutionary League, and the Syndicalist Party of Nuxica also began joining the protest. This sparked fears of an imminent leftist uprising among the political right-wing and the military.
The government of Prime Minister Bergalló was thus caught in a position where it found itself unable to crack down on the protests, for fear of driving out what little support it had on the moderate left, and also unable to allow the protests to remain, for fear of prompting an insurrection by the right-wing and military. Thus the overall government response to the protests and strikes were mixed and confused at best, with police given orders to "only use such force as is necessary to achieve order and minimize casualty." This resulted in many jurisdictions being unable to formulate a cohesive response to the strikes beyond protecting job sites and property, effectively ceding control over much of the streets to the strikers.
Post-coup d'état
Tensions further escalated following the 1914 Nuxican coup d'état by General Juan Sebastián García, all parties within the Democratic Labor Front that still remained following the mass arrest of the Front's leadership began to order their members into the streets as a part of a "campaign of mass civil action against the partisans, functionalists, and martial forces that imperil our democracy under the dictatorship of the puppet."
Massive demonstrations against the ruling military council and their civil face, Aquilles Pintá, quickly erupted around the nation. These strikes brought the country to a standstill, and directly resulted in the crackdown by PM Pintá on the 5th of September.
Government-military split
- Government is not cracking down
- Economy is in the shitter
- First of May failed
- Members of the Armed Forces are big mad, want gov't to step down
- Political right-wing also angry and want gov't to step down
- President and PM do not resign
- Armed Forces Chief Juan Sebastián García gives leftist PM "until Christmas morning" to resign
Events of the First of May
On May Day 1914, soldiers within the Tocureno Army Base took weapons from the armory and held their commanding officers at gunpoint. After subduing them and placing them under military arrest, the soldiers moved into the town of Tocureno and began to seize local municipal buildings, police stations, radio stations, and police armories. The weapons taken from these armories were distributed both amongst the soldiers, and to members of a local strike that was happening concurrently to the mutiny. The mutineers, along with the strikers, were able to seize control of the town and declare it in a radio announcement to be "the independent and free worker's and soldier's government of the Tocureno Soviet."
Soldiers loyal to the soviet began attempting to convince neighboring towns and cities to also take up arms against the government to attempt to spark a national revolution in order to overthrow the ruling Bergalló government, which it decried as a "puppet show of the bourgeois." The attempts to rally the majority of the population to their cause largely failed, and the mutineers surrendered to a military force which moved into the city on the 5th of May.
Though it failed, the attempted revolution prompted the Association for National Rejuvenation, as well as the armed forces themselves, to openly question the continued political stability of the nation. Many nationalists and functionalist military officers felt that the ruling Democratic Labor Front would cede power to the radical left if an attempt was made to overthrow the government, and so members of the Chiefs of Staff, as well as the political right-wing, attempted to convince Prime Minister Bergalló to crack down on leftist protestors and purge the armed forces. Accusations were also made that various political and social actors, including government figures, were part of a far-left conspiracy to seize power.
1914 Nuxican coup d'état
The 1914 Nuxican coup d'état, also known by historians, political experts, and many members of the public as the Christmas Revolution (Floren: Revolució de Nadal), was a series of coordinated military and civilian operations in Nuxica from the 24th of December, 1914 to the 25th of December, 1915 that led to the overthrow of the civilian government of President Macedoni Mauri i Pallejà and Prime Minister Bernat Bargalló i Massafré by members of both the National Armed Forces and the National Guard, with the support of the clergy, powerful corporations, and members of the Nuxican right-wing aristocracy. The legislature and judiciary of the nation was also seized by the military, with both the Supreme Juror and the Speaker forced to declare each branch respectively suspended and prorogued indefinitely before resigning. The coup put an end to the minority government of the Social Democratic Labor Party (PLSd), as well as negotiations between the PNT and the syndicalist National Confederation of Labor.
The coup came following Crimson Summer, in which leftist groups engaged in massive general strikes and battled with right-wing groups for political supremacy within the country. A bare victory for the social democratic PLSd in the parliamentary snap elections forced the government to enter into a coalition with the Democratic Union Party, a center-left political party. However, tensions between the two organizations, combined with the continuing failure to resolve economic issues stemming from 1910 Nuxican recession caused the coalition to collapse. Fearing a vote of no confidence, Prime Minister Bargalló entered into negotiations with the syndicalist National Confederation of Labor.
Fearing a "syndical-communist takeover of the nation," business and political elites within the Chamber of Commerce and Trade -- a powerful lobbying group in the country -- began coordinating with conservative, proto-Functionalist, and Solarian Catholic members of the armed forces to overthrow the government in favor of a corporo-nationalist military junta.
The coup was successful, installing General Juan Sebastián García i Masvidal as the leader of the junta. Proclaiming a New Order within the country, Garcia began a campaign of terror, purges, forced disappearances, and acts of violence against opposition groups that would last until the beginning of Nuxican involvement in the Great War.
Dia de les Massacres
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- PM Pintà gets sick of the protests
- Legitimate rumor is that protests outside of the war college (where Pintà was basing his gov't due to the massive garrison and military bases nearby) woke him up early in the morning
- Drafts order mandating that soldiers 'clear the streets' of major cities of protestors 'by any and all means necessary at your disposal'
- It goes as well as one can imagine
- Carutagua is clear of protestors though
- EVERYONE (LEFT WING) HATED THAT
- Protests get bigger
Storming of El Castell
- Left wing parties organize members to storm El Castell, a massive armory
- They-can't-kill-us-all logic on full display
- But it works
- Uprising begin