View source for H12G2B40 Ubak

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The '''H12G2B40 Ubak''' ("hail") is a [[Menghe]]an 122mm 40-barrel {{wp|multiple rocket launcher}} produced from the 1970s until the 2000s. It is a derivative of the [[Letnia]]n {{wp|BM-21 Grad}}, mounting the latter's rocket launch assembly on a [[Chŏnsŏ J288]] medium utility lorry. It has given rise to a number of variants and derivatives of its own, some of them using different chassis designs or loading systems.

==Description==
The H12G2B40 Ubak is built on a modified [[Chŏnsŏ J288]] {{wp|Six-wheel drive|6×6}} medium utility lorry. The chassis is slightly modified: the frame does not extend out as far behind the rear pair of roadwheels, and the placement of the exhaust pipe is slightly different. The structure above the frame is also custom-built to support the launcher and its associated equipment.

Apart from the domestic chassis, the H12G2B40 is functionally identical to the BM-21 Grad. The launch vehicle has a crew of three, but three additional crew members ride in a separate loading vehicle designated H12G2S40. This is a basic Chŏnsŏ J288 lorry with rockets carried in the rear bed under a tarp. The rocket launcher can be fired from a hand crank inside the cab or from a control unit at the end of a 64-meter cable.

Bringing the vehicle into a fire-ready state from a road march takes three minutes, firing a full salvo takes 20 seconds, and bringing the vehicle back into a road-march state takes two minutes. Thus, the full process of driving into a firing position, preparing the launcher, firing a full volley, and exiting the launch area can be completed in slightly under six minutes, making it difficult for an enemy to respond with counter-battery fire. The vehicle itself, however, is entirely unarmored, making it vulnerable to counter-battery fire and small-arms fire.

==Variants==
* '''H12G1B40''' - Designation for BM-21 Grad vehicles on the original Ural chassis, imported from Letnia in the early 1970s.
* '''H12G2B40 Ubak''' - Designation for the domestic multiple rocket launch system described above.
** '''H12G2B40G Ubak-G''' - Original production version with a manually aimed launcher.
** '''H12G2B40N Ubak-N''' - Improved variant introduced in 2002. It features a [[Constellation Satellite Navigation System|CSNS]] navigation unit, which checks the vehicle's position for increased accuracy and autonomy, and powered elevation and traverse controls for the launcher, which allow the crew to aim the weapon without exiting the vehicle and operating the hand crank controls. These and other changes reportedly shave close to 1 minute off the time required to bring the launcher into action, and they allow a single launch vehicle to execute a firing mission at a greater distance from the battery fire-control post, though the battery FC post must still calculate a firing solution. The H12G2B40N also added compatibility with new types of 122mm rocket ammunition, increasing the launcher's range and versatility.
* '''H12G3B12''' - A 12-round 122mm rocket launcher on a [[Chŏnsŏ G566]] chassis with a folding cab roof, for use by airborne forces and border units. The associated system of vehicles is known as H12G3 Ubak-GB and includes fire-control and command vehicles on airborne-capable G566 hulls.
* '''H12G4B80 Ichung Ubak''' - A new vehicle introduced in 2006. It consists of a [[Samsan S915]] 8×8 wheeled chassis with a 40-rocket Ubak-N type launcher and a separate bank of forty 122mm rockets between the launcher and the cab. The launcher can automatically reload itself from this bank of stored rockets, without requiring the crew to exit the vehicle or rendezvous with a reload team. The cab itself is armored against small-arms fire and shrapnel and armed with a 12.7mm heavy machine gun. Generally considered to be a separate vehicle rather than an Ubak derivative, but it uses the same 122mm rocket ammunition.
** '''H12G4B80G''' - Early production unit with an unarmored cab. First unveiled in 2004 but produced in small numbers.
** '''H12G4B80N''' - Improved variant with an armored cab, introduced in 2006 and accounting for most "Double Ubak" vehicles.

==Ammunition==

==Operators==
* {{flag|Argentstan}}
* {{flag|Azbekistan}}
* {{flag|Dzhungestan}}
* {{flag|Republic of Innominada}}
* {{flag|Menghe}}
* {{flag|Polvokia}}
* {{flag|Qusayn}}
* {{flag|Ummayah}}

{{Menghean postwar AFVs}}

[[Category:Menghe]]