Arthasthan

Republic of Chanda අඩුයඩෙශ අයමගඛග උලුඛ Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Ulus (Chandan)
Flag Emblem
Motto:  Bir vatan, Bir sabab One homeland, One cause National ideology: Birlikism
Anthem:  Vatanımız Our Homeland
Capital	Taglikend
Largest city	Taglikend
Official languages	Chandan
Recognised regional languages	Aholisi Himavantan Xiaodongese
Ethnic groups	Ethnicity: Ardagesh: 46.3% Aholisi 21.3% Himavantan 17.3% Xiaodongese 10.3% Other: 4.8%
Religion	Badi: 53.9% Zohism: 18.8% Tulyata: 11.1% Ashram: 9.1% Other/Irreligious 5.8%
Demonym(s)	Chandan
Government	Unitary dominant-party assembly-dependent republic
• Premier	Erkin Sabir
• President	Pernille Urksal
Legislature	National Assembly
Independence from Xiaodong
• Declaration of Independence	1934
• Chandan State	1936
• National Revolution	1944
• Declaration of the Republic	1948
Area
• Total	681,891.84 km2 (263,279.91 sq mi)
• Water (%)	0.380
Population
• 2020 estimate	28,424,000
• Density	168/km2 (435.1/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2016 estimate
• Total	$ 454.64 billion
• Per capita	$ 15,995
GDP (nominal)	2015 estimate
• Total	$179.49 billion
• Per capita	$6,315
Gini (2016)	27.237 low
HDI (2016)	0.710 high
Currency	Soʻm (ADO)
Date format	yyy-mm-dd
Driving side	right
Internet TLD	.ad

Chanda (Chandan: අඩුයඩෙශ, Adoğadesh), officially the Republic of Chanda (Chandan: අඩුයඩෙශ අයමගඛග උලුඛ, Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Ulus), is a landlocked country in Coius with a population of 24 million people. On the southeastern edge of Satria, it borders Xiaodong to the south and east, Baekjeong to the west, and Ajahadya to the north.

The region comprising modern-day Chanda was first inhabited by Aholisi tribes who formed various petty kingdoms in the region. The region historically has been influenced by the Xiaodongese dynasties from the south and Ajahadyan dynasties from the north. Xiaodongese influence would start in the 5th century BCE, when the Xiang dynasty conquered and forced the local Aholisi leaders in the south to submit to the Emperor. Nevertheless they were able to keep their titles, although they had to pay tribute and follow the foreign policy of Xiaodong. After the collapse of the Xiang dynasty Xiaodongese domination wouldn’t return until the Tao Dynasty in the 8th century. This time control was more strict and they had to provide troops, suppress local rebellions, and pay tribute. The local tribes in the north remained independent until Ajahadya unified and conquered or brought the region under their influence starting in the 6th century CE. It would be firmly under their control under various dynasties until the 16th century.

In the 16th century, the Togoti Khaganate invaded the region of Chanda as a part of their conquests. Due to the threat of Xiaodong, Togoti officials would settle the region with friendly tribes in order to supply troops, leading to the Turkification of the region. Despite the threat of conflict, the region became wealthy and saw a growing population of Togotis settlers. After the collapse of the Khaganate, a major general named Akdoğan, established his own fiefdom which became the Akdoğan Khanate. The Khanate was multi-ethnic society and the Togoti and the Aholisi cultures started to blend in the cities to form the Akdoğan culture, the predecessor to the modern Chandan culture. However in the mid 19th century, the Heavenly Xiaodong Empire gradually subverted the Khanate's government and eventually annexed the country in 1885. For 50 years Chanda existed as protectorate under nominal direct control of the Xiaodongese emperor. By the 20th century the ideals of nationalism arrived stirring unrest started to grow.

These tensions grew until it exploded during the Great War, which saw Xiaodong at war with major world powers. In 1934 with Xiao forces in retreat, Chandan rebels overthrew the protectorate government and declared the independence of the first Chandan state in 1934. The Chandan Revolutionary War would continue during the Great War until its formal end in 1935 where it would be granted formal independence with the Treaty of Keisi. Ethnic tension sparked by Aholisi nationalist sentiment grew into an ethnic conflict between the Chandan and the Aholisis. Fearful of a civil war, the Five Leaders of Chanda led by President Nurlan Sabir assumed emergency powers marking the start of the National Revolution. The period saw the Chandan War, a series of conflicts with various nationalist separatist forces. In 1949, Sabir and the rest of the Leaders declared the establishment of a Republic based upon the principles of Birlikism.

Chanda implemented socialist economics during the 1950s and 1960s, but has since shifted away from socialist economics within the last several decades after the market reforms of the 1980s. Today the Chandan economy functions under what is called neo-Sabirist economics, a form of state capitalism where the central government works with the workers of major workers cooperatives to determine economic policy. While the government's pro-market policies have initially resulted in significant economic growth, corruption in the Corporations has hampered effective growth. As a result, government officials have increasingly relied on formations from the Labour Corps of the Chandan Army to fulfill government contracts and implement economic policies.

The Republic was founded upon the ideological principles of Birlikism, establishing a unitary state governed by a powerful central government to enforce national unity. Despite some democratic reforms, the system has entrenched pro-Sabir factions, leading it to be widely considered to be a classic example of a Southern democracy. The country considered a middle power in Kylaris despite its population and geographic location, due to geopolitics of Coius. Due to its historical animosity with Xiaodong, it is closely allied with Senria and is a member of COMSED. As a result, it maintains a large military for its population. It is also a member nation of the Community of Nations and the International Trade Organization.

Etymology

The name Chanda is an Etrurian exonym originally derived as Chandaman,' from a historical Xiaodongese term for the region, “Across the mountain” (山对面, "Shān duìmiàn"), referring to Shalegho mountain ranges. The native endonym Adoğadesh, is a combination of the name of the general who founded the Akdoğan Khanate] and -desh, a Satrian affix meaing land. The phrase "Aymagsaga Ulus", the Chandan word for republic, literally means "state ruled by the tribal/National Assembly". Thus the full name of the country, “Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Uls”, literally means, “State ruled by the tribal assembly of Akdogan’s land”.

History

Prehistory

The region that is now Chanda has been inhabited before the Neolithic period, with evidence going back 30,000 years ago. Pastoralism developed during the Neolithic, as the region's climate and terrain are best suited for a nomadic lifestyle.The Neolithic Era also saw the arrival of the Sataro-Euclean people around 10,000 BCE, the ancient ancestors of the Aholisi people. Much like the other peoples of Steppe, the proto-Aholisi would have been largely nomadic and would have seen considerable migration around the region. By 1000 BCE, the proto-Aholisi people adopted a semi-nomadic lifestyle in the southeast region of the Great Steppe. While they didn't completely abandon a migratory lifestyle, they largely remained in one region. Their settlement resulted in the organizations into small tribal kingdoms.

Antiquity (~1300 BCE to 1 CE)

Before the 1st century CE, Xiaodong under the Xiang dynasties exerted some control over the southern Tepaliklar highlands and the tribes that inhabited it, in the form of autonomous tributary states. The extent of Xiaodongese influence depended on the stability of the dynasty, with declining power resulting in a decline of influence in the region. The collapse of the Sun dynasty resulted in the Xiaodongese presence completely recedeing for several centuries and local tribes reasserted their independence. These tribes took advantage of the weakened powers to the south and conducted raids against the Xiaodongese states. In general however, they largely raided each other and remained fragmented.

Pre-Togoti period (1 CE-1560 CE)

• Rise of the Tao Dynasty
• Tributary states is eventually established by 900s
• Xiaodong establishes piecemeal creation of institutions of state
• Partial conversion to Zohism
• The Chandan tribes breaks free when the Tao Empire declines
• Largely keeps the institutions founded
• Establishes the Confederation of Kings
• Rise of the Jiao dynasty (1300-1600)
• Tributaries reestablished in the south
• More institution building
• Jiao rules starts to decay

Togoti Era (1560-1665)

• Conquest by the Togoti Khaganate
• Chanda becomes intergrated with the empire
• Introduction of technology and culture
• Introduction of Badism
• Settlement of Togoti troops in Chanda
• Togoti herdsmen migrate to Chanda
• The western plateau & cities are settled
• Akdoğan takes control during the civil war

Akdoğan Era (1665-1888)

• Foundation of the Akdoğan Khanate
• Akdoğan intergrates diverse ruling elites
• Establishes effective governance
• Standardized economic practices
• Rise of a syncretic culture, the Akdoğans
• Largely occurs in the western Plateau
• Formal tributary status by 1770s; little actual control
• Chandans recognise the rule of the Emperor in 1861
• Xiaodong garrisons troops in 1871
• Xiaodong appoints the next Khan in 1879
• Treaty signed allow Emperor to appoint important officials in 1885

Imperial Xiaodong Era (1885-1935)

• Khanate annexed by Xiaodong
• Chanda is incorporated into the empire
• Attempt by Xiaodong to assimilate
• Rise of Chandan nationalism
• Great War and independence war
• Independence granted in 1935

Post-Indepedence (1935-present)

• Foundation of the Chandan State
• Tog Akdoğan angry that they don't have a state
• Akdoğan separatists threaten the country
• Ethnic violence grows
• State government unable to control the situation
• The National Revolution overthrows the State
• War with separatist forces
• Sabir declares the Republic in 1947
• Birlikism becomes the national ideology
• Socialist economics, cultural revolution
• War with the ANLO (1947-1995)
• Revolutionary institutions keeps things in line
• Chandan-Ajahadyan war
• Alignment with Senria and COMSED membership.
• Abandon socialist economics
• Partial democratization & liberalization

Geography

Topographic map of Chanda:

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Chanda's geography is dominated by the western Shalegho mountain ranges in the southeast and the east, with elevated highlands covering the majority of the country. To the northwest, the foothills of the Shalegho mountains mark the border between Ajahadya and Chanda. To the southeast, the mountains generally divide Chanda from Xiaodong, although several large valleys cut through it. In between, is the large Chandan Plateau, after which the country's exonym is derived.

The country can be divided into four distinct geographical regions, the lowlands, the Chandan Plateau, the Chandan Highlands, and the Southern Slopes. The Lowlands consist of hilly terrain lying less than a kilometer above sea level. Despite the lower elevations less than a quarter of Chandans live in this region. The Lowlands and the Plateau are separated by the Chandan Ridge, a relatively steep mountain face. The Despite its name, the Plateau is not flat, with its average elevation between 1 kilometers and 2 kilometers above sea level. The plateau itself is a steppe with rolling hills and small lakes interspersed with mountain ranges that generally run parallel to the Shalegho and Biafo ranges. The Plateau makes up the majority of the country and is where most of Chanda's population lives.

The Highlands consist of the two main mountain ranges in the country; the Shalegho Mountains in the east and the smaller Biafo Mountains to the west. It contains the country's highest point, at 5,621 meters above seal level. The mountain divide traditionally marks the boundary between South Coius and Satria. The mountains also mark the southern boundary of the Bashurat River Basin; the headwaters of the Dakia, Kaa, and Skai river originate in the highlands. Due to the high altitude few Chandans live in this region. Dividing the Shalegho and Biafo mountains is a wide valley known as the Gurkhan Pass, at only 1633 meters above sea level. Geographically considered part of South Coius, the region of South Chanda is isolated from the rest of Chanda by the mountain ranges. Unlike the Plateau, the region has a relatively steep mountain slope and largely consists of ridges and valleys leading away from the mountains. Around one-third of Chandans live in this region, largely from the Tog Aholisi minority.

Climate

Climate map of Chanda

Chanda's climate is largely determined by elevation. In the Lowlands, with the border with Ajahadya, the climate is a hot semi-arid climate. In the Plateau, which covers a majority of the country, it is a cool semi-arid climate. In the Highlands there are a Solarian climates and various humid continental climates. In the mountain peaks, there is a icy mountain climate, with snow almost year round. In the South Region on the mountain slopes, there is a more mild oceanic and humid subtropical climates. However eventually gives way to more cool semi-arid climates.

The majority of precipitation arrives between from December to June as the remnants of storms from Ajahadya. Most of the precipitation from these storms falls in the mountains as snow. Temperatures across most of Chanda swing wildly throughout the year, with cold temperatures in winter due to its elevation, and hot summers. The only exceptions are in the mountain areas and high mountain valleys where it remains consistently cold or the southern slopes of the mountains at lower elevation which experiences more moderate temperatures.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Chanda

Premier Erkin Sabir

President Pernille Urksal

Chanda's political system is outlined by a constitution known as the Declaration of the Republic. Under the Declaration, Chanda is a unitary republic organized along Birlikist and corporatist lines. The country’s political system mixes presidential and parliamentary principles to form a assembly-dependent system, where the President is elected by the legislature but is immune from a vote of no confidence.

Ethnicity is a significant force in politics. The government promotes a unified Chandan identity based upon a common cultural and religious heritage and Anti-Xiaodongese sentiment. In order to encourage nationalism, cultural hegemony, and homogenization, the government enforces a program of assimilation known as Chandanization and actively suppresses nationalist movements with force. As a result, it has generated a significant interethnic resentment by the Tog Aholisi.

Chanda is widely considered as a flawed democracy or a hybrid regime by international observers. The country’s policy of discrimination against ethnic minorities have been widely critized and the Chandanization of ethnic minorities has been compared to ethnic cleansing. Furthermore it has been criticized for its undemocratic nature due to the domination of the National Front for Unity and the power that the Supreme Council of the Republic wields.

Government

The Supreme Council of the Republic is the highest institution in the executive branch, which is led by the Premier. The Council serves as a collective head of state, constitutional court, and de facto upper house for the National Assembly. Under the principles laid out in the Declaration, the Council serves as the constitutional guardian of the Republic, tasked with ensuring that actions by the Assembly or the Local Government do not violate the constitution. Thus as part of its mandate, it has the power of judicial review and the ability to strike down any laws or actions that it believes that violates the principles of the Declaration with a majority vote. The Council may issue rulings whenever it sees fit on any institution of the republic, including ones made by regional government. In addition it wields some legislative powers, with the authority to veto legislation from the National Assembly. Finally, the Supreme Council is the head of all Union Committees in the country to ensure all the districts remain loyal.

The President serves as head of government and commander in chief of the Armed Forces. The President is elected by a two-thirds majority vote at a joint session of the National Assembly for a four year term. The President is assisted by a council of ministers, known as the Executive Council, who are appointed by the President and approved by the National Assembly. The President and their Committee coordinate proposals and policies between the committees of the Assembly, as well as ensuring the smooth operation of the government.

Legislature

The legislature consists of the unicameral National Assembly of Chanda consisting of around 400 members. The Assembly does not function as a traditional elected legislature, instead it consists of a collection of councils representing a functional, cultural, or physical constituency. Any bill passed by a Council requires the approval by the Supreme Council of the Republic for it to become law. The Assembly only meets in full annually or when requested by the councils. This joint session has authority to elect the President during an election year, make very broad-ranging laws, resolve jurisdictional disputes between councils, and in rare cases veto or reverse decisions made by a council. While most elections are held every four years, some constituencies have shorter or longer terms. As a result Assembly is a continuous body and has no formal legislative periods, although for ease of organisation a new period starts at the first joint session of the year.

Although the vast majority of delegates are members of the National Front for Chandan Unity, most delegates are also members of assembly member organisations, which are groups of delegates who meet to pursue common legislative objectives. Some types of organizations are single issue organizations centered around addressing a single issue, or geographical organizations which group together delegates from a certain region, or ideological organizations which group together ideologically aligned delegates. Since members are not limited to membership in a single organization, membership is fluid and organizations can emerge and disband in a few years. However ideological organizations are the largest and most prominent; as of February 2021 they are the National Movement, Reform & Progress, Peoples' Labor Coalition, Friends of COMSED, Sons of Sabir, and Workers Council. However as membership is not restricted, it is common for delegates to be a part of two or more ideological organisations, mostly with the aim of promoting cooperation.

Judiciary

Before the Declaration of 1993, the highest judicial authority in the country was the Supreme Council, which delegated responsibility of managing the judicial system to a series of committees. Since then power over the judiciary has been officially transferred to the Council of Judicial Affairs. Its members are appointed by the Supreme Council and confirmed by the National Assembly. The Council of Judicial Affairs is not a court, but serves to organize the judicial system of the country by hiring, firing, promoting, and assigning judges. Although the Council of Justice is an independent body, it cooperates closely with the Justice Minister of the Executive Council to ensure the law is applied fairly and consistently.

In turn the Council delegates non-constitutional judicial powers to the Supreme Court of Justice. The Court of Justice is the highest court for criminal and private law and has supreme appellate jurisdiction as well as supreme original jurisdiction over non-constitutional cases. The Council of Justice also manages several high courts that serve regional judicial circuits. The Council also appoints the judges that serve the courts of the People’s Districts, although it usually appoints a judge recommended by the local District.

Administrative divisions

The People's Districts are the smallest level of administration, equivalent to a municipality; however larger cities may have multiple governments. The main institution of the Government is the Local National Assembly, consisting of a directly elected council which is responsible for the city. While the LPA is the main authority, they are assisted by the Local People’s Committee which implements policies and ordinances proposed by the local assembly and the Union Committee to ensure ideological orthodoxy.

Demographics

The country is the least populated country in Satria, with its population estimated to be around 28 million people in 2021. The annual growth rate, calcuated by the last census in 2018, was reported to be 1.45%. The total fertility rate is estimated to be 1.7 children per woman, which continues a declining trend over the last couple decades. However the median age of the country is 23.6 years old with the majority of the country below 30 years old. There is an estimated 102.3 males for every 100 females in 2021. The average life expectancy is 72.2 years, with 69.2 years for men and 75.5 years for women.

The majority of Chanda's population live in the Chandan Plateau in an arched region streching from the center to the northeast of the country, known as the Corrdior. The country's largest cities, including Taglikend, Chanda's capitol and most populated city are within this region. Other major population centers are in the Lowlands near Ajahadya, and the Gurkhan Pass and Gurkhan Hills in the south. The population density is 168/km² (435.1/sq mi) and 63% of the population lives in an urban center.

Ethnicity

Ethnic Demographics of Chanda

  Ardagesh (46.3%)

  Aholisi (21.3%)

  Himavantan (17.3%)

  Xiaodongese (10.3%)

  Other (4.8%)

Chanda is widely considered to be multiethnic country with diverse origins. According to the Ministry for Ethnic Harmony in 2018, 46.3% of the population claim Ardagesh descent, 21.3% claim Aholisi descent, 17.3% claim Himavantan descent, 10.3% claim Xiaodongese descent, and 4.8% claim descent from other groups. There is singificant intermixing between between these ethnic groups, with the majority of these groups living in the same regions as each other. The most homogenous region is North Satridesh which is overwhelmingly Himavantan, and is subject to high unrest from pan-Satrian factions.