View source for Camian Military Academy Chapel Organ

{{Infobox instrument
| name           = Camian Military Academy Chapel Organ
| image          = West Point Cadet Chapel Interior 02.JPG
| classification = {{wp|Pipe organ}}
| range          = GGGGG – c<sup>8</sup>
| related        = 
| musicians      = Capt. George Beck (resident organist)
| builders       = G. Tilby & Co.
| articles       = 
}}The '''Camian Military Academy Chapel Organ''' is a large {{wp|pipe organ}} located in the Camian Military Academy's chapel, in New Aldgate, [[Camia]].  The instrument was built by Graham Tilby Co. between 1919 and 1921 for the academy's chapel completed in the same period.  It possesses some 23,750 pipes, making it one of the largest in the world.

==Background==
The Camian government voted to grant a special fund for the re-erection of a chapel on the grounds of the Camian Military Academy after the previous one burned down in 1916.  To celebrate the nation's recent military achievements, it was decided to enlarge the chapel considerably.  To that end several dormitories were demolished and a small pond drained to make space for a large chapel.  The finished building measured 240 feet down its nave.  As the organ in the original chapel had been destroyed by the fire, a new organ was planned and contracted to Graham Tilby's organ company.

Graham Tilby is recognized as Camia's foremost organ builder, having been responsible for several other large-scale instruments in the Cathedral of the Incarnation, St. James's Cathedral, and the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart.  These instruments, however, were not considered appropriate models for the CMA chapel by Tilby, because he regarded the Military Academy's chapel primarily as a social or academic space, not a religious one: it was "for one morning a week it is a church, and at all other times a gathering hall."  This was true of the chapel's uses at that time as a general meeting space for various social and ceremonial activities, and vocal and instrumental performances were frequent.  Tilby thus regarded this opportunity as one to express his abilities in an organ in the symphonic style, which were rapidly becoming popular in Casaterra.

In 1918, Tilby gave serious consideration to the design of the organ as a potential contender for the world's largest organ, which at that time was the one in Percy's Store, with around 17,000 pipes.  However, it soon became clear that the budget would not accommodate his ambition unless the quality of the instrument be so far reduced that it would mar instead of burnish his own reputation.  The director of music at the Military Academy, who also had a prominent role in the instrument's design, insisted that the instrument be larger than the one at Kien-k'ang City Hall, which was the largest when it was completed with 13,100 pipes in 1901.  Thus, Tilby reluctantly gave an estimate of $155,000 for an instrument at 14,420 pipes.

==Layout==
The CMA organ is distributed at six locations or chambers: the main organ located behind the altar, the two choir wings, the echo organ located in the clerestories, the antiphonal organ located at the other end of the nave, and the bombarde organ opposite the echo.  The main organ case extends 40 foot in height and features a Romantic design.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chamber !! Division
|-
| Nave || Positive, Swell, Great, Solo, Pedal
|-
| Choir Left || Orchestral
|-
| Choir Right || Orchestral
|-
| Echo || Echo, Echo Pedal
|-
| Antiphonal || Antiphonal, Antiphonal Pedal
|-
| Bombarde || Trumpet, Bombarde
|}

==Tonal design==
===Distribution===
The CMA organ was built with a tonal design in stride with the leading theories of its age, emphasizing the unison voices (8-foot in the manuals and 16-foot in the pedal) and suppressing treble ones.  A large range of orchestral voices, which are imitative of strings, woodwinds, and brasses, are provided in the organ.  These innovations were conditioned by a century of Romantic tonal evolution that sought to expand the organ's tonal palette, to the end that it could imitate the sound of an orchestra.

Improvements in technology also enabled the organ to have a larger ''dynamic'' range, by providing chests on differing wind pressures.  With the CMA instrument's mechanical blowers, pressure could be as high as 25 inches and as low as 2 inches in different chests, compared with the uniform 3 to 5 inches achievable with manual bellows.  However, because each pipe can be voiced for only one wind pressure, multiple pipes would be required to produce the same voice at differing dynamic levels.  This is too the case on the CMA instrument, which has five 8-foot Diapason stops on 20, 12, 8, 5, and 3 inches of wind; they have similar tonal characters but speak at different dynamic levels.  

Traditionally, a louder voice was achieved by sounding pipes of similar tone at successive pitch levels (usually the second and third partials, and their octaves); this is because the human ear perceives similar tones at different pitches as added loudness, even if they are equally loud.  But this approach, carried out fully to fill a large space, easily created a very sharp sound, especially in the treble range, that tonal designers of the early 20th century considered antiquated or at least unfashionable.  With higher wind pressures, they achieved the necessary loudness at a desired pitch, obviating the playing of "consecutive octaves and fifths across the entire musical range", which was said to muddy the sound and detract from focus.  The designer of the organ, Tilby, said that the "octaves and fifths of yesterday are musical litter now to be excised from a modern, rational instrument."

Higher pitches no longer necessary, the organ's sound is dominated by the unison pitch, further permitting it to imitate the sound of the orchestra.  Tilby desired a sound in the CMA organ much as his other projects, which is to say "warm, rich, and free of dissonance".

===Unification===
Traditional pipe organs had mostly ''independent'' stops, which draw on their own rank or ranks of pipes that do not form any other stop.  Conversely, electric action introduced in the 1890s permitted multiple stops to draw on the same rank, or at least parts of the same rank.  This technique permitted organ-builders to remove duplicated pipes across different pitchs.  For example, a 8-foot diapason and 4-foot diapason would theoretically have—if built and voiced thus—identical pipes across four of their octaves, the 4-foot having one extra octave on the top end; thus, these duplicated pipes stand to be "unified", that is, share the same physical pipes.  Thus, a 61-pipe rank could be extended to 73 pipes and support two stops, or to 85 pipes for three stops, and so forth.  A more extreme form of this measure was to list the same rank as multiple stops belonging to different manuals, a practice called "transmission".

This practice was considered useful for instruments constrained by physical space or finance but unreservedly condemned by some theoreticians.  Their chief criticism is that identical pipes still contribute to the "richness" of the instrument's sound, as they are rarely truly in tune and would produce a gentle wavering when speaking together.  Furthermore, it is contended that no "organ-builder worth his salt" would produce identical ranks in an instrument, and even the same stop across different pitches would, in sound practice, be varied in scale and voice.  Unifying them, as it is argued, would rob the instrument of grandeur and performative flexibility.  The supporters of this practice, such as Tilby, rejoined that economies obtained from unification are better spent on ''more'' voices, which in their opinion contribute more to the sound of the instrument than could duplicate pipes of the same voice.  He wrote:
{{quote|In my plan for the Military Academy's chapel organ, I have used unification and transmission generally but not unscrupulously.  In an instrument of this magnitude, a certain class of my competitors would argue there to be no possible justification for unification and transmission, but I seek to show these grounds to exist.  My clients desire that their instrument should represent the fullest variety of musical voices the modern world can offer, and even a purse as generous as theirs cannot suffer to invest in duplicate or unusable stops.  An orchestra is not improved by duplicating the violin line at 16, 8, 4, 2, and 1-foot.  The only kind of music where unification is a reasonable objection is that which has unreasonably many parallel octaves.  The melody of all modern instruments is carried at one pitch only.}}

Thus, Tilby's plans called for unification and transmission extensively on the CMA organ.  More than half of its stops are extended in some way, and its famed Military Trumpet is drawn at 16 separate pitches—32', 16', {{frac|10|2|3}}', 8', {{frac|6|2|5}}', {{frac|5|1|3}}', {{frac|4|4|7}}', 4, {{frac|3|1|5}}', {{frac|2|2|3}}', {{frac|2|2|7}}', 2', {{frac|1|3|5}}', {{frac|1|1|3}}', {{frac|1|1|7}}', and 1'.  Tilby apologized for himself and in 1922 challenged his critics to find any military music which has parallel octaves on a trumpet line, which would reveal the shortcomings of unification in that stop.

==Stops==
===64- and 42 2/3-foot stops===
The CMA organ's stop list has four extensions listed as 64-foot stops, the Diaphone Profundior 64′, Cornu Profundius 64′, Gamba Profundior 64′, and Gravissima 64′.  The three former stops end at GGGGG, and notes from FFFFF# to CCCCC are provided {{wp|combination tone|acoustically}}, by playing the octave and fifth above.  These three stops are available as independent stops at {{frac|42|2|3}}-foot pitch.  The Gravissima 64′ is from Diapason 32′ plus an independent Sub Quint {{frac|21|1|3}}′.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:13em"| Stop !!style="width:6em"| Division !!style="width:7em"| Pressure !!style="width:25em"| Notes
|-
| Gamba Profundissima 64′ || Pedal || 12″ || From GG, extended, Gamba Quint {{frac|21|1|3}} acoust. to C 
|-
| Diaphone Profundissima 64′ || Pedal || 12″ || From GG, extended
|-
| Cornu Profundissimum 64′ || Pedal || 10″ || From GG, extended, Gamba Quint {{frac|21|1|3}} acoust. to C 
|-
| Gravissima 64′ || Pedal || 10″ || From Diapason 32′ and Sub Quint {{frac|21|1|3}}′
|}

===32-foot stops===
To provide ample grandeur in the pedal, the CMA organ was completed with seven 32-foot stops (including the two {{frac|42|2|3}}-foot ones drawn at 32-foot) in 1921, the most in any instrument then in the world.  Others were added during the organ's life.  In the major augmentation of 2005 – 10, two more stops at this pitch were installed, the Contra Bassoon and Major Bass.  Amongst these stops, the 32-foot Military Trumpet is believed to be unique, as far as its ''en chamade'' positioning is concerned.  This stop's full-length, polished-brass resonator is mounted horizontally and directly over the chapel's nave, and it is one of the organ's most visible features.  Currently, the organ possesses 15 stops at 32-foot pitch, 11 independent, 3 unified, and 1 stopped, the largest number of any instrument worldwide.

The multitude of 32-foot stops in the CMA organ has invited international attention from both the organ world and the forum of experimental, subsonic music.  Dr. Kran of Themiclesia said that, with so many 32-foot stops, one could "speak of a 32-foot chorus, rather than a chorus based on a 32-foot."  Practitioners of subsonic music are often interested in its 32-foot chorus and experiment with such voices in the extreme bass.  However, "not all organists hold this tonal architecture to be artistic or pleasing," and Martin Smak calls it an "orgiastic collection of 32-footers producing nothing more than a bestial growl when played together."

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:12em"| Stop !!style="width:7em"| Division !!style="width:7em"| Pressure !!style="width:20em"| Notes
|-
| Sub Principal 32′ || Great || 12″ || Wood, extended
|-
| Bassoon 32′ || Swell || 10″ || Extended
|-
| Gemshorn 32′ || Choir || 8″ || Metal from TC, extended
|-
| Tibia Profunda 32′ || Solo || 25″ || Open, extended
|-
| Military Trumpet 32′ || Pedal || 50″ || Brass, extended
|-
| Diapason 32′ || Pedal || 12″ || Metal, extended
|-
| Violone 32′ || Echo Pedal || 8″ || Wood, extended
|-
| Diaphone Profunda 32′ || Pedal || 25″ || From Diaphone Profundior {{frac|42|2|3}}′
|-
| Bombarde 32′ || Pedal || 20″ || 
|-
| Trombone 32′ || Pedal || 12″ || From Cornu Profundius {{frac|42|2|3}}′
|-
| Bombardon 32′ || Pedal || 12″ || Metal
|-
| Grand Ophicleide 32′ || Orchestral || 50″ || Wood
|-
| Gamba 32′ || Pedal || 8″ || From Gamba Profundior {{frac|42|2|3}}′
|-
| Lieblichegedackt 32′|| Echo || 5″ || Stopped, extended
|-
| Dulciana 32′|| Antiphonal || 10″ || Metal, extended
|}

==Augmentation and restoration==

==Culture==
===Size debate===
The CMA organ is often mentioned in the context of its size relative to the [[City Hall Organ]] of [[Kien-k'ang]], [[Themiclesia]].  At 23,750 pipes, it is the largest organ in Camia and slightly larger than the instrument in Kien-k'ang, which has 18,720 pipes.  However, the CMA organ's more numerous pipes are organized into 307 ranks, while those at City Hall into 357 ranks.  Part of this difference is attributable to CMA's longer compasses, with 61 and 32 notes in the manual and pedal compasses, which are 6 and 2 notes longer than City Hall's compasses.

The CMA organ is estimated to be about four times the weight of the City Hall instrument.  The chief contributor to this weight is the organ's many bass stops, which are much heavier than stops even one octave higher: the lowest 12 pipes of a 16-foot rank is double the weight of an entire 8-foot rank of 61 pipes.  In total, the organ has three {{frac|42|2|3}}-foot, twelve 32-foot, and seventy-one 16-foot ranks.  These figures reflect Tilby's desire to emphasize the unison and sub-unison pitches of the manuals and pedal respectively.  Other than the City Hall organ's unique, full-length 64-foot stop, the CMA organ easily outweighs that instrument.

Because both instruments are central edifices in established musical cultures, they each possess a considerable and avid group of afficionados, who at times have attacked the other instrument in the interest of establishing the superiority of their own.  Common points of discussion include the accuracy of the pipe count, the quality and direction of the tonal design, ability to play certain repertoires, and the work of the organ builder(s).  Some of these discussion arise from conflicting beliefs about the principles of building organs.  Disputations first occurred in print and, with shifted to the Internet at its advent and grew in scope as more became aware of these instruments and their argumentative milieux.

It was long understood by most authorities that the City Hall instrument was slightly larger in terms of pipe count, which was placed around 18,000 after its augmentation in 1917, as opposed to about 17,000 at the CMA in 1980.  As early as 1914, five years prior to his commencement of the CMA organ, Tilby singled out the City Hall instrument as one where "the builder enlarged the pipe count by the provision of a multitude of musically useless, shrieking small pipes, over a few, useful, and well-crafted large ones".  Tilby's point was reiterated by many of the CMA organ's fans, attracting the ire of the opposite following who defended the prepondrance of small pipes as deference to organ-building tradition and a source of "sonic clarity and brilliance".

Desiring that his instrument should better the City Hall organ, Tilby noted that the grandeur of the latter was reckoned not solely for the number of speaking pipes, but the foundation of its Great and Pedal divisions on open 32-foot principals: that a manual division, in addition to the pedal, had this voice was the emblem of a landmark organ in prevailing Themiclesian tonal design.  Indeed, the Anglian organ theoretician Ledgwood commented that the open 32-foot in the pedal raises an organ to "the dignity of a cathedral instrument".  Of these facts, Tilby wrote in his diary that, given adequate wherewithal, there was no "artistic" reason why 32-foot voices should be reserved for the Great and Pedal, and it appears his initial design which comprises of six 32-foot voices, three for the Pedal and one each for the Great, Positive, and Swell, was intended in direct comparison with the three on the City Hall instrument.

==See also==
*[[Camia]]
*[[City Hall Organ]]

[[Category:Camia]][[Category:Septentrion]]