Anáhuac
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Gran Rugido República Federal del Gran Rugido | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms
| |
| 'Motto: 'In Unum Progredientes Progressing in Unity | |
| Anthem: "El Rugido de la Nación" | |
 | |
| Capital | San Jorge Xayacatlán |
| Largest city | Santa Elisa |
| Official languages | None at federal level |
| Recognized languages | Spanish and 12 Amerindian languages. |
| Recognised national languages | Spanish |
| Ethnic groups | Sapinish, Tarascanian, Mayaʼtʼàan, Dizhsa, En Ngixo, Jilachi, Didxazon |
| Religion | 88.9% Christianity
—77.7% Roman Catholic —11.2% Protestantism 8.1% Irreligious 0.2% Other religions 2.5% Unaffiliated (believer) |
| Demonym(s) | Rugidoense, Gran Rugidoense |
| Government | Federal presidential constitutional republic |
| Matías Larrazábal Torres | |
| Fernanda Hernández Alanis | |
• President of the Senate | Odilo Beltrones Leyva |
| Legislature | Congress |
| Senate | |
| Chamber of Deputies | |
| Independence from: Canter Republic | |
• Declaration of Independence | October 12, 1808 |
• Consumated | 17 February, 1810 |
• First constitution | December 12, 1811 |
• Second constitution | May 5, 1860 |
• Current constitution | May 5, 1917 |
• Santa Elisa Accords | September 19, 1970 |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,230,307 km2 (475,024 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2020 census | 52,165,016 |
• Density | 42.4/km2 (109.8/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | 1.275 trillion |
• Per capita | 20,266 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $443 billion |
• Per capita | 9,246 |
| Gini (2016) | 45.1 medium |
| HDI (2019) | 0.770 high |
| Currency | Rugidoan Peso ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217 ISO 4217]) |
| Time zone | UTC+5 UTC +6 |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +52 |
| Internet TLD | .gr |
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Gran Rugido (Sapinish: Ueytekoyolistl, often stylized as Huitecoyolistli), officially the Federal Republic of Gran Rugido (República Federal de Gran Rugido) is a country in the center portion of Olivacia, Anteria. It is bordered to the north by Savane; to the south by Marlenka, to the east by Lake Girón, Nellentroterra and the Zhiguryian Regency and to the west with the Sunadic Bay. Covering 1,230,307 square kilometers, Gran Rugido is organized as a federation comprising 12 states with San Jorge Xayacatlán as its national capital. Other major urban areas include Santa Elisa, Aztlán, Santiago de Lujambio, Mendoza, San Agustín, Ixchel, and Los Canas.
Gran Rugido has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since at least 12,000 BCE, including the Sapinish, the Dizhsans and the Tarascanians. The Canterian Empire landed first in the country in 1519 and was conquered by 1521. The new colony in Olivacia was ruled by the Canterians under the Kingdom of New Canteria for nearly three centuries. Independence from the Canter Republic was achieved in 1810, with what is now Gran Rugido emerging as the First Republic of Gran Rugido. The new nation experimented with monarchisim twice, before transitioning with republicanism as the United States of Gran Rugido, the Federation of Gran Rugido, and the modern day Federal Republic of Gran Rugido declared in 1880. The Rugidoense Revolution led to a new and the actual constitution. Beginning in the 1920s, the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence, which escalated into a civil war in 1968. Since 1982, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law, as well as unprecedented economic growth and development.
Etymology
In Sapinish, Gran Rugido comes for the conjunction of the Spanish word for Great and Roar (Gran & Rugido), making reference to the thunderous roar like sound made when the city of Tlaxomolco (modern day San Jorge Xayacatlán) was founded fulfilling the standards of Ometéotl. These words in thd Sapinish dialect are uey & tekoyolistli respectively.
Sapinish groups called their lands Xalco (Sand place), given that most of the Sapin Empire lands were the hostile sands of the Jilachi Desert. Lands beyond the Sapin speaking world are commonly known as the Nikanauak (Place where Anahuac ends). These lands are supposedly modern day Marlenka and Savane according to historians and anthropologists.
History
Indigenous civilizations
Main articles: Pre-Canterian Gran Rugido and Mesoolivacian chronology
The earliest human artifacts in Gran Rugido are chips of stone tools found near campfire remains in the Valley of Calm and radiocarbon-dated to circa 9,000 years ago. While is probably not the first place to have domesticated this cultives, is the site of the domestication of maize, tomato, and beans produced an agricultural surplus. This enabled the transition from Paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BC. In the subsequent formative eras, maize cultivation, and cultural traits such as a mythological and religious complex, and a vigesimal (base 20) numeric system, were diffused from the primitive Rugidoan cultures to the rest of the area.
First complex civilizations in Gran Rugido can be traced in the Dizhan culture, which flourished on the southermost part around 400 BC. Dizhan cultural traits diffused through Gran Rugido into other formative-era cultures on modern day Lujambio, Senora and the Valley of Calm. Other civilizations that followed during the formative period of the nation were the Tarascanian and the Didxažon. In the subsequent pre-classical period, the Tarascanians and Dizhans civilizations developed complex centers at Kabah and La Venta, respectively. During this period, the first writing systems were developed in the Epi-Dizhsans and the Maya't'aan cultures. The writing tradition reached its height in the Classic Hieroglyphic script. The earliest written stories date from this era.
After splintering from the Dizhans and the Tarascanians in 700 AD, competition ensued between several important political centers in Gran Rugido such as the En Ngixos and the Nguichee civilizations. Toward the end of the post-Classic period, the Sapinish eventually estalished themselves as the sole civilization in central Gran Rugido, giving rise to a political and economic empire based in the city of Tlaxomolco, extending from said city to the corners of Lake Girón. Civilizations such as the Didxazon and the Dizhans would eventually collapse for political unstability or famine respectively.
In certain ocassions, the Sapinish and the Tarascanian civilizations would fight for a variable of reasons. These wars would last until the colonial era and the arrival of the Canterians. A splinter of the Sapinish Empire, the Southern Sapins would become a pariah state in the 1400s.
Discovery of Olivacia (1483)
Main article: Discovery of Olivacia
The true extent of the Sapinish and the Tarascanians in the years post discovery of Olivacia, is still unknown. To this date, there are no true extent regarding the interaction of the Sapinish or Tarascanians with the discoverers, although it is generally accepted that there was never a direct contact. Another clue supporting this is that the Sapinish at the time were dealing with several rebellions between several other groups they subjugated and the outbreak of the “Wraith of Ayauhtéotl” upon their land, likely indicating that an potential outbreak of smallpox or Yellow Wasting gradually reach the empire, while the Tarascanians were dealing with their century long conflict against the Sapinish.
Colonization
Main article: Canterian conquest of Gran Rugido
Although Olivacia was discovered in 1483, it was until 1519 when Álvaro Morte de Montemayor sighted the shores of the ruined city of Itzatlán, former capital city of the already long gone Didxažon. He settled his men in the former ruins and declared the land for the Canterian Empire and named it Santiago de Pascua as the date of its discovery was the traditional Catholic holiday of Easter. The subsequent small settlements were built using the stones of the former pyramids.
A month after arriving, the food and main resources were on the verge of shortage on the small settlement he met some of the tributaries of the Sapinish and asked them to arrange a meeting with Moctezuma III, the tlatoani of the Sapin Empire. Moctezuma repeatedly turned down the meeting, but Álvaro was determined. Leaving a hundred men in Santiago de Pascua, he marched on Tlaxomulco in mid-August 1519, along with 600 soldiers, 15 horsemen, 10 cannons, and hundreds of indigenous carriers and warriors. On the way to Tlaxomulco, he made alliances with indigenous peoples such as a recently expelled cell of Tarascanians and the Southern Sapinish in the north. The Maya’t’aan and then the En Ngixios fought with the Canterians in a series of three battles from 2 to 5 September 1519. After he continued to release prisoners with messages of peace, and realizing the Canterians were enemies of Moctezuma, Xicotencatl the Elder persuaded the Maya't'aan war leader, Xicotencatl the Younger, that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them.
By the time he arrived in Tlaxomulco, the Canterians had a large army. On November 8, 1519, they were peacefully received by Moctezuma III. Moctezuma deliberately let him enter the Sapin capital, hoping to get to know their weaknesses better and to crush them later. Moctezuma gave lavish gifts of gold to the Canterians which, rather than placating them, excited their ambitions for plunder. In his letters to the Canterian Empreror, he claimed to have learned at this point that he was considered by the Sapins to be either an emissary of Moyokoyani or the god himself – a belief which has been contested by a few modern historians.- But quickly he learned that several Canterians on Itzatlan had been killed by Sapins while supporting the Southern Sapins. In retaliation for this act, the Canterians decided to take Moctezuma as a hostage in his palace, indirectly ruling Tlaxomulco through him.
Meanwhile, other expeditions, opposed to Álvaro Morte de Montemayor, arrivied in Gran Rugido with 1,090 men. He armed himself with 350 men to combat these expeditions as he knew that if the captain of any of these expeditions succeded, it would bring his power down. On the capital, Canterians loyal to Franco Pizarro de Adamán provoked the Massacre of the Templo del Sol against the Sapin nobility. Álvaro speedily returned to Tlaxomulco. On June 31, 1520, Moctezuma III was killed (the Canterians claimed he was stoned to death by his own people; others claim he was murdered by the colonizers once they realized his inability to placate the locals). Faced with a hostile population, the Canterians decided to flee for Apizaco. During the Terrible Noche (June 31 – July 1, 1520), the Canterians managed a narrow escape from Tlaxomolko across the Tapalpa causeway, while their rearguard was being massacred. Much of the treasure looted was lost (as well as his artillery) during this panicked escape from Tlaxomulco.
Having lost 870 men, the Canterian men finally prevailed with reinforcements arriving from Canteria itself. A policy of attrition towards Tlaxomulco began afterwards, cutting off supplies and subduing cities that aligned themselves with the Sapins. The Sapins would fall back to Tlalpujahua following a siege to Apaxco. Even while succeed in ambushing pursuing Canterian forces, inflicting heavy losses, the last portion of the Xayacatlán would fall to the conquistadores. The siege of Tlaxomulco ended with a Canterian victory and 95% of the city destroyed. Finally, with the capture and execution of Cuauhpopocac, the last tlatoani of the Sapin Empire, on August 9 1521, the indigenous empire collapsed on its own and Álvaro Morte de Montemayor was able to claim the Xalco for the Canterian Empire, thus renaming the recently destroyed Tlaxomulco to San Jorge.
The territory known as Xalco became part of the Canterian Empire under the name of New Canteria in 1532. San Jorge was systematically rebuilt by Montemayor following the Siege of Tlaxomulco in 1521. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Gran Rugido developed during the 300-year colonial period from 1521 to independence in 1810.
As the Vicerroyalty of New Canteria
Main article: Vicerroyalty of New Canteria
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Independence (1808-1810)
Main article: Rugidoense War of Independence
On October 12 1808, a "loyalist revolt" against the ruling junta was declared by priest Mohamed Navarro, in the small town of La Rioja, Lujambio. This event, known as the Cry of La Rioja (Spanish: Grito de La Rioja) is commemorated each year, on October 12, as Gran Rugido’s independence day. The first insurgent group was formed by Navarro, the colonial viceregal army captain Andras Ibarra, the militia captain José Torres and La Jueza (English: The Judge) Ana Victoria de la Reguera. Navarro and some of his soldiers were captured and executed by hanging in San Jorge, on 31 July 1809.
Following Narravo's death, the leadership was assumed by Raúl Lopez and then by the priest Alejandra Cassino, who occupied key southern cities with the support of Santos Ibarra and Aaron Nuñez. In one notable incident, Nuñez captured 200 loyalist soldiers, whom Cassino ordered should be executed in revenge of the murder of Nuñez's father. In an act of mercy, Nuñez instead pardoned the prisoners, most of whom then joined the insurgent cause.
In January 1810, the Congress of Tepeyac was convened and, On January 6, signed the "Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Gran Rugido”. This Act also abolished slavery and the caste system. In the subsequent months, the colonialist troops were finally expelled from the nation, althrough attempts to reconquer the nation still persisted.
Early Republic and First Empire (1810-1854)
Main articles: First Empire of Sapin, United States of Gran Rugido, and Centralist Republic of Gran Rugido
The successful rebels established the First Gran Rugido Republic. In November 1810, a constitution of a federated republic was promulgated, and former insurgent general Aramberri Lavín became the first president of the newly born republic. In 1820, former insurgent general and fierce Liberal Aaron Nuñez, a signatory of the Plan de Famagusta that achieved independence, became president in a disputed election. During his short term in office, April to December 1820, he restored the Army and the Navy. As a visibly mixed-race man of modest origins, Nuñez was seen by white political elites as an interloper. His Conservative vice president, former Royalist General Patricio Misael Tovar, led a coup against him and Nuñez was judicially murdered. There was constant strife between Liberals, supporters of a federal form of decentralized government and often called Federalists and their political rivals, the Conservatives, who proposed a hierarchical form of government, were termed Centralists.
Staunch royalist and pro-moncarchist Efraín Santo Domingo rose to the power after Nuñez put him as prime minister. After deposing Nuñez from power, he reformed the Early Republic into the Empire of Gran Rugido. During it's brief time, the now Emperor of Gran Rugido attempted to do good and gained the favor of the ellite of the time but staunch opposition by the masses prevented him to do many things. Santo Domingo was eventually killed by his "heir" in a secret coup to restore the republic into the nation.
Gran Rugido’s ability to maintain its independence and establish a viable government was in question, despite the colonizer's disinterest of a reconquer its former colony but eventually recognized its independence and both nations established commercial relationship in the early 1830s. Emerging as a national hero in restoring the democracy in Gran Rugido was creole army general, Ibrahim Salazar, who had participated in the overthrow of Emperor Santo Domingo and came to dominate the politics for the next 25 years, until his own overthrow in 1855.
Gran Rugido also contended with indigenous groups which controlled territory that Gran Rugido claimed in the north. The remaining Sapinos controlled a huge territory in the sparsely populated region of central and northern Mendoza. Meanwhile, Salazar sought to centralize government rule, suspending the constitution, and promulgating the Nine Laws, which place power in his hands. When he suspended the 1811 Constitution, civil war spread across the country. Three new governments declared independence: the Republic of Aztlán, the Federation of South Gran Rugido and the Kingdom of Córdoba. Despite several bad decisions regarding the Sapinish and the new nations, conservative Salazar returned to the presidency yet again and then was ousted and exiled in the Liberal Revolution of Saltillo.
Reform War, Second Empire and Restored Republic (1855-1875)
Main Articles: La Reforma, Second Empire of Sapin, Federation of Gran Rugido
The overthrow of Salazar and the establishment of a civilian government by Liberals allowed them to enact laws that they considered vital for Gran Rugido's economic development. The Liberal Reform attempted to modernize Gran Rugido's economy and institutions along liberal principles. They promulgated a new Constitution in 1860, separating Church and State, stripping the Conservative institutions of the Church and the military of their special privileges (fueros), mandating the sale of Church-owned property and sale of indigenous community lands, and secularizing education. Conservatives revolted, touching off civil war between rival Liberal and Conservative governments.
The Liberals defeated the Conservative army on the battlefield in 1864 but a conservative monarchist party with influences of Emperor Efráin, Acción Rugidoense took over, taking the Liberals by suprise. After a quick defeat of the Liberalists, the group proclaimed it's leader, Rodolfo Cordero Puentes as Emperor of the new empire. Facing once again staunch opposition, the aid to the Liberals increased, with even some Conservatives joining on the fight. After two years of fighting, Republican forces captured the Emperor and he was executed in Laurua, along with two Conservative generals. The "Restored Republic" saw the arrival of Raymundo Vigil, who was "the personification of the embattled republic," as president.
Liberalism became synonymous with patriotism. The Gran Rugidoan Army that had its roots in the colonial royal army and then the army of the early republic was destroyed. New military leaders had emerged from the War of the Reform. Vigil won re-election in 1870, but was challenged by Angel Badillo Lenoci, who criticized him for running for re-election. Lenoci then rebelled, only for being crushed by Vigil. Having won re-election, Vigil died in office of natural causes in July 1872, and Liberal Santiago Garza García became president, declaring a "religion of state" for rule of law, peace, and order. When Garza García ran for re-election, Lenoci rebelled against the civilian president, issuing the Plan of Cervantes. Lenoci had more support and waged guerrilla warfare against García. On the verge of Lenoci's victory on the battlefield, García fled from office, going into exile. Another army general assumed the presidency of Gran Rugido.
Lenociato (1875-1911)
Main Article: Lenociato
After the turmoil in Gran Rugido from 1810 to 1876, the 35-year rule of Liberal Ángel Badillo Lenoci (r.1876–1911) allowed the nation to rapidly modernize in a period characterized as one of "order and progress". The “Lenociato” was characterized by economic stability and growth, significant foreign investment and influence, an expansion of the railroad network and telecommunications, and investments in the arts and science. The period was also marked by economic inequality and political repression. Lenoci knew the potential for army rebellions, and systematically downsized the expenditure for the force, rather expanding the rural police force under direct control of the president. Lenoci did not provoke the Catholic Church, coming to a modus vivendi with it; but he did not remove the anticlerical articles from the 1857 Constitution. From the late nineteenth century, Protestants began to make inroads in Gran Rugido.
While the government encouraged foreign investment, national enterprises had their roots with the “Ley de Economía Basica por el Bien del Pueblo” ratified and passed in 1883. Investors developed extractive mining of copper, lead, and other minerals, as well as petroleum on the Anepalco region. Changes in the law allowed for private enterprises to own the subsoil rights of land, rather than continuing the colonial law that gave all subsoil rights to the State. An industrial manufacturing sector also developed, particularly in textiles. At the same time, new enterprises gave rise to an industrial work force, which began organizing to gain labor rights and protections.
During this period, Lenoci had surrounded himself with a group of advisors that became known as the “Hombres de Ciencia” ("man of science"). The most influential of them was Secretary of Finance Jaime Jose Canavati. The Lenocian regime was influenced by positivism, as they rejected theology and idealism in favor of scientific methods being applied towards national development. As an integral aspect of the liberal project was secular education.
Lenoci's long success did not include planning for a political transition beyond his own presidency. He made no attempt, however, to establish a family dynasty, naming no relative as his successor. As the centennial of independence approached, Lenoci gave an interview where he said he was not going to run in the 1910 elections, when he would be 80. Political opposition had been suppressed and there were few avenues for a new generation of leaders. But his announcement set off a frenzy of political activity, including the unlikely candidacy of the scion of a rich landowning family, Germán Castillo. Castillo won a surprising amount of political support when Lenoci changed his mind and ran in the election, jailing Castillo. The October celebration of the Independence would be the last celebration of the Lenociato before the Rugidoense Revolution officially began on 24 November 1910.
Rugidoense Revolution (1911-1916)
Further information: Rugidoense Revolution
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The Rugidoense Revolution was a seven-long transformational conflict in Gran Rugido, with consequences to this day. Lasting from 1910 to 1917, it saw uprisings against President Lenoci, his resignation, an interim presidency, and the democratic election of a rich landowner, Germán Castillo in 1911. In February 1913, a military coup d'état overthrew Castillo's government, resulting in Castillo’s murder by agents of Federal Army General Anastasio Revilla. A coalition of anti-Revilla forces in the North, the Constitutionalist Army overseen by Eduardo Madero, and a peasant army in the South under Alberto Fernandez, defeated the Federal Army. In 1914 that army was dissolved as an institution. Following the revolutionaries' victory against Revilla, revolutionary armies sought to broker a peaceful political solution, but the coalition splintered, plunging Gran Rugido into civil war again. Constitutionalist general Doroteo Alanis, commander of the Division of the North, broke with Madero and allied with Fernandez. Madero's best general, Alejandro Jimenez, defeated Alanis, his former comrade-in-arms in the Battle of Ixchel in 1915, and Alanis's forces melted away. Madero became the de facto head of Gran Rugido, and in late December, the winners met at a constitutional convention to draft the Constitution of 1916, which was ratified in March 1916. Said Constitution strengthened the anticlerical provisions that were carried over from the 1860 Constitution. With amendments, it remains the governing document of Mexico. It is estimated that the war killed 900,000 of the 1910 population of 20 million.
Consolidating power, President Madero had peasant-leader Alberto Fernandez assassinated in 1917. Madero had gained support of the peasantry during the Revolution, but once in power he did little to distribute land, and, in fact, returned some confiscated land to their original owners. President Madero's best general, Jimenez, served briefly in Madero's administration, but returned to his home state of Zaragoza to position himself to run in the 1920 presidential election. Madero chose a political and revolutionary nobody to succeed him. Jimenez and two other revolutionary generals drew up the Plan of Agua Prieta, overthrowing Madero, who died fleeing Laurua in 1920. General Santiago Lenoci, son of Angel Lenoci became interim president, followed the election of General Alejandro Jimenez.
Political Crisis (1920-1968)
Main article: Rugidoense Political Crisis
The first quarter-century of the post-revolutionary period (1920–1950) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as Presidents of Gran Rugido, including Santiago Lenoci (1922–30), Videl de la García (1930–38), Martín Falcón (1938–46), and Abelardo Portes Gil (1946–54). Soon after 1940’s, Gran Rugido achieved some degree of political stability, which was interrupted by two local scale conflict that took place between the late 1940s and the early 1960s, known as La Violencia ("The Violence") and El Temblor ("The Quake") threatned to provoke a major conflict. Its cause was mainly mounting tensions between the left and right spectrum parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of the PRM presidential candidate Avelino Montes Gaitán on 9 April 1954.
After 1954, the election of Oscar Vela Cantú, the first civilian president in the post-revolutionary period, Gran Rugido embarked on an aggressive program of economic development, known as “El Milagro Rugidoense” (The Rugidoense Miracle), which was characterized by rapid industrialization, modernization, urbanization, and the increase of inequality between urban and rural areas. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political problems continued, when organizations such as the Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de Gran Rugido (English:National Workers Syndicate of Gran Rugido) and the Frente Gildardo Pagaza para la Liberación Nacional (English: Gildardo Pagaza Front of National Liberation) were formed. Even after the PNR lost for the first time against the newly formed Unión Democratica Rugidoense (UDR) with favorite Susete Hernández Niño as candidate, the 1962 election were called by the left as a massive fraud against the nation’s principles. Opposition to the Hernandez Niño government was strong on the leftist side and eventually, culminated with the 1967 student’s movement.
Rugidoense Civil War (1968 – 1970)
Further information: Gran Rugidoense Civil War
On 5 May 1968, a coup d'état brought the National Reorganization Process to power. It brought to the table of the government, several syndicalist and socialist ideals. The purpose of this new junta was to stop the revolutionary movement already underway in response to a convoluted election in 1966. Nevertheless, the oligarchy opposed agrarian reforms, and a junta formed with young liberal elements from the army such as Gen. Kuribeña Müller and Gen. Zavala, as well as with progressives such as Rafael Alemán Valades. The loyalist government fled the mainland and established themselves temporarily on the Rugidoan island of Roca Roja. Pressure from the oligarchy soon dissolved the junta because of its inability to control the army in its repression of the people fighting for civil rights, agrarian reforms, better wages, accessible health care and freedom of expression. In the meantime, the guerrilla movement was spreading to all sectors of the Rugidoan society. In the meantime, the loyalist government formed the "Republica temporal del Gran Rugido en Roja Roja" and several pro-democracy guerrillas, namely the Union y Fuerza Movement and several others had been formed across the nation.
As the leftist government began to expand its violence towards its citizens, not only through death squads but also through the military, any group of citizens that attempted to provide any form of support whether physically or verbally ran the risk of death. Even so, many still chose to participate and support Hernández Niño. But the violence was not limited to just activists but also to anyone who promoted ideas that "questioned official policy" were tacitly assumed to be subversive against the government. A marginalized pro-democracy group that metamorphosed into a guerilla force that would end up confronting these government forces manifested itself in campesinos or peasants. Many of these insurgents joined collective action campaigns for material gain; however, in the post-war period, many peasants cited reasons other than material benefits in their decision to join the fight.
Seeing the island government as the main cause of the insurrection, the generals adopted the Campaña de Liberación, an offensive plan to circle and eventually destroy the government in Los Canas, plan adopted on August 5, 1968. After the battle, the "Campaña Ofensiva N° 4510", revealed by president Hernandez Niño marked the beginning of the full Rugidoan Civil War, which lasted from 1968 to 1970. An unknown number of people "disappeared" during the conflict, and the AWA reports that more than 75,000 were killed.
On the final hours of September 19, and the early hours of September 20, 1970, the loyalist government represented by Susete Hernandez and the NRP, represented by the commander Carlos Labarthe, all signed peace agreements brokered by the World Assembly ending the 2-year civil war. This event, held at the grounds of the Santa Elisa Autonomous University, was attended by A.W.A dignitaries and other representatives of the international community. After signing the armistice, the president stood up and hug with the now ex-NRP commander "forgiving" him, an action which was widely admired. However, shortly after, the remenants of the National Reorganization Process refused to accept and thus, several ex-commanders and former soldiers of the leftist party formed the guerrilla Free Gran Rugido.
Contemporary Gran Rugido (1971 - present)
A period of reconstruction and reforms followed the "Década Perdida" that began in 1970 and lasted until the early 1990s. From 1978 until 2002, Rugidoenses favoured the Republican Alliance (RA) party, voting in RA parties (the PFI, the PSDGR and a refounded UDR in 1994) presidents in every election (Luis Carlos Arreola,Emilio Torres, Daniel Figueroa, Tomás Treviño and Samara Mireles) until 2010. The stigmatization of the left got worse after the 1988 Siege of Senora, in which the first members of the Movimiento por el Gran Rugido Libre who aligned themselves with the long gone Proceso declared war on the state. Such events and that mainstream parties of the country exhausted their chances entering the 2000s, led to the creation of the Coalición de la Noble Izquierda. After winning governorships and seats in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, the 2010 Rugidoense general election led to the election of the Moctezuma Ortega, becoming the first left-wing president. After losing some lower house seats in the midterm elections, the Coalición de la Noble Izquierda would retain majority, but Ortega failed to secure the two-thirds congressional supermajority. The Republican Alliance would retake the presidency and a sizeable majority in the Congress and Senate in the 2018 Rugidoense general elections with UDR candidate Matías Torres and former prime minsiter Elisa Sánchez Cordero.
Gran Rugido has contended with the sporadic guerrilla uprisings, a rising narcotrafficking, and semi-stagnant economy. Many state-owned industrial enterprises were privatized starting in the early 1980s, with neoliberal reforms and rebuilding, but other state owned companies remain and persist to this day. Recently, following the Krenyan debacle, the state-owned company Petróleos Rugidoenses is now in the verge of privatization. with exploration licenses being issued. The nation has suprisingly showed modest progress in the struggle to defend human rights and civilian rights, being one of the most friendliest places in Olivacia despite its adverse weather and remnants of the political polarization that once destroyed the nation.
Geography
With 1,230,307 km2 (439,139.1 sq mi), Gran Rugido is located south the equator, between the meridians 75° east and 90° east and the parralels 15° south. It has coastlines with the Sunadic Ocean (with the coastline commonly named "Paso de Colón") and the Magallanes Bay. Being a exit door to the Kaldaz Ocean, the Isla Roca Roja compasses 15,086 km2 of the nation, while mainland Gran Rugido is about 1,122,279 km2. Gran Rugido, as already mentioned, is bordered to the north by Savane; to the northwest by J a d e; to the south by Marlenka, to the east by Lake Girón and to the west with the Sunadic Bay.
The Jilachi Desert divdes most of the center part of the nation, while the Steppes of Laura, Steppes of Fausto, the Valley of Calm and the Northern Savanna completes the northern and southern parts of the country. Laurua was bulit in areas surrounding the Jilachi Desert and cities built in the coastal part of the desert and steppes of the area, have become green ever since.
Climate
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Gran Rugido has a semi-arid climate. Summers are generally hot, spring and fall temperate, and winters mild, with temperatures rarely below freezing in areas outside the Jilachi Desert. The average high in August is 35 °C (95 °F) and the average low is 23 °C (73 °F). The average January high is 21 °C (70 °F) and the average low in January is 8 °C (46 °F). Rainfall is scarce in winter, but more frequent during May through September.
Gran Rugido frequently experiences extreme weather changes; for example, it can sometimes reaches 30 °C (86 °F) in the west in January and February, the coldest months. The most extreme weather changes in summer occur with rainfall in the steppes and savanna, which can reduce temperatures significantly, and the dust of the Jilachi Desert, which can lead to abnormally high temperatures and in some infamous cases, droughts. Seasons are not well defined; the warm season may start in February and may last until September while a brief cold season may start on November and last until January.
Gran Rugido is vulnerable to many of the effects of climate change. These include increases in temperature and changes in precipitation. Climate change in these forms threatens food security and agricultural economy. While solutions such as greenhouses and several irrigation systems to farmers have been given, several rural peoples are now leaving their homes and travel to cities and in other cases, to other Olivacian nations. Since March 2019, Rugidoan president, Matías Torres has promoted Beautiful Nation, a development project that aims to reduce the negative effects of climate change – among other things – in the Rugidoan cities.
Biodiversity
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The desert, valleys and the savanna of the nation support a wide range of wildlife. Given the division of the Jilachi Desert, Gran Rugido's wildlife varies depending on how far or closest the region is to the desert.
The Savana del Norte and Valley of Calm are located in the northern part of Gran Rugido, bordering Savane. The region consists principally of river valleys and plains located among small mountain ranges. The area is also home to large deposits of iron. The Valley of Calm specifically is mostly flat and suitable for farming, with irrigation from the Utapau, Cananea and Topo Chico rivers. Reservoirs for this purpose include the Refugio Saldivar, Sabin and Juan de los Lagos. It has large areas with grass, huizache, sabinos and poplar trees. There is a shallow wetland area called the Sabin, or Santiaguillo. It provides vital habitat for flocks of migrating birds in winter, especially cranes, geese and ducks. The region also provides habitat for coyotes, rabbits, squirrels, foxes, geese and ducks.
The Desert area of Gran Rugido covers the Jilachi Desert, the Steppes of Laura and the Steppes of Fausto. These areas are relatively flat with very rare mountain ranges and a slight incline towards the interior of the country. The vegetation consists of scrub, nopal cactus, maguey plants, barrel cactus and other arid zone plants. It is defined by two rivers: the Utapau and the Indé. Animals that can be found on these areas include coyotes, gavilanes (sparrowhawks), various snakes, owls, chameleons, tarantulas and scorpions. Most of the economically important natural resources come from mining, including deposits of gold, silver, iron and mercury. There are also large deposits of marble, oil and uranium (although these are untouched). There are eight types of desert vegetation, seven of which are native to the Jilachi Desert and one in the area that transitions to the Steppes of Laura. Most are scrubs or small bushes, which generally do not reach over 4 metres (13 ft) in height, most of the rest are cactus, with some mangroves and other halophile plants. Many plants are rainfall sensitive, with most trees and shrubs growing leaves and flowers just before or during the rainy season, then drop their leaves afterwards. However, there are plants in flower at one time or another throughout the year. Coastal plants receive less water stress due to lower evaporation rates, and substantial moisture from dew.
Most of southern and central Gran Rugido suffers from one of the world's highest rates of desertification due to land degradation in arid and semi-arid areas, with the loss of biological and/or economic productivity, but the process is most severe in Senora as neighboring Córdoba or Laurua. Land degradation occurs because of clearing land for agriculture, the planting of non-native buffelgrass for grazing, the cutting of forests, overgrazing of natural vegetation and soil salinization from irrigation.
Gran Rugido is also home to the critically endangered Axolotl (Ambystoma rugidanum), to the point that is the national animal. Relief efforts to increase the population of wild axolotls in Lake Xocoyotzin and the shores of Lake Girón are still active as of 2021.
Government and Politics
Government
Main article: Federal government of Gran Rugido.
The Federal Republic of Gran Rugido are a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1916 Constitution. The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a unicameral congress and the judiciary, which will include a state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes.
The federal legislature is the bicameral Congress of the Union, composed of the Senate of the Republic and the Chamber of Deputies. The Congress makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.
The federal Congress, as well as the state legislatures, are elected by a system of parallel voting that includes plurality and proportional representation. The Chamber of Deputies has 450 deputies. Of these, 250 are elected by plurality vote in single-member districts (the federal electoral districts) and 200 are elected by proportional representation with closed party lists for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies. The Senate is made up of 40 senators. Of these, 20 senators (two for each state and two for Laurua) are elected by plurality vote in pairs: 10 senators are the first minority or first-runner up (one for each state and one for Laurua), and 10 are elected by proportional representation from national closed party lists.
The executive is the President of the Federal Republic of Gran Rugido, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the military forces. The second executive in command is the Prime Minister of the Nation. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers, including the prime minister. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills.
The highest organ of the judicial branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, the national supreme court, which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the Federal Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.
Politics
Main article: Politics in Gran Rugido. See also: List of political parties of Gran Rugido
Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Rugidoan politics: the Union Democratica Rugidoense (UDR), a catch-all party that was founded in 1925 to unite the centrists that were nearly killed after the Rugidoan Revolution; the Federal Instituional Party (PRF), a conservative party founded in 1919 and which has currently shifted to a less extreme right and held the nation's hegemony until 1954 and Unión y Fuerza Democratic Party (PDUyF) a left-wing party, ounded in 1971 as the succesor of the Unión y Fuerza guerrilla of the civil war. The UDR won its first governorship in 1946, and won the presidency in 1962,1970, 1986, 2002 and 2018.
A new political party, the Legitimate Leftist Party (PLI) a leftist-populist party, emerged after the 2002 election and dominated the 2010 Rugidoan general election.
After 1968 and the civil war, the military in Gran Rugido does nor participate in the politics and is under civilian control.
Foreign relations
The foreign relations of Gran Rugido are directed by the President of Gran Rugido and managed by the Ministry of Foreign Relations. The principles of the foreign policy are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for international law and legal equality of states, their sovereignty and independence, trend to non-interventionism in the domestic affairs of other countries, peaceful resolution of conflicts, and promotion of collective security through active participation in international organizations Since the 1970s, the Khan Doctrine has served as a crucial complement to these principles.
Gran Rugido is particulally close with nations of the East, such as Gavrilia, Vultesia,Hoterallia and the S.A.D.L, beign a member of the Saltstil Pact and other pacts in the east. Thus far, the sole relation with the West can be counted with Kentalis, although it can be said it is cynical and seeks relations to nearly everyone. It currently disputed if Gran Rugido can be considered a regional power in Olivacia.
Military
Main Article: Gran Rugidoense Federal Armed Forces See also: Military history of Gran Rugido
The Gran Rugidoense military "provides a unique example of a military leadership's transforming itself into a civilian political elite, simultaneously transferring the basis of power from the army to a civilian state." A reformation was brought about by revolutionary generals in the 1930s and 1980s, following the demise of the Federal Army following its complete defeat during the decade-long Rugidoan Revolution and the Gran Rugidoan Civil War.
The Gran Rugidoense Federal Armed Forces is divided in two branches: the Gran Rugidoense Federal Army (which includes the Gran Rugidoense Air Force), and the Gran Rugidoense Navy. The Gran Rugidoense Federal Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics; military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies. Since the early 2010s, when the drug problems escalated, the military escalated it's response by increasing the importance on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, helicopters, digital war-fighting technologies, urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport. Most of this technology has been used during the 2021 Free Gran Rugido uprising.
At a certain point, Gran Rugido had the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but abandoned this possibility with the Treaty of Saint Ark in 1971 and pledged to only use its nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. However, there has been acusations that the government had programs to develop chemical weapons only to be discarded after the civil war ended.
Historically, Gran Rugido has remained neutral in international conflicts. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the Constitution to allow the Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.
Law Enforcement
Public security is enacted at the three levels of government, each of which has different prerogatives and responsibilities. Local and state police departments are primarily in charge of law enforcement, whereas the Federal Police of Gran Rugido is in charge of specialized duties. All levels report to the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública (Ministry of Public Security). The General Attorney's Office (Fiscalía General de la Federación FGF) is a constitutional autonomous organism in charge of investigating and prosecuting crimes at the federal level, mainly those related to drug and arms trafficking, espionage, and bank robberies. The FGF operates the Ministerial Police (Policia Ministerial, PM) an investigative and preventive agency.
Political Divisions
Main articles: Administrative divisions of Gran Rugido, States of Gran Rugido, Municipalities of Gran Rugido, and List of Rugidoan state legislatures
The Federal Republic of Gran Rugido are a federation of 12 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises juridisction over San Jorge Xayacatlán.
Each state has its own constitution, congress, and a judiciary, and its citizens elect by direct voting a governor for a four-year term with the chance of reelection and representatives to their unicameral state congresses for two-year terms.
San Jorge is a special political division that belongs to the federation as a whole and not to a particular state. Known as the Federal District, its autonomy was limited relative to that of the states. It is expected to drop this designation in early 2022 and is in the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with its own constitution and congress.
The states are divided into municipalities, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a mayor or municipal president (presidente municipal), elected by its residents by plurality.
| State N° | Entity | Capital |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Xayacatlán | San Jorge Xayacatlán |
| 2 | Lujambio | Santiago de Lujambio |
| 3 | Córdoba | Hernández de Córdoba |
| 4 | Senora | Aztlán |
| 5 | Autlán | Temixtlán |
| 6 | Tectetán | Ixchel |
| 7 | Mendoza | Heróica Ciudad de Mendoza |
| 8 | Zaragoza | Zaragoza de Seguín |
| 9 | Anáhuac | Santa Elisa |
| 10 | Vizcaya | San Agustín |
| 11 | Pesquería | Puerto Peñasco |
| 12 | Isla Roca Roja | Los Canas |
Economy
Main article: Economy of Gran Rugido
See also: Economic history of Gran Rugido
As of 2020, agriculture has comprised 4% of the economy over the last two decades, while industry contributes 33% (mostly automotive, oil, and electronics) and services (notably financial services and tourism) contribute 63%. Currentlly, Gran Rugido's GDP by Purchasing party parity is of $1.275 trillion ACU and $443 billion on a nominal GDP. GDP annual average growth was 2.9% in 2017 and 2% in 2018. Gran Rugido's GDP in PPP per capita was ACU $20,266. Gran Rugido is now firmly established as an upper middle-income country. After the slowdown of 2002, the country has recovered and has grown 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006, even though it is considered to be well below Gran Rugido's potential growth. It is expected that by 2050, Gran Rugido could potentially become a powerhouse economy in Olivacia, and probably a Top 20 in Anteria.
Gran Rugido has one of the highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, although it has been falling over the last decade, being one of few countries in which this is the case. The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. Daily minimum wages are set annually being set at $204.43 Rugidoan pesos (ACU $10.00) in 2019. All of the indices of social development for the indigenous population are considerably lower than the national average, which is motive of concern for the government.
The electronics industry of Gran Rugido has grown enormously within the last decade. Although not as gigantic as the Bakyernian or Neuwelandian tech industry, the Rugidoan electronics industry is dominated by the manufacture and OEM design of televisions, displays, computers, mobile phones, circuit boards, semiconductors, electronic appliances, communications equipment and LCD modules. The Rugidoan electronics industry grew 13% between 2010 and 2011, up from its constant growth rate of 7% between 2003 and 2009. Currently electronics represent 6-12% of G.R's exports depending on the sources. The domestic car industry is represented by SRAT S.A., which has built buses, cars and trucks since 1934, and the new Itzmin company that builds the high-performance Itzmin Inferno and Izel.
On the weapons manufacture industry, domestic producers include the long-standing South Aztlán Munitions Factory, located in the eponymous city. The SAMF has armed the Army, Navy and Air Force since 1943, beign the biggest contractor of the company. The governvemnt owned company is the fabricant of the ARX-05 Xiuhcoatl, the homegrown assault rifle that is set to replace the StG-59 of Thismarian origin. Private arms industry includes Armería Hermanos Arvizu S.A de C.V, Industrias Mondragón and Productos Lujambio
Communications
See also: Telecommunications in Gran Rugido
The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telefónica Rugidoense, privatized in 1990 . Other players in the domestic industry are Grancom, Telefonía General and Infintel. 82% of Rugidoense over the age of 14 own a mobile phone. Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 53 million lines. The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through Conatel (Comisión Nacional de Telecomunicaciones).
The Rugidoense satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable. Rugidoense satellites are operated by Satélites Rugidoenses and Servicios Satelitales de Mendoza, a private company. Both offer broadcast, telephone and telecommunication services to all of Gran Rugido. Through business partnerships both comapnies have agreed to provided high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services. Satélites Rugidoenses and Servicios Satelitales de Mendoza maintain their own satellite fleet with most of the fleet being designed and built in the nation and using San Calia as a launch base.
Major players in the broadcasting industry are Imevisión, one of the largest media company in the Spanish-speaking world, Televisión del Rugido and Imagen 5.
Energy
See also: Electric sector in Gran Rugido
Energy production in Gran Rugido is managed jointly by the state-owned companies National Commission of Electricityy and Petróleos Rugidoenses.
Petrorugido, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, making ACU$43 billion in sales a year. Gran Rugido is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 2.7 million barrels per day. In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%.
The largest hydro plant in Gran Rugido is the 2,400 MW Alexia Villarreal in Chicoasén, Senora, in the Girón River.
Gran Rugido is the country with the third largest solar potential in Olivacia. The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times national electricity generation. Currently, there is over 1,8 million square meters of solar thermal panels installed, while in 2005, there were 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic). It is expected that in 2032 there will be 2,4 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels. The project named SEGH-CFE 1, located in the outskirts of Aztlán, Senora, in the east of Gran Rugido, will have capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels when complete in 2021. All of the electricity will be sold directly to the CNE and absorbed into the utility's transmission system for distribution throughout their existing network. Gran Rugido is also currently experimenting with the bright sides of nuclear energy with the project of the Alto Lucero Nuclear Power Plant in Santa Lucía, Tectetán.
Science and technology
Main article: History of science and technology in Gran Rugido
The National Autonomous University of Gran Rugido was officially established in 1834, and the university became one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Gran Rugido. UNAGR provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as the Federal Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1916), were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within the UNAGR. Twelve institutes were integrated into the UNAGR from 1929 to 1973. In 1959, the Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.
Currently, the UNAGR has associated with the University of Layfet in the UL-NAUGR Arctic Research Group in Arbiter Station. The UNAGR program focuses on students studying degrees of Biology, Marine Biology and Microbiology to study the Artic. In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Gran Rugido was the construction of the Large Millimeter Telescope (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), one of the most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range. It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust. Gran Rugido was ranked 55th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, up from 56th in 2019.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Gran Rugido
As of 2017, Gran Rugido was the 10th most visited country in the world and had the 25th highest income from tourism in the world. The vast majority of tourists come to Gran Rugido from fellow Olivacian and Astariaxian nations, followed by the Thismarian and Thuandian continents. In the 2017 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, Gran Rugido was ranked 23rd in the world, which was 2nd in Olivacia.
The coastlines of Gran Rugido harbor many stretches of beaches that are frequented by sunbathers and other visitors. According to national law, the entirety of the coastlines are under federal ownership, that is, all beaches in the country are public. On the Girón coastline, one of the most popular beach destinations is the resort capital of Ixchel, especially among university students during spring break. Just offshore, in the Kaldaz Ocean, is the beach island of Isla Roca Roja. Ixchel is the center of the coastal strip called Riviera Tarascana which includes the beach town of Puerto Progreso and the ecological parks of Tekit and Tecoh. A day trip to the south of Puerto Progreso is the historic port of Hoctún. In addition to its beaches, the town of Hoctún is notable for its cliff-side Tarascan ruins.
On the Sunadic coast is the notable tourist destination of Tecapan. Once the destination for the rich and famous, the beaches have become crowded and the shores are now home to many multi-story hotels and vendors. Tecapan has a close competition with the beach city of San Jorge on being the top visited site on the Sunadic coastline. While Tecapan has demonstrated modest progress in the touristic approach of universal classes, San Jorge has shown rapid expansion and new destinations to former Sapin ruins in the interstate border of Lujambio, Senora and Xayacatlan.
In Isla Roca Roja, there is the resort town of Sonido de Tortuga, a town noted for its beaches and abundant turtle eggs. Further north, is the historical city of Los Canas, another beach town known for housing the Provisional Government during the civil war and numerous artificial wrecks made out of VSZ-47 Furore that now homes several axolotls. Santa Elisa is the main city to visit in the Anepalco, a bay surrounding the northern tip of Anáhuac, the eastern part of Zaragoza and a portion of southeastern Savane.
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in Gran Rugido
The roadway network in Gran Rugido is extensive and all areas in the country are covered by it. The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of 336,095 km (208,839 mi), of which 106,802 km (66,363 mi) are paved. Of these, 10,474 km (6,508 mi) are multi-lane expressways: 9,544 km (5,930 mi) are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes.
Starting in the late nineteenth century, Gran Rugido was one of the first Olivacian countries to promote railway development, and the network covers 28,952 km (17,989 mi). Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Gran Rugido (FNR) serves as the state-owned company in charge of railway transportation across the country. Currently, FNR has proposed an in a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers to essential cities of industrial, touristic and logistical interest. The train will depart from Laurua to Santa Elisa, passing through Izalco, Aztlán, Ixchel, Puerto Progreso and Santa Fe. The project is expected to cost around $25 billion ACU and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector. The governments of the states of Vizcaya and Pesquería are also funding the construction of a joint line connecting San Agustín to the port of Urbaneja and resuming in the port of Caño to end in Puerto Peñasco
Gran Rugido has 213 airports with paved runways; of these, 35 carry 97% of the passenger traffic. The Laurua International Airport transports 35 million passengers a year.
Water supply and sanitation
Among the achievements is a significant increase in access to piped water supply in urban areas (96.4%) as well as in rural areas (69.4%) as of 2018. Other achievements include the existence of a functioning national system to finance water and sanitation infrastructure with a National Water Commission as its apex institution. The recent 2021 Rugidoense drought has exposed a new need for water and fears of scarcity have become an issue in essential parts of the Jilachi Desert. The solution for the government required a extensive and consistent fluency of cloud seeding alongside relief from Vultesian engieneers.
Challenges that the CNA faces include water scarcity in the southern and central parts of the country; inadequate water service quality (drinking water quality; 11% of Rugidoense receiving water only intermittently as of 2014); poor technical and commercial efficiency of most utilities (with an average level of non-revenue water of 43.2% in 2010); increasing the national percentage of fully sanitized water which at 57%, is considered to not be enough, as the country's theoretically available percentage of water per capita is 60% lower than it was 60 years ago; and the improvement of adequate access in rural areas. In addition to on-going investments to expand access, the government has embarked on a large investment program to improve wastewater treatment.
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