Tayamo language

Tayamo
Tayamese
т'аясы итол, итол т'аямоно
Pronunciation	/ˈt’ajas̻ɨ̯ ˈitol/
Native to	Qazhshava Tayamo autonomy Krenya Selenzia Gadorien [PlaceHolder]
Region	Tayamo Archipelego, Selenzia
Ethnicity	Tayamo people
Language family	Language isolate
Dialects	Western Central Eastern
Writing system	Cyrillic Latin Tayamese (historically)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	tm
ISO 639-2	tym
ISO 639-3	tym
Glottolog	None

The Tayamo language (also known as Tayamese) (Tayamo: т'аясы итол; t'ayasy itol) is a pre-Thuado-Thrismaran languages language isolate spoken on the islands of the laurentine gulf. It's an official language in the Tayamo autonomy, and arecognized regional language in the nation of Qazhshava.

History

Prehistory

Proto-Tayamo is thought to have been brought to the Mainland, and later on to the Islands, by settlers coming from what is now southern Krenya sometime in the early- to mid-5th century BC. Very little is known about the Tayamo of this period. Because writing had yet to be invented or introduced, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on reconstructions of Old Tayamo.

Old-Tayamo

Old Tayamo is the oldest attested stage of the Tayamo language. Through the spread of trade from the east, Aschari and Sinitic people from what is today Prei Meas and Canton River Delta brought with them and introduced writing in the forms of the Aschari script, which was used in some of the eastern islands for a while, and also Sinitic characters which started developing into the Tayamese script. The earliest known Tayamo writing, the [placeholder], dates back to the late 8th century and is written in a proto variant of the tayamese script.

Status

Classiffied as Vigorous, the language is spoken by majority of the ethnic Tayamese population, majority of the speakers live on the largest island of Kayri within the Qazhshavan borders. The western dialect almost went extinct due to Krenyan supression, but with pressure of the post-Great war Qazhshavan government, it is making a slow come back, but is still threatened. The Eastern dialect is in a better spot but still has a relatively low number of speakers.

Classification

With a lot of foreign influence over 2000 years the language has taken in a lot of Thuado-Thrismaran and even some Aschari influence, due to which the modern grammar is very poluted compared to it's original form, of which there are very little texts, due to active periods of supressions from more powerfull nations, which makes the language hard to classify, some believe it to be a relative of the extinct Hewehetan language in Qazhshava.

Dialects

There are three main dialect areas of modern Tayamo which all form a Dialect continuum:

• The western dialects spoken on the island of Selenzia/Hrastmož, which are hard to understand for speakers of any other Tayamese dialects, due to its more complex syllables.
• The central dialects spoken on the Qazhshavan islands, which are the most spoken dialects.
• The eastern dialects spoken on the islands owned by Gadorien, they aren't much diferent from the central dialects, with their major distinction being a distinctive soft speech.

The standard literary forms of the language was based on the Kayri dialect, which is one of the central dialects and the most spoken dialect, however the standard form was created around 100 years ago, so the modern pronounciation varies from how it's written.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar/ Uvular
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	d͡z̻		ɡ
	voiceless	p	t	t͡s̻		k
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡s̻ʼ		kʼ
Fricative	voiced		z̻			ʁ̟
	voiceless		s̻			x
Sonorant		m	n	l	j	w
Rhotic			ɾ

Vowels

	Front	Central	back
Close	i		u
Mid	ɛ	ɨ̞	o
Open		a

Phonotactics

The syllable template in Tayamo is (C)V(S), where S is sonorant consonant. In the Western dialect the template (C)(C)V(C)(C) is possible due to the disapearence of the vowel /ɨ̞/ in polysylabbic words.

Allophones and Pronounciation

Allophones vary on the spoken dialect, usually rural dialects tend to have more allophonic diferences, while urban areas speak more literary, some common allophones are:

1. When /ɨ̞/ is the last vowel of a word, it can get reduced to /ɨ̯(~◌ʲ), ◌ᵊ/: к'ацы /k’at͡s̻ɨ̞/ → /k’at͡s̻ɨ̯/, /k’at͡s̻ʲ/

2. /x/ before or after /i/, /j/ becomes /ç/: хины /xinɨ̞/ → /çinʲ/, рыхы /ɾɨ̞xɨ̞/ (→ /ɾɨ̞xʲ/) → /ɾɨ̞ç/

3. /ɨ̞/ in unstressed syllables shorteness into /ɨ̯~◌ᵊ/: моцыда /ˈmot͡s̻ɨ̞da/ → /ˈmot͡s̻ɨ̯da/

4. In eastern dialects /s̻/ and /z̻/ and their afficates are pronounced as /s, z/ before /a, ɨ̞, o ,u/ but as /ʃ, ʒ/ before /ɛ, i, j/: сайжы /s̻ajz̻ɨ̞/ (→ /s̻ajz̻ʲ/) → /sajʒᵊ/

5. In the western dialects it's common for unstressed vowels get reduced: /a/ → /ə/, /ɨ̞/ → /ɪ/, /o/ → /u/, /ɛ/ → /i/

6. In some dialects when a word ends in a nasal consonant it can merge with the previous vowel: катан /ˈkatan/ → /ˈkatɑɰ̃/, там /tam/ → /tɒw̃/

7. Palatalization of consonants before /ɛ/ and /i/: маке /ˈmakɛ/ → /ˈmaci/

8. Lenghtening of /ij/ and unstressed /ɛj/ (when between consonants or as the last syllable of a word): рий /ɾij/ → /ɾiː/, хоней /ˈxonɛj/ → /ˈxoneː/

Out of the listed, 1, 2 and 3 are found in the pronounciation of modern standard Tayamo.

Writing System

Tayamo is most commonly written in the Cyrillic and Latin scripts, the language was historically written in it's own Alphasyllabarical script, which fell out of use during the last years of the Yirgadas empire, but it modern times it is making a revival.

Historically some islands also used the Aschari script to write their language in, which was replaced with the Tayamo script shortly after it's invention.

Alphabets

Cyrillic Tayamo alphabet:

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Г' г'	Д д	Е е	Ж ж
З з	И и	Й й	К к	К' к'	Л л	М м	Н н
О о	П п	П' п'	Р р	С с	Т т	Т' т'	У у
Ў ў	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ц' ц'	Ч ч	Ш ш	Ъ ъ
Ы ы	Ь ь	Ю ю	Я я

Latin Tayamo alphabet:

A a	B b	C c	C' c'	D d	E e	F f	G g
Gh gh	H h	I i	J j	K k	K' k'	Kh kh	L l
M m	N n	O o	P p	P' p'	Q q	R r	S s
T t	T' t'	U u	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Z z
Zh zh

Order	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36
Cyrillic upper case	А	Б	В	Г	Г'	Д	Е	Ж	З	И	Й	К	К'	Л	М	Н	О	П	П'	Р	С	Т	Т'	У	Ў	Ф	Х	Ц	Ц'	Ч	Ш	Ъ	Ы	Ь	Ю	Я
Cyrillic lower case	а	б	в	г	г'	д	е	ж	з	и	й	к	к'	л	м	н	о	п	п'	р	с	т	т'	у	ў	ф	х	ц	ц'	ч	ш	ъ	ы	ь	ю	я
Latin upper case	A	B	V	G	Gh	D	E	Z	Zh	I	J	K	K'	L	M	N	O	P	P'	R	S	T	T'	U	W	F	Kh	C	C'	Ch	Sh	H	Y	J	Ju	Ja
Latin lower case	a	b	v	g	gh	d	e	z	zh	i	j	k	k'	l	m	n	o	p	p'	r	s	t	t'	u	w	f	kh	c	c'	ch	sh	h	y	j	ju	ja
IPA sound	a	b	w	ɡ	ʁ̟	d	ɛ	z̻	d͡z̻	i	j	k	kʼ	l	m	n	o	p	pʼ	ɾ	s̻	t	tʼ	u	w	p	x	t͡s̻	t͡s̻ʼ	t͡s̻	s̻		ɨ̞	◌j	ju	ja

Tayamese script

TBA

Grammar

Syntax

Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.

Nouns

Case and Number

There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo. Tayamo has 6 noun cases:

Case	Signular
	Affix	Example	Question
Nominative		к'а (rock), зан (bear)	мо (what), мы (who)
Dative	-ху/у	к'аху (to a rock), зану (to a bear)	моху (to what), мыху (to who)
Genetive	-но	к'ано (of a rock), занно (of a bear)	моно (of what), мыно (whose)
Accusitive	-й/и	к'ай (rock), зани (bear)	мой (what), мый (who)
Instrumental	-г'а	к'аг'а (with a rock), занг'а (with a bear)	мог'а (with what), мыг'а (with who)
Locative	-да	к'ада (on a rock), занда (on a bear)	мода (where), мыда (at who)

Case	Plural
	Affix	Example	Question
Nominative	-(а)цы	к'ацы (rocks), занцы (bears)	моцы (what), мыцы (who)
Dative	-(а)цу	к'ацу (to rocks), занцу (to bears)	моцу (to what), мыцу (whose)
Genetive	-(а)цын	к'ацын (оf rocks), занцын (оf bears)	моцын (оf what), мыцын (оf who)
Accusitive	-(а)ци	к'аци (rocks), занци (bears)	моци (what), мыци (who)
Instrumental	-(а)цыг'а	к'ацыг'а (with rocks), занцыг'а (with bears)	моцыг'а (with what), мыцыг'а (with who)
Locative	-(a)цыда	к'ацыда (on rocks), занцыда (on bears)	моцыда (where), мыцыда (at who)

The definite article

Due to Thuado-Thrismaran influence, during the period of middle Yamato a definite article developed in the form of the та(н) particle, which was placed infront of a word (та мак'о, тан одо), in early modern tayamo the article shifted into the -на suffix ( мак'она, одона).

Prnouns

One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the Aschari language is the polite pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to Aschari, only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite and impolite. With Thuado-Thrismaran influence the polite/impolite pronouns became more formal/imformal over time.

Number and Person			Nominative	Accusitive (Direct object)		Dative (Indirect object)		Genitive	Innesive	Locative
				stressed	clitic	stressed	clitic
Singular	First		Коны	Кони	-ки	Кону	-ку	Коно	Ког'а	Кода
	Second	Formal	Уда	Уди	-ди	Уду	-ду	Удано	Удаг'а	Удада
		Imformal	Да	Ди		Ду		Дано	Даг'а	Дада
	Third		То	Той	-ти	Тоў	-ту	Тоно	Тог'а	Тода
Plural	First		Коныцы	Коныци	-кыци	Коныцу	-кыцу	Коныцыно	Коныцыг'а	Коныцыда
	Second	Formal	Удацы	Удаци	-дыци	Удацу	-дыцу	Удацыно	Удацыг'а	Удацыда
		Imformal	Дацы	Даци		Дацу		Дацыно	Дацыг'а	Дацыда
	Third		Тоцы	Тоци	-тыци	Тоцу	-тыцу	Тоцыно	Тоцыг'а	Тоцыда

The clitic suffixes are used to form Polypersonal verbs.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

• Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - ян
• Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-ян
• Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - п'а-ян
• Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-ян

Verbs

Copula

The clitic word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is OV, but if it's stressed its SVO. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.

Number & Person			Past	Resultative participle	Present	Future	Aorist	Imperative
Singular	First		рыт'а	рыюн	рын	я рын	рылун
	Second		рыц'а	рыюўа	рыўа	я рыўа	рылуўа	рыўай
	Third			рыю	ры	я ры	рылу
Plural	First		рыт'ары	рыюнры	рынры	я рынры	рылунры
	Second		рыц'ары	рыюўары	рыўары	я рыўары	рылуўары	рыўарый
	Third			рыюры	рыры	я рыры	рылуры

Tense, Aspect, Mood

The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.

Number & Person		Indicative					Imperative
		Past imperfect	Past/Present perfect	Present	Future	Past Future
Singular	First	катат'а мат'а	катаюн маюн	катан ман	я катан я ман	ят'а катан ят'а ман
	Second	катак'а мак'а	катаюўа маюўа	катаўа маўа	я катаўа я маўа	яц'а катаўа яц'а маўа	катай май
	Third		катаю маю	ката ма	я ката я ма	яц'а ката яц'а ма
Plural	First	катат'ацы мат'ацы	катаюнцы маюнцы	катанцы манцы	я катанцы я манцы	ят'а катанцы ят'а манцы
	Second	катак'ацы мак'ацы	катаюўцы маюўцы	катаўцы маўцы	я катаўцы я маўцы	яц'а катаўцы яц'а маўцы	катацый мацый
	Third		катаюцы маюцы	катацы мацы	я катацы я мацы	яц'а катацы яц'а мацы

ката - say, tell

ма - see

Imperfective verb	Perfective verb	Meaning
арин	жан арин	i read
ахен	жан ахен	i fly
сайн	жа сайн	i write
ц'ан	жа ц'ан	i shoot

Examples

TBA