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{{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| conflict = | | conflict = Garamburan War of Independence | ||
| width = | | width = | ||
| partof = | | partof = | ||
| image = | | image = GWOI1.jpg | ||
| image_size = | | image_size = | ||
| alt = | | alt = | ||
| caption = | | caption = Garamburan forces marching through Ntawha after retaking it from veRwizi forces | ||
| date = | | date = February 16{{ndash}}April 30, 1969 | ||
| place = | | place = Western [[Garambura]] and eastern [[Rwizikuru]] | ||
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | ||
| map_type = | | map_type = | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
| map_caption = | | map_caption = | ||
| map_label = | | map_label = | ||
| territory = | | territory = Garambura has its independence recognised by the [[Rwizikuru|Kingdom of Rwizikuru]] | ||
| result = Treaty of Albertsville | |||
| status = | | status = | ||
| combatants_header = | | combatants_header = | ||
| combatant1 = {{ | | combatant1 = {{flag|Rwizikuru}}<br><br>{{collapsible list|bullets=y|title=Supported by: | ||
| {{flag|Xiaodong}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
| combatant2 = {{ | | combatant2 = {{flag|Garambura}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Biafra.svg}} [[East Riziland Liberation Front|ERLF]] {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title=Supported by: | ||
| {{flag|Estmere}} | |||
| {{flag|Gaullica}} | |||
| {{flag|Mabifia}} | |||
| {{flag|Senria}} | |||
| bullets = | |||
| title = | |||
| {{ | |||
| {{ | |||
| {{ | |||
| {{ | |||
}} | }} | ||
| combatant3 = | | combatant3 = | ||
| commander1 = {{ | | commander1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} '''[[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]]'''<br>{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} [[Nokutendaishe Dulini]]<br>{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} [[Jean-Marie Mombeshora]]<br>{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} [[Fred Ngonidzashe]]<br>{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} [[Larry Jongwe]]<br>{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} [[Farai Mwaruwari]]}} | ||
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Garambura}} '''[[Kuziva Midzi]]'''<br>{{flagicon|Garambura}} [[Rukodzi Mutasa]]<br>{{flagicon|Garambura}} [[Anesu Malianga]]<br>{{flagicon|Garambura}} [[Khwezi Dalasile]]<br>{{flagicon|Garambura}} [[Sigqibo Pityana]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Biafra.svg}} [[Fezile Maqoma]] | |||
}} | |||
| commander2 = | |||
| commander3 = | | commander3 = | ||
| units1 = | | units1 = | ||
| units2 = | | units2 = | ||
| units3 = | | units3 = | ||
| strength1 = {{ | | strength1 = {{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} 130,176 soldiers | ||
| strength2 = {{flagicon|Garambura}} 119,283 soldiers<br>{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Biafra.svg}} 31,293 militants | |||
| strength3 = | | strength3 = | ||
| casualties1 = | | casualties1 = {{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} 29,817 killed<br>{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} 31,928 wounded<br>{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} 9,017 missing or captured | ||
| casualties2 = | | casualties2 = {{flagicon|Garambura}} 18,712 killed<br>{{flagicon|Garambura}} 11,353 wounded<br>{{flagicon|Garambura}} 27,161 missing or captured<br>{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Biafra.svg}} ~7,000 killed, wounded or captured | ||
| casualties3 = | | casualties3 = | ||
| notes = | | notes = <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">23,000 veRwizi civilians killed or displaced<br>119,000 Garamburan civilians killed or displaced<br></div> | ||
| campaignbox = | | campaignbox = | ||
}} | }} | ||
The ''' | The '''Garamburan War of Independence''' ({{wp|Shona language|veRwizi}}: ''Garamburan Hondo Yekuzvimirira''; {{wp|Xhosa language|Sisulu}}: ''I-Garambura Imfazwe yokuZimela''; {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}: ''Guerre d'indépendance de Garambouren''), also known as the '''War of Liberation''' (veRwizi: ''Hondo yerusununguko''; Sisulu: ''Imfazwe yenkululeko''; {{wp|Chewa language|Njinji}}: ''Nkhondo Yachiwombolo''; Gaullican: ''Guerre de libération'') in [[Garambura]] was a war fought between the [[Rwizikuru|Kingdom of Rwizikuru]] and the newly-established [[Garambura|Republic of Garambura]], together with the [[East Riziland Liberation Front]]. The war lasted from February 16 to April 30, when the Treaty of Albertsville was signed that ensured Rwizikuru would recognise Garamburan independence. The war mainly took place near the [[River Gonda]], which served as a strategic barrier for the Garamburans who often counter-attacked using the Gonda as natural cover. | ||
The war took off initially when acting President and historic pro-independence activist [[Kuziva Midzi]] proclaimed the Republic of Garambura in his February 16 address in [[Mambiza|Sainte-Germaine]], announcing he would become the acting President of Garambura while [[Fezile Maqoma]] would succeed him as the leader of the ERLF. Midzi intended to use the ongoing [[Mabifian-Rwizikuran War]] over the region of [[Yekumavirira]] as leverage for Garambura to gain more in the conflict, but any plans for this were quickly squandered as Rwizikuru made early advances into Garambura and effectively occupying most of the land south-west of the Gonda, including the town of Ntawha, which would be used as a strategic outpost throughout the war. The Garamburans were slow to respond and the unorganised nature of the militia forces made it difficult to advance into enemy territory. | |||
Before March, [[Estmere]], [[Gaullica]], [[Mabifia]] and [[Senria]] all publicly announced their support for the cause in Garambura, with all except Mabifia sending military supplies to the Garamburan militants, with emphasis on artillery, which would be used to bombard veRwizi positions throughout the war. [[Xiaodong]] quickly announced its support for Rwizikuru in retaliation of the Senrian declaration of support for Garambura. The first major breakthrough for either side was scored when the ERLF successfully forced a veRwizi battalion to retreat at the [[Battle of Tsvangirayi]] on March 11, however by this time the veRwizi army had conceded defeat in [[Mabifia]], increasing the amount of available manpower but greatly diminishing morale. The ERLF would function as an effective guerrilla force in the northern Gonda Delta, where the veRwizi were kept due to mountainous and densely forested terrain in the north. With daily bombardment from across the Gonda, the veRwizi army was becoming increasingly divided across the Gonda, which allowed the Garamburan army to secure a crucial victory at the [[Battle of Ntawha]] on April 19, effective sealing the war as the veRwizi were quickly pushed back by a major Garamburan offensive between April 21 and 27, by which time the Garamburan forces had entered the [[Chekumabvazuva_(district)|Chekumabvazuva]] district in eastern Rwizikuru. A ceasefire was called on April 27, and the Treaty of Albertsville was signed three days later, securing veRwizi recognition of a Garamburan state. | |||
The war was devastating for the Gonda delta region and upwards of 400,000 people, both military and civilian, were killed or displaced in the conflict. Cleanup efforts and humanitarian missions in the Gonda delta began almost immediately to help those displaced and to bring the farmland into better condition, which had suffered hugely by constant bombardment. While Garambura was independent by all legal means, it was effectively shunned from [[Bahia]] and the [[Congress of Bahian States]] by Rwizikuru until [[Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe]] succeeded his father in 1979, when the [[Mambiza Accords]] were signed, relations normalised and Garambura finally admitted into the CBS after ten years of independence. The war also resulted in Rwizikuru gradually shifting away from [[ROSPO]] and aligning itself towards the [[Euclean Community]] and [[COMSED]]. | |||
Revision as of 16:40, 15 January 2020
| Garamburan War of Independence | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Garamburan forces marching through Ntawha after retaking it from veRwizi forces | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG Rwizikuru Supported by: |
 Garambura ERLF Supported by: | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG Izibongo Ngonidzashe File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG Nokutendaishe Dulini File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG Jean-Marie Mombeshora File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG Fred Ngonidzashe File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG Larry Jongwe File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG Farai Mwaruwari |
Kuziva Midzi Rukodzi Mutasa Anesu Malianga Khwezi Dalasile Sigqibo Pityana Fezile Maqoma | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG 130,176 soldiers |
119,283 soldiers 31,293 militants | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG 29,817 killed File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG 31,928 wounded File:RwizikuruFlag.PNG 9,017 missing or captured |
18,712 killed 11,353 wounded 27,161 missing or captured ~7,000 killed, wounded or captured | ||||||||
|
23,000 veRwizi civilians killed or displaced 119,000 Garamburan civilians killed or displaced | |||||||||
The Garamburan War of Independence (veRwizi: Garamburan Hondo Yekuzvimirira; Sisulu: I-Garambura Imfazwe yokuZimela; Gaullican: Guerre d'indépendance de Garambouren), also known as the War of Liberation (veRwizi: Hondo yerusununguko; Sisulu: Imfazwe yenkululeko; Njinji: Nkhondo Yachiwombolo; Gaullican: Guerre de libération) in Garambura was a war fought between the Kingdom of Rwizikuru and the newly-established Republic of Garambura, together with the East Riziland Liberation Front. The war lasted from February 16 to April 30, when the Treaty of Albertsville was signed that ensured Rwizikuru would recognise Garamburan independence. The war mainly took place near the River Gonda, which served as a strategic barrier for the Garamburans who often counter-attacked using the Gonda as natural cover.
The war took off initially when acting President and historic pro-independence activist Kuziva Midzi proclaimed the Republic of Garambura in his February 16 address in Sainte-Germaine, announcing he would become the acting President of Garambura while Fezile Maqoma would succeed him as the leader of the ERLF. Midzi intended to use the ongoing Mabifian-Rwizikuran War over the region of Yekumavirira as leverage for Garambura to gain more in the conflict, but any plans for this were quickly squandered as Rwizikuru made early advances into Garambura and effectively occupying most of the land south-west of the Gonda, including the town of Ntawha, which would be used as a strategic outpost throughout the war. The Garamburans were slow to respond and the unorganised nature of the militia forces made it difficult to advance into enemy territory.
Before March, Estmere, Gaullica, Mabifia and Senria all publicly announced their support for the cause in Garambura, with all except Mabifia sending military supplies to the Garamburan militants, with emphasis on artillery, which would be used to bombard veRwizi positions throughout the war. Xiaodong quickly announced its support for Rwizikuru in retaliation of the Senrian declaration of support for Garambura. The first major breakthrough for either side was scored when the ERLF successfully forced a veRwizi battalion to retreat at the Battle of Tsvangirayi on March 11, however by this time the veRwizi army had conceded defeat in Mabifia, increasing the amount of available manpower but greatly diminishing morale. The ERLF would function as an effective guerrilla force in the northern Gonda Delta, where the veRwizi were kept due to mountainous and densely forested terrain in the north. With daily bombardment from across the Gonda, the veRwizi army was becoming increasingly divided across the Gonda, which allowed the Garamburan army to secure a crucial victory at the Battle of Ntawha on April 19, effective sealing the war as the veRwizi were quickly pushed back by a major Garamburan offensive between April 21 and 27, by which time the Garamburan forces had entered the Chekumabvazuva district in eastern Rwizikuru. A ceasefire was called on April 27, and the Treaty of Albertsville was signed three days later, securing veRwizi recognition of a Garamburan state.
The war was devastating for the Gonda delta region and upwards of 400,000 people, both military and civilian, were killed or displaced in the conflict. Cleanup efforts and humanitarian missions in the Gonda delta began almost immediately to help those displaced and to bring the farmland into better condition, which had suffered hugely by constant bombardment. While Garambura was independent by all legal means, it was effectively shunned from Bahia and the Congress of Bahian States by Rwizikuru until Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe succeeded his father in 1979, when the Mambiza Accords were signed, relations normalised and Garambura finally admitted into the CBS after ten years of independence. The war also resulted in Rwizikuru gradually shifting away from ROSPO and aligning itself towards the Euclean Community and COMSED.