View source for Gowsa

[[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dwangarbeiders_te_Aceh_met_resident_Jongejans_TMnr_10001654.jpg|thumb|right|A photograph of gowsas working in x, 19xx]]
A '''gowsa''' ({{wp|Help:IPA/English|/'gaʊzə/}}) is a emigrant from [[Dezevau]] (or sometimes nearby parts of [[Southeast Coius]]) who has {{wp|human migration|migrated}} to work in {{wp|manual labour}} overseas for economic reasons. The term is especially applied to those who moved in the 19th and early 20th centuries to the colonial holdings of [[Euclea|Euclean]] empires, many of which had a want of labour because of the abolition of {{wp|slavery}}. Frequently, gowsas were transported and worked in poor conditions, under contracts of {{wp|indenture}} which could resemble slavery. However, free migration was also known. Many gowsas returned home after working for a time, but many also, either by choice or necessity, settled in the places to which they had migrated. The descendants of gowsas form significant populations in many regions. 

Most gowsas migrated to the [[Asterias]], where the wide availability of land combined with suitable climates meant many colonial empires had found it profitable to set up {{wp|plantation economies}}. However, gowsas also frequently worked as servants, and in {{wp|mining}}, {{wp|construction}}, {{wp|forestry}} and {{wp|smallholding|smallholder agriculture}} (in particular, {{wp|market gardens}}). Their contribution to labour-scarce colonial economies was often significant. It is estimated that from the start of the nineteenth century to the [[Great Collapse]], x million gowsas emigrated from Dezevau and its surrounds. x, x and x were the destinations that took in the most. Gowsa migration was in decline by the time of the Great Collapse in 1913 owing to a range of factors, but it essentially ended as a mass phenomenon then. 

The descendant populations of gowsas are typically substantially intermixed in their countries, and there is no discernible gap in most places in the wealth of those who are descended from gowsas and those who are not. The historical demographic significance of gowsas in some places has seen the term be applied as an ethnic label, with varying usages depending on the locality, though usually being used as a blanket term to refer to those whose ancestry is substantially from [[Southeast Coius]]. x, x and x today have the largest populations descended from gowsas. 

==Etymology==
The {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} term "gowsa" comes from the [[Ziba language|Ziba]] phrase ''gauza zebiumhi'', literally meaning "bitter migration". 

''Zebiumhi'' is, however, a culturally nuanced term; it refers specifically to the settlement of unsettled or non-agriculturalised areas, generally in pursuit of land and security of livelihood, and usually involves moving from one polity to another. Most ''zebiumhi'' in [[Dezevau]] until the 19th century was overland or via rivers, and occurred in regions adjacent to Dezevauni agricultural civilisation. 

In early modern Dezevau, then, ''gauza zebiumhi'' referred to migration over saltwater, which was thought of as bitter, hence the terminology. The meaning was multifaceted, as ''gauza'' also brought to mind the difficulty of migration over long distances in that era. [[Euclea|Eucleans]] took someone who engaged in ''gauza'' migration to be a "gowsa", the term which became established and commonplace, even official, for referring to that kind of migrant at the time. 

==History==
===Aguda Empire===
{{main|Aguda Empire}}
Gowsa migration can said to have originated during the Aguda Empire. While in the period preceding its establishment, wars and other disruptions had caused significant dislocation, there was no phenomenon of migration outside the local region outside of a few traders and adventurers. The period of population growth ushered in by the Aguda Empire from around the 16th century onwards coincided with the introduction of Euclean influences in the region. Despite the beneficial introduction of Asterian agricultural species, fertile land became scarce and economic conditions difficult at times. By the 18th century, small but notable numbers of Dezevauni people were taking advantage of Euclean maritime traffic to move to places as far as x, in search of a better existence. This migration was not encouraged by any governmental authorities, but the precedent it began to set would be significant in terms of the terms, customs and ideas which surrounded later migration. 

===Saint Bermude's Company===
{{main|Saint Bermude's Company}}
While the Aguda Empire formally continued to exist in some form or another until the early 19th century, its authority and integrity was usurped by the [[Gaullica|Gaullican]] Saint Bermude's Company mainly in the 18th century. The integration of Dezevau into a global economic system, at the head of which sat Euclea, opened opportunities for migration. Free migration in search of better economic conditions accelerated at this time, as the Saint Bermude's Company policies, designed to generate profit for itself and the homeland, failed to alleviate or even worsened the phenomenon of high food prices. 

Euclean migration and [[Bahia|Bahian]] slaves, however, provided for the great majority of labour needs in the global imperialist-capitalist system. The term "gowsa" became well-established at this time, as their populations, though smaller than those of Eucleans and Bahians, tended to be the third largest non-native group in colonised regions. 

===Abolition of slavery===
Near the end of the 18th century, slavery was banned in [[Estmere]], followed by most of the Eastern world in the first half of the 19th century. As ex-slaves migrated or changed the circumstances of their employment, this development created industry-specific or general shortages of labour in many colonial regions of the world, or strengthened the position of labour in those areas to an extent uncomfortable for rulers. Capitalists and governments sought a solution to this problem, and found one, inspired by the existing small communities of Dezevauni. 

Because of the situation in their homeland from the development of city-states to corporate rule, Dezevauni peasants tended to be familiar with tropical agriculture, urbanisation and cash economies. They were also numerous, and had a culture or custom of migration for agricultural reasons, known as ''zebiumhi'' in [[Ziba language|Ziba]]. With existing migrants as proof of concept, colonial administrations began to induce mass migration from Dezevau to labour-poor areas under their rule, with the goal of alleviating the situation with labour. Saint Bermude's Company found it profitable to help arrange the emigration of those under its administration, which reduced pressure on resources and could net them a fee; world colonial powers found access to a cheap source of labour, which both did not carry the stigma of slavery, but was also less restive because of the better conditions granted than to the slaves of old. With Dezevau promoted in the Euclean eye as a semi-civilised locale, Euclean powers exported labour. 

The great majority of gowsas migrated through the auspices of the Saint Bermude's Company, mostly to Gaullican colonies, but also being supplied to other Euclean powers either for profit or as a diplomatic boon. However, Estmere also took advantage of its holdings, small territories centred on [[Mount Palmerston]], to export labour; the competition that went on between Estmere and Gaullica for local labour helped improve conditions for migrants, especially as it was relatively easy to move between Estmerish and Gaullican territories until later in the 19th century. A plurality, perhaps even most migrants came from the Doboadane basin, in the northeast of modern Dezevau, which was particularly colonised, and rurally impoverished as a result; this was also the region in which the main Estmerish presence was. 

Numbers rose from the 18th century onwards, but the biggest boom started in the 1840s, as several notable economies eliminated slavery or became more open to immigration and free trade. Large numbers of gowsas moved to areas around the Arucian and Vehemens Ocean islands such as [[Satucin]], [[Imagua (island)|Imagua]] and [[Nouvel Anglet]] because of their tropical or subtropical climate, the best areas for plantation economies. However, smaller numbers were present further afield, such as in [[Atudée]] and [[Halland]]. 

===Decline of gowsa migration===
[[File:Newly_arrived_coolies_in_Trinidad.jpg|right|thumb|Photograph of gowsas from Bouvamedagavo in x, 19xx]]
Towards the end of the 19th century, labour shortages ceased to be much of a problem in most destinations. This was as a result of long-running migration, but also the mechanisation of agriculture, and natural population growth. In destination regions themselves, the increasing trend of self-rule allowed nativism the power to reduce or prevent gowsa migration, and where it occurred, independence tended to sever a country's links to the colonial powers with access to the source of gowsas. Additionally, free migration from countries such as [[Senria]] and [[Xiaodong]] was on the rise globally as mobility improved and imperialism's reach became wider, even as push factors may have been declining in Dezevau where population pressures had been relieved by industry or new agricultural techniques. 

It is thus that in 1889, with the formation of State of Désébau and the [[Bureau for Southeast Coius]] which controlled it in practice, gowsa migration was already in decline. The colonial administration was aware of this fact, and furthermore, considered it unprofitable for and disruptive to the development of local extractive industries. This perception was possibly furthered by sympathetic remittances to the [[Dezevauni Section of the Workers' International]] made by wealthier gowsas or descendants of gowsas. Policy was therefore unsympathetic to further emigration, though it continued. 

In 1913, the [[Great Collapse]] occurred. As unemployment skyrocketed around the world, the phenomenon of gowsa migration finally essentially came to an end; most regions were worse hit than Désébau itself. Some, however, claim that small scale but still notably gowsa-style migration was still extant in the years leading up to the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]]. 

Many gowsas returned to Dezevau in the 20th century; in [[Tsabara]], nearly the entire gowsa population departed because of nationalism, changes in the postcolonial economy and the Great War. In many plantation economies, such as Imagua, gowsas and their descendants emigrated, being among the most recent ethnic groups to arrive, having entered the middle class, or finding employment had dried up. Many moved to the urban industrial centres of countries such as [[Halland]] and Eldmark. 

==Demography==
In total, around a million gowsas migrated, and around x million people in countries outside of [[Dezevau]] are descended from gowsas today. 

The great majority of gowsas were ethnic Dezevauni from Dezevau, but it is not uncommon that migrants from neighbouring countries were counted also as gowsa, or that non-ethnically Dezevauni migrants were not considered gowsa. 
===Gowsa destinations===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
! Country legend (1840 CE)
|-
|{{legend|#bfbfbf|{{flag|Estmere}}}}
{{legend|#ffbfbf|{{flag|Etruria}}}}
{{legend|#bfbfff|{{flag|Gaullica}}}}
{{legend|#bfbf3f|{{flag|Marirana}}}}
{{legend|#7fbf7f|{{flag|Narozalica}}}}
{{legend|#ffffff|Independent}}
|}
This table lists territories extant in 1840 and the total number of gowsas who moved to them, with subtitles by geographical region. 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! style="width: 250px;" | Territory
! style="width: 100px;" | Number
|-
! colspan="2" | ''Arucian Sea islands''
|- style="background: #ffbfbf"
| [[Assimas Islands]]
| style="text-align: right" | 0+
|- style="background: #bfbfbf"
| [[Imagua (island)|Imagua]]
| style="text-align: right" | 75,000
|- style="background: #bfbf3f"
| [[Maracao]]
| style="text-align: right" | 0+
|- style="background: #EAECF0"
| ''Subtotal''
| style="text-align: right" | ''75,000''
|-
! colspan="2" | ''Continental Asteria Inferior''
|- style="background: #ffffff"
| [[Aucuria]]
| style="text-align: right" | 100,000
|- style="background: #bfbfbf"
| [[Nuvania]]
| style="text-align: right" | 0+
|- style="background: #bfbfff"
| [[Satucin]]
| style="text-align: right" | 450,000
|- style="background: #EAECF0"
| ''Subtotal''
| style="text-align: right" | ''550,000''
|-
! colspan="2" | ''Continental Asteria Superior''
|- style="background: #ffffff"
| [[Eldmark]]
| style="text-align: right" | 0+
|- style="background: #ffffff"
| [[Halland]]
| style="text-align: right" | 15,000
|- style="background: #bfbf3f"
| Mainland [[Marirana]]
| style="text-align: right" | 0+
|- style="background: #7fbf7f"
| [[Vinalia]]
| style="text-align: right" | 12,000
|- style="background: #EAECF0"
| ''Subtotal''
| style="text-align: right" | ''27,000''
|-
! colspan="2" | ''Continental Coius''
|- style="background: #bfbfff"
| [[Atudée]]
| style="text-align: right" | 95,000
|- style="background: #bfbfbf"
| [[Rwizikuru]]
| style="text-align: right" | 500
|- style="background: #bfbfff"
| [[Ténéré]]
| style="text-align: right" | 10,000
|- style="background: #EAECF0"
| ''Subtotal''
| style="text-align: right" | ''105,500''
|-
! colspan="2" | ''Vehemens Ocean islands''
|- style="background: #bfbfff"
| [[Nouvel Anglet]]
| style="text-align: right" | 90,000
|- style="background: #bfbfbf"
| [[St Robert's and Fleming]]
| style="text-align: right" | 10,000
|- style="background: #EAECF0"
| ''Subtotal''
| style="text-align: right" | ''100,000''
|-
!  style="text-align: left" | Total
! style="text-align: right" | 757,000
|}

===Gowsa descendants===
In some cases, this data means those who identify as being gowsa or of gowsa origin, while in other cases it is all those who have any gowsa ancestors. Complex and repeated patterns of migration and intermixture make assessing the gowsa legacy academically difficult. 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! Number
! Notes
|-
| {{flag|Estmere}}
| 60,000 (St Robert's and Fleming)
|
|-
| {{flag|Gaullica}}
| 670,000 (Nouvel Anglet)
| 
|-
| {{flag|Halland}}
| 1,092,863
| Significant immigration from other parts of Asterias
|-
| {{flag|Imagua and the Assimas}}
| 104,520
| Significant emigration to other parts of Asterias
|-
| {{flag|Satucin}}
| 2,500,000
|
|-
| {{flag|Vinalia}}
| 60,000
|
|}

==Conditions==
The conditions of transport and labour for gowsas were often very poor, both for free migrants and indentured. In the course of migration, they encountered issues such as unfamiliar diet, overcrowding, lack of clean water, lack of hygienic facilities, disease, and ill-treatment from those operating or administrating ships, ports, housing and so forth. It is estimated that of x million would-be gowsas who left ports in and around Dezevau, x million perished before arrival. Free migrants, who paid their own way, generally had a better time. It is acknowledged, however, that despite poor conditions, gowsas had on the whole better lots than the slaves they in many cases replaced. Employers did not hold legal rights over them in the way they did over chattel, and typically gowsas were free to leave employment at will, or had fixed term contracts which provided for right of return. 

===commissioners===
The late [[Aguda Empire]] appointed commissioners to consider the welfare of gowsas in their overseas homes, sending them abroad to report and advocate. Known as x, they often took on the role of community representative, especially where they were one of the few non-indentured people in a gowsa community, and had the wealth and connections to make impacts on local governance and business that gowsas themselves generally did not. In some cases, they functioned as diplomatic representatives of the empire, while in others they became much more involved with local issues, and had little contact with the empire, often not deigning to return to the homeland. In many cases, however, these representatives were ineffectual, due to minimal engagement with the community, which often happened where they were recognised as official representatives by governments. 

The practice of dispatching these commissioners was carried on by some organisations and polities in the decline of the Aguda Empire, and was aided by or conducted through the Saint Bermude's Company at least on occasion. However, by the late 19th century, almost no commissioners were sent anymore, with those still in action being those who had elected to stay with their communities, even without state support. The model of these commissioners inspired later governmental systems of administration for gowsa communities in some areas. 

==Identity==
The circumstances of identity and belonging in the historical context of the Dezevauni city-states and the [[Aguda Empire]] did not fit neatly into modern conceptions of nation. While gowsas who intended to permanently emigrate would have thought of themselves as finding a new home in a new polity, as per the idea of ''zebiumhi'', they retained their cultural characteristics, and may have identified with the broader Dezevauni ethnocultural conception. For example, even today, many descendants of gowsas practice [[Badi]], and there was considerable multigenerational transmission of the [[Ziba language]]. In recent times, there has been somewhat of a revival in awareness. The ideas of identity surrounding gowsas are also significant in the conception of working class identity, as far as gowsas were distinguished not only by their ethnicity but by their class; it has been contended that like Bahian slaves, gowsas typically formed an ethno-class. 

==Impact on migratory destinations==
Gowsas provided manual labour to the destinations they migrated too, often boosting its economy by filling in the need for a workforce in industries ranging from plantation cropping to construction to mining. 

Racial or ethnic tensions sometimes arose, either between different groups of gowsas (who might have come from different cities in Dezevau) or between gowsas and other groups. At times, Bahian ex-slaves were hostile as they were seen to be depressing wages and making it impossible to place pressure on employers, and racial supremacy caused hostility at other times, in regards of Euclean groups. However, admixture often went a considerable way to bridging these gaps. 

==Impact on Dezevau==
The gowsa phenomenon both boosted the Dezevauni economy and weakened it; gowsas who returned or sent remittances contributed considerably to the colonial economic activity, but their emigration also deprived it of its population of working, fighting and childbearing age. Some scholars contend that gowsa emigration contributed significantly to the colonial impoverishment of the Doboadane basin region, while others disagree. It is not clear whether most or merely many gowsas came from the Doboadane region, even in contemporary scholarship. 

==Notable gowsas and descendants of gowsas==
* [[placeholder name]] (xxxx-xxxx)

==See also==
* [[Badi by country]]
* [[Dezevauni people in Amathia]]

[[Category:Culture of Dezevau]]
[[Category:Economy (Kylaris)]]
[[Category:Economy of Dezevau]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups (Kylaris)]]
[[Category:History of Dezevau]]
[[Category:World history (Kylaris)]]