User:Native Qazh/Sandbox6

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Phonolohy

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate
plain p t t͡ɕ k
palatal
Fricative s ɕ x
Nasal m n
Approximant ʋ l j
Rhotic ɾ

Vowels

Tamir Tyulov
(1961)
Front Central back
Close i ɪ̈, ʊ u
Mid ʲe[1] ɤ̈ o
Open a
Λubomєr Џretyȝa
(1947)
Front back
Close i u, ŭ
Mid ʲɛ[1], ĕ ɔ
Open a, ă

^1 palatalized when it's the first sound of a word, or it comes after a vowel or consonants with palatal equivalents.

Vowels Harmony
type 1 type 2
Front i, ʲe, ɪ̈ ɪ̈ i
Back a, ɤ̈, ɤ̈ a
Round o, u, ʊ ʊ u

A - type1 vowel harmony
А2 - type 2 vowel harmony, which is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and when creating new verbs via affixes.

Writing system

А а Ӑ ӑ Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ӗ ӗ
Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н
О о П п Р р С с Ҫ ҫ Т т У у Ў ў
Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Ь ь Ю ю Я я


А а Ă ă B b C c Ć ć D d E e Ĕ ĕ
F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m
N n O o P p Q q R r S s Ś ś T t
U u Ŭ ŭ V v W w X x Y y Z z


Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Cyrillic upper case А Ӑ Б В Г Д Е Ӗ Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Ҫ Т У Ў Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Ь Ю Я
Cyrillic lower case а ӑ б в г д е ӗ ж з и й к л м н о п р с ҫ т у ў ф х ц ч ш ь ю я
Latin upper case A Ă B V G D E Ĕ Ž Z I Y K L M N O P R S Ś T U Ŭ F H C Ć Š Y Yu Ya
Latin lower case a ă b v g d e ĕ ž z i y k l m n o p r s ś t u ŭ f h c ć š y yu ya
IPA sound a ɤ̈ b ʋ ɡ d ʲe ɪ̈ ʑ z i j k l m n o p ɾ s ɕ t u ʊ ʋ̥ x ts t͡ɕ ɕ ◌ʲ ju ja

Affixes don't effect the spelling of the stem.

Palatals

When C- When -C- When -C
ӑ, ӗ, о, и
// пь / py пя / pya пю / pyu пе / pe пп / pp пь / py
// ть / ty тя / tya тю / tyu те / te тт / tt ть / ty
// кь / ky кя / kya кю / kyu ке / ke кк / kk кь / ky
// нь / ny ня / nya ню / nyu не / ne нн / nn нь / ny
// ль / ly ля / lya лю / lyu ле / le лл / ll ль / ly

When the consonant is in the -C- possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.
Affixes don't effect the spelling.

Gramar

Syntax

 SOV
 noun like adjectives
 possessee - possessor
 adjective - noun
 postpossitions

Pronouns

Number and Person Nominative Dative / Genetive Accusative Locative Ablative Allative Instrumental Abessive
stressed clitic dative clitic genitive stressed clitic
Singular First Пӗ Пӗн -'мА2 -(й)А2м Пӗй -'мА Пӗтӗ Пӗр Пӗть Пӗҫӗн Пӗҫӗр
Second Сӗ Сӗн -'сА2 -(й)А2н Сӗй -'сА Сӗтӗ Сӗр Сӗть Сӗҫӗн Сӗҫӗр
Plural First Пӗме Пӗмен -'мА2м -(й)А2мА2 Пӗмей -'мАм Пӗметӗ Пӗмер Пӗметь Пӗмеҫӗн Пӗмеҫӗр
Second Сӗме Сӗмен -'сА2м -(й)А2нА2 Сӗмей -'сАм Сӗметӗ Сӗмер Сӗметь Сӗмеҫӗн Сӗмеҫӗр
Third[2] Во Вон -'вА2 -(й)А2 Вой -'вА Вотў Вор Воть Воҫўн Воҫўр
Self Хӑн Хӑнӑн -'хА2 -'(й)А2х Хӑнӑ -'хА Хӑнтӑ Хӑнӑр Хӑнӑть Хӑнҫӑн Хӑнҫӑр

^2 There's no singlular or plural distinction of the third person pronouns besides contextual.

Nouns

Number & Definitiness

Grammatical number is implied by the speaker, in the context of singular usually the indefinite article is used, while the definite is also used in the plural context too.

Article Example
Indefinite
Singular
ӗ/ӗн ӗ сўр ӗн етӗ
Definite /
Plural
-∅ сўр ет
Partitive тес тес сўр тес етӗ
Negative
Indefinite
Singular
рӗ/рӗн рӗ сўр рӗн етӗ
Negative
Partitive
рӗтес рӗтес сўр рӗтес етӗ

сўр - house
етӗ - dog

Case

Case Affix Example
Nominative -(А) аўa ҫив тур
Dative/Genetive -(А)н аўaн ҫивӗн турўн
Definite
Accusative
-А/й аўaй ҫивӗ турў
Locative -тА аўaтӑ ҫивтӗ туртў
Ablative -(А)р аўaр ҫивӗр турўр
Allative -(А)ть аўaть ҫивӗть турўть
Instrumental -ҫАн аўaҫӑн ҫивҫӗн турҫўн
Abessive -ҫАр аўaҫӑр ҫивҫӗр турҫўр
Vocative -/о, -e аўо ҫиве туре

A - vowel harmony.
аўa - air
ҫив - water
тур - earth

Adjectives & Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - кай
  • Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-кай
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - то-кай
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-кай

Verbs

Person & Direction

a

Tense, Aspect, Mood

Tense Mood
Indicative Imperative Conditional Presumptive Permissive
Present -∅ -и/й[3] -пАт -кАм -(А)сҫА
Past -(А)ть -(А)сҫАть
Past-participle Active -(А)ль -пАтАль -кАмАль -(А)сҫАль
Passive -(А)нь -пАтАнь -кАмАнь
Future -(А)х -пАт -кАм -(А)сҫАх
Past Future -(А)хАть -(А)сҫАхАть

^3 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.

Copula

Number &
Person
past-
participle
(been)
Past (was) Present
(am)
Future
(will be)
Past Future
(was going to be)
Aorist
(would)
Imperative
(be!)
Singular First тел тем тетьӗм тем тевхӗм тевхӗтьӗм текӗм
Second тел теҫ тетьӗҫ теҫ тевхӗҫ тевхӗтьӗҫ текӗҫ тей
Third тел те теть те тевӗх тевхӗть тек
Plural First тел темчӗ тетьӗмчӗ темчӗ тевхӗмчӗ тевхӗтьӗмчӗ текӗмчӗ
Second тел теҫчӗ тетьӗҫчӗ теҫчӗ тевхӗҫчӗ тевхӗтьӗҫчӗ текӗҫчӗ тейч
Third тел теч тетьӗч теч тевхӗч тевхӗтьӗч текӗч

Black - stem; Red - person/number; Blue - tense/aspect/mood; Green - copula.

Evidentiality

Affix Example Overliteral translation
Indicative (perfective) Етӗп инаҫе пулӑкӑ "I know from my own observation that the dog ate the fish."
Inferential -(А)вхА "The dog must have eaten the fish."[4]
Renarrative - "I've been told that the dog ate the fish."
Dubitative - "I've been told that the dog ate the fish, but I doubt it."

^4 The speaker did not witness it, but inferred it, for example, from the fact that the fish was missing and there was a pile of fish bones by the kennel.

Verb-forming

Form Suffix Verb English Translation
Positive -∅ килӗм "I come", "I'm coming"
Negative -рА килрӗм "I do not come", "I'm not coming"
Perfective и(н)- икилӗм "I come", "I'm coming"*
Necessitative -мАҫ килмӗҫӗм "I must come"
Potential -(й)Ай килӗйм "I can come"
Impotential -(й)АйрА килӗйрӗм "I cannot come"
Conditional -сА килсӗм "if only I came"
Cusative -(й)А2т килитӗм "I bring", Ï'm bringing"

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

Word
0 нўл
1 пӗр
2 икке
3 виҫ
4 тавӑт
5 пиҫĕк
6 ўлта
7 ҫапте
8 сакӑр
9 тахӑр
10 вӗн
11 пӗр вӗнтӗ
12 иккӗ вӗнтӗ
13 виҫӗ вӗнтӗ
14 тавӑт вӗнтӗ
15 пиҫĕк вӗнтӗ
16 ўлта вӗнтӗ
17 ҫапте вӗнтӗ
18 сакӑр вӗнтӗ
19 тахӑр вӗнтӗ
20 иккӗвӗн
21 пӗр иккӗвӗнтӗ
22 иккӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
23 виҫӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
24 тавӑт иккӗвӗнтӗ
25 пиҫĕк иккӗвӗнтӗ
30 виҫӗвӗн
40 тавӑтвӗн
50 пиҫĕквӗн
60 ўлтавӗн
70 ҫаптевӗн
80 сакӑрвӗн
90 тахӑрвӗн
100 ҫĕр
101 пӗр ҫĕртӗ /
ҫĕр я пӗр
110 вӗн ҫĕртӗ /
ҫĕр я вӗн
111 ҫĕр я пӗр вӗнтӗ
200 иккӗҫĕр
500 пиҫĕкҫĕр
1 000 пӗнь
1 999 пӗнь тахӑрҫĕр
тахӑрвӗн я тахӑр
2 000 иккӗпӗнь
5 000 пиҫĕкпӗнь
10 000 равӑ
1 000 000 ҫĕрравӑ
(100 x 1 000) /
мильон

Ordinal numbers

Fractional numbers

Honorifics

Derevation

Language Examples

Derivation affixes:

Affix Used to create: Example
-(А2 Agents of Verbs ура (tp step) → урар (foot)
-лАў Collective nouns киме (boat) → кимелӗў (port, harbor)
-(A)ч Nouns from Adjectives/Adverbs/Verbs хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color)
-(А)л Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns венне (fast) → веннекь (to go fast)
-ь/и/й Adjectives кўн (sun) → кўнь (sunny)
-йА2р Adjectives indicating lack of something сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless)
-(A)ҫлA Adverbs алте (happy) → алтеҫлӗ (happily)
-(А)нчА Diminutive етӗ (dog) → етӗнчӗ (doggie, puppy)
-кА Augmentatives киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship)
-ҫтА2 Places, locations пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union)
-тАвА Decendents (son of) Ҫечер (shepherd) → Ҫечертӗвӗ (son of a shepherd)