View source for Northian grammar

'''Northian grammar''' is highly synthetic.

==Overview==
===Ablaut===
{{wp|Indo-European ablaut|Ablaut}} is a system of vowel apophony, altering the quality or quantity of vowels but not their meaning, that is inherited from Proto-Nordic-Northian and ultimately Proto-Erani-Eracuran.  It affects nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs in Northian.  Though ablaut was a regular process closely tied to {{wp|Indo-European accent|accent}} in the reconstructed proto-language, by Galic times new ablaut formulae are no longer being made, and only a few ablauting formulae remained productive.  Moreover, existing formulae have been disrupted by sound change and both general and sporadic analogical replacement.  The result that surfaces in Galic Northian is a rich yet unpredictable set of alternate morphologies that confuses both modern readers and, often, even ancient Northians.

In nouns, there are three main ablaut patterns that Northian inherited from its ancestors, in the discourse of PEE called acrostatic, proterokinetic, and hysterokinetic.  All three patterns are preserved in Galic Northian to one degree or another, summarized below.  The proparoxytone category continues the PEE acrostatic pattern and its characteristic o/e ablaut, though synchronically this ablaut pattern is but attested in a few forms of a minority of nouns (e.g. ''nemə̄ṇġ'' gen. of ''nomə̄''), the majority of proparoxytone nouns having arbitrarily generalized either o- or e-grade across the paradigm.  The paroxytone group largely continues 
{| class="wikitable"
!  !! Case !!style="width: 4em"| Root !!style="width: 4em"| Stem !!style="width: 4em"| Ending !! PNN  !! Galic
|-
! rowspan="5"|PP
| Nom. sg. || ó ~ é  || Ø || style="background-color: gray"|   || *pot-i-s || potiš, "lord"
|-
| Acc. sg. || é  || Ø || style="background-color: gray"|  || *pot-i-m || potim
|-
! Gen. sg. 
| é  || Ø || Ø || *pet-i-s || petiš
|-
| Nom. pl. || é  || Ø || style="background-color: gray"|  || *pet-i̯-es || peθi̯iš
|-
| Acc. pl. || é  || Ø || style="background-color: gray"|  || *pet-i-ns || petīn
|-
! rowspan="5"| PX
| Nom. sg. || é  || Ø || style="background-color: gray"|  || *ment-i-s || menθiš, "mind"
|-
| Acc. sg. || é  || Ø || style="background-color: gray"|  || *ment-i-m || menθim
|-
! Gen. sg. 
| Ø || é  || Ø || *munt-ei̯-s || munθēš
|-
| Nom. pl. || é  || é  || style="background-color: gray"|  || *ment-ei̯-es || menθēiš
|-
| Acc. pl. || é  || Ø  || style="background-color: gray"|  || *ment-i-ns || menθīn
|-
! rowspan="6"| OX
| Nom. sg. || é  || Ø ~ ó || style="background-color: gray"|  || *sēkl-oi̯-s || sēkloi̯š, "treaty"
|-
| Acc. sg. || Ø || é  || style="background-color: gray"|  || *səkl-ei̯-um || saklēum
|-
! Gen. sg. 
| Ø || Ø || é  || *səkl-i-os || sakli̯ō
|-
| Loc. sg. || Ø || é  || style="background-color: gray"|  || *səkl-ei̯-i || saklei̯e
|-
| Nom. pl. || Ø || é  || style="background-color: gray"| || *səkl-ei̯-es || saklēiš
|-
| Acc. pl. || Ø || é  || style="background-color: gray"|  || *səkl-ei̯-uns || saklåṇġ
|}

These processes have occurred to the greater extent in the Epic language, but there the word forms were subject to more rigorous regularization.

===Noun endings===
====Athematic====
The following chart recapitulates the ordinary endings of athematic nouns in Galic Northian.  Because the ablative is syncretized in the singular with the genitive in all athematic declensions and with the dative, with or without the instrumental, in the dual and plural, it is usually not listed separately in grammatical tables for athematic nouns.

Forms are often unpredictable and variable under the influence of ablaut, laryngeals reflexes, analogy, vowel contraction, and compensatory lengthening for illegal consonant clusters in coda position.  All endings are subject to modification according to the suffix. '''OX''' stands for the oxytone group of patterns, and '''PX''' for the paroxytone group.  Certain neuter nouns do not take plural endings but collective endings with a lengthened stem; these nouns are not formally predictable.  Because neuter nouns always have the same nominative and accusative forms, only their nominative endings will be listed, and in grey.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3"| !!colspan="7"|Athematic endings
|-
! colspan="2"| Singular !! colspan="2"| Dual !!rowspan="2" style="width:9em"|  Plural !!rowspan="2" style="width:9em"| Collective
|-
! style="width:9em"| OX !!style="width:9em"| PX + PP !!style="width:9em"|  OX !!style="width:9em"| PX + PP 
|-
! Nominative 
| -V̄-Ø, -s, -å, {{font color|gray|-Ø}} || -s, {{font color|gray|-Ø}} ||rowspan="3"| -ē, {{font color|gray|-ī}} ||rowspan="3"| -a, -V̄, -V̄R-Ø, {{font color|gray|-ī}} ||rowspan="2"|  -es, -iš, {{font color|gray|-a}}, {{font color|gray|-V̄R-Ø}} ||rowspan="3"| {{font color|gray|-V̄-Ø}}
|-
! Vocative 
|colspan="2"| -Ø
|-
! Accusative 
|colspan="2"| -m, -um, -əm, -ə̄m ||  -V̄n, -əṇġ, -ə̄ṇġ
|-
! Locative 
| -i, -eC-Ø || -eC-Ø || -ō || -o, -i̯-u || -ho, -šo || {{font color|gray|-eC-Ø}}
|-
! Genitive 
|rowspan="2"| -ō ||rowspan="2"| -s, -V̄s, -V̄n, -V̄ṇġ || -ōs || -uš, -u̯-ō ||  -õ ||rowspan="4"| = sing.
|-
! Ablative 
| rowspan="3"| -mō ||rowspan="3"| -V̄-m, -VC-ma ||  rowspan="2"| -muš
|-
! Dative 
| -ē || -ai̯C-e, -ei̯C-e, -Vi̯  
|-
! Instrumental 
| -ē, -å || -C-a, -V̄R-Ø || -vi̯as
|}
A general discussion of the athematic declension cannot omit to mention that many of these divergent forms are conditioned on phonetic change, but so too there are divergences because the proto-forms themselves were likely divergent.  Animate (= masculine and feminine) nouns may have been in the proto-language sigmatic in the nominative singular, that is ending in *-s, or asigmatic, that is without final *-s and instead taking a lengthened final vowel.  The source of this lengthening is disputed: some authorities regard it as a consequence of a final *-s dropping after a resonant, but others hold it had no *-s originally and attribute the long vowel to ablaut variation sensitive to the morphologically strong case.  In the case where a universal *-s as a designation of the nom. sing. is not accepted, some propose it is instead a designation for those terms originally neuter in gender used as an animate noun.

The view that nom. sing. is not characterized by final *-s is more often supported by scholars specialized in Northian, since this phonetic change (dropping final *-s after resonant) is attested later than the proto-language, which militates against its presence there.  Nevertheless, final *-s has definitely been inserted to animate nouns quite broadly but haphazardly in prehistoric Northian, so there is no obvious pattern to its distribution.  We may distinguish three situations in Northian as to the nom. sing., stems ending in vowel, in resonant, and in non-resonants.  Final *-s where present is always preserved after *i- and *u-, and their absence there indicates a noun is obligatorily neuter.  Final *-s seems to have been mostly absent in resonant-stems, whose nom. sing. takes the long grade instead (i- and u-stems never have long grade in the nom. sing.).  After consonants their distribution is not predictable: ''nepōt'' "grandchild" was asigmatic, but ''nohs'' "night", ''pontōs'' "path", and nouns ending in -tāθs certainly had *-s, which is altered after most stems.

The vocative consists of the bare strong stem in all cases.  Where the stem had *-s it is dropped, and without *-s the stem is in the full grade or short-vowel grade.  In the proto-language, the accusative ended in *-m.  In consonant stems it is vocalized as -m̥ > PNN *-um.  After resonants, it is generally the ending *-m̥ that is vocalized as PNN *-um.  But in Galic an unaccented ending *-um is always altered unless preceded by *y, to -ə̄m if the preceding syllable is light, and the short variant thereof, if heavy.  Where the ending is a vowel or a glide, the bare ending of -m is found.

In the genitive, dative, and instrumental (oblique) cases, the acrostatic, proterokinetic, and hysterokinetic ablaut patterns in various suffixes give rise to different endings.  The ending *-os > Galic -ō is proper to the OX nouns, but in the Epic language it is often applied to other stems; in either dialect, the ending rarely interacts with the stem and stays mostly visible.  The proterokinetic and acrostatic ending was PNN *-s.  After a full-grade ending, expected in a PX pattern, it is preserved where the suffix ends in a vowel as in ēš < *-ei̯-š and -eu̯-š, and the same for PPX patterns.  After a resonant it is usually dropped and causes the preceding vowel to lengthen, cf. -mēn < *-men-s, but -ō could be re-attached to it when metrically convenient.  After a zero-grade ending, in an PPX pattern, the fate of *-s is varied.  In consonant clusters it usually caused deletion of intervening consonants, e.g. PNN *nekʷts > Galic ''nehš''.  After PNN *-un it generates -ūn, after *-um it was -ə̄ṇġ, after *-ur and *-ul it was -ūš.

The dative ending in OX is *-ei̯ > -ē; as the gen. this is the most often found ending beyond its natural environment.  In PX final *-i becomes -e in Galic and causes some previous vowels to mutate, i.e. *eC > ei̯C and *aC > -ai̯C <ae>.  Yet in the cases where it directly occurs after short vowels, it remains -i.

====Thematic====
The chart below illustrates the ordinary endings of the thematic (o-stem) declension of Galic.  Because accentuation difference categorically does not trigger ablaut in o-stem nouns, their endings do not vary according to their accentual pattern, which is lexically fixed on the same syllable.  Additionally, the presence of the theme vowel e ~ o obviates, in most cases, the resolution of consonant clusters and consequent irregularity in surface forms.  With the exception of a few fixed athematic patterns, o-stem is the primary productive pattern in the Epic language.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|Basic thematic endings
|-
!style="width:8em"| Singular !!style="width:8em"| Dual !! style="width:8em"| Plural  
|-
! Nominative 
| -ō, {{font color|gray|-om}}   ||rowspan="3"| -ō, {{font color|gray|-oī}}   ||rowspan="2"  | -ōs, {{font color|gray|-ā}}
|-
! Vocative 
|colspan="2"| -e
|-
! Accusative 
|colspan="2"| -om ||colspan="2"| -ōn 
|-
! Locative 
| -ē  || -ā̊  ||colspan="2" | -ohu
|-
! Genitive 
| -ōhi̯o  || -ā̊š  ||colspan="2" | -ā̊m 
|-
! Ablative 
| -ōd ||rowspan="3"| -vi̯as  ||colspan="2" rowspan="2"| -vi̯ō 
|-
! Dative 
| -ōi̯  
|-
! Instrumental 
| -ō  || -ōi̯š
|}

===Verbs===
====Stems====
The relationship between verb-stems and endings they receive are as follows in the Galic language:
{| class="wikitable"
!style="width: 14em"|  !!style="width: 12em"| Present stem !!style="width: 12em"| Aorist stem !!style="width: 12em"| Perfect stem
|-
! Primary endings
| Present indicative tense ||  || 
|-
! Secondary endings
| Injunctive tense || Aorist indicative tense || 
|-
! Imperative endings
| Imperative tense || Aorist imperative tense ||
|-
! Future imperative endings
| Future imperative tense ||  || 
|-
! Perfect endings
|  ||  || Perfect tense
|-
! Perfect imperative endings
|  ||  || Perfect imperative tense
|}
From each root, which is agnostic as to part of speech in the proto-language, can arise multiple stems classified as present, aorist, or perfect, differentiated by their affixes.  To these stems are attached endings to constitute the finite verb, which conveys tense/aspect, mood, voice, person, and number.

====Endings====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Primary active endings !!colspan="4"| Primary middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| -me || -ōne || -mei̯ne 
! 1P 
| -ai || -ōzθa || -mozθa
|-
! 2P
| -se || -tas || -te 
! 2P 
| -tai || -tom || -θō
|-
! 3P
| -te || -tes || -nθe 
! 3P 
| -toi || -tēm || -ūs
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Secondary active endings !!colspan="4"| Secondary middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| -m || -ō || -me 
! 1P 
| -a || -ōθa || -meθa
|-
! 2P
| -s || -tas || -te 
! 2P 
| -ta || -ate || -θō
|-
! 3P
| -t || -tes || -nθ 
! 3P 
| -to || -atē || -r
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Thematic active endings !!colspan="4"| Thematic middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| -ō || -ou̯ōs || -omōs 
! 1P 
| -ōi || -ou̯ōzθa || -omozθa
|-
! 2P
| -ei̯e || -etas || -ete 
! 2P 
| -etai || -etom || -eθō
|-
! 3P
| -ei̯te || -etes || -o 
! 3P 
| -etoi || -etēm || -ēr
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Imperative active endings !!colspan="4"| Imperative middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| — || — || — 
! 1P 
| — || — || —
|-
! 2P
| -θe || -ta || -te 
! 2P 
| -to || -te || -nθo
|-
! 3P
| -sō || -te || -θō
! 3P 
| -tō || -tē || -nθō
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Perfect active endings !!colspan="4"| Perfect middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| -a || -ō || -me 
! 1P 
!colspan="3" rowspan="3"| Where the perfect has transitive meaning, the middle is formed with the injunctive of ''es'' "to be" + perfect active participle
|-
! 2P
| -ta || -eta || -e 
! 2P 
|-
! 3P
| -e || -ēte || -r
! 3P 
|}

===Evolution===
Northian is one of the few Erani-Eracuran languages that retains multiple productive ablaut patterns in nouns, though hysterokinetic endings have gained ground in many stem-classes at the expense of proterokientic and acrostatic formations.  This tendency is attributed to surface consistency in hysterokinetic endings, which are regularly accented sing. gen. -ō < *-os  and dat. -ē < *-ei̯.  The proterokinetic and acrostatic endings tended to disappear through the erosion of final consonants and unaccented vowels.  After most consonants, final -s disappears, lengthening the preceding vowel and modifying consonants in several ways, while final -i lowers to -e and causes preceding -e- > -ei̯- and -a- > -ai̯-.  The places where *-s and *-i remain ''in situ'' are the i-, u-, ī-, ū-, ē-, and neuter n-stems (*-i only).  

Despite recession, former proterokinetic nouns appear from "irregular" nouns that either retain proterokinetic endings, accentual positions, or both.  The hysterokinetic ending is often simply appended to the stem already reflecting the proterokinetic ending, e.g. Epic ''pau̯ḗnō'' from Galic ''pau̯ḗn'' + hysterokinetic gen. ending ''-ō'', whereas a "true" hysterokinetic noun would have ending ''-ṓ'' and not a full-grade suffix.

In the dual nom. the preference for hysterokinesis was evident, and only neuter nouns were consistently inflected proterokinetically, probably because it had a distinct ending -ī that resisted phonetic assimilation.  Where the stem ended in a resonant, the animate ending *-ə disappeared by regular sound change and cause compensatory lengthening.  This created an anomalous stem with long vowel where it was not expected (only in the nom. sing. was long vowel expected).  When this happened, only stem and root ablaut distinguished it from the inst. sing., so if the stem had lost ablaut, as often was the case, it would become identical to that form.  In the other dual cases, however, proterokinetic forms survived for longer, but once the hysterokinetic form was introduced to the nom., it too often crept into the other cases (especially in the same speaker's utterances).

Some linguists propose that Galic poets retained more archaic patterns for their flexibility in verse, as full-grade endings generated heavy syllables and zero-grade generated light syllables.  It is criticized that metrical considerations are absent in common speech, so it is questionable if ablaut patterns were retained there as long as it did in the poetic language.  Indeed, while younger Galic metre may have been written as late as the 5th century BCE, productive proterokinetic patterns in Epic verse has been whittled to the i-, u-, and n-stems.  The acrostatic pattern has been a vestigial, {{wp|closed set}} since the earliest stages of Northian canon—it seems hard to avoid this conclusion if a term as basic as E.Nr. ''maetūr'' (G.Nr. ''mētūš'') "mother's" was disappearing from children's speech in favour of ''maeθrō''.  Acrostatic n- and s-stems were no longer viable even while their proterokinetic cousins were.  On the other hand, acrostatic formations have spread prehistorically to proterokinetic ones, in the ins. sing. of i- and u-stems, which often show zero-grade ending where full grade is expected.

Awareness of multiple ablaut patterns persisted well into the period of the Late Canon, attested in the chastisement of children who substitute oxytone endings for their paroxytone counterparts.  Ancient grammarians divided nouns into two kinds based on the position of the accent in the gen. sing. form.  The oxytone group includes all nouns that have accented endings, and paroxytone group, nouns that have unaccented endings.  The grammarians teach that this predicts the endings and accent positions in other forms.  Modern scholars accept that some parts of their teaching correctly identifies the contrast between proterodynamic and hysterodynamic endings, but the shape of the stem was not connected by the ancient grammarians to the position of the accent.  Acrostatic nouns were considered an irregular type of proterokinetic nouns and not as its own class.

==Nouns==
===Classes===
The principal classes of nouns are discussed first.  The following chart lists the stems and accent patterns that are attested in Galic Northian, as well as the genders of attested nouns.  A green cell indicates that the attestation of a stem-accent paradigm is solid (five lemmas or more and paradigm more or less complete); a yellow cell indicates a marginal attestation (one to four lemmas or paradigm incomplete); a red cell indicates no or only dubious attestations.

{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:3em"| -C !!style="width:3em"| -m !!style="width:3em"| -ns !!style="width:3em"| -mn !!style="width:3em"| -n !!style="width:3em"| -r !!style="width:3em"| -l !!style="width:3em"| -s !!style="width:3em"| -os/es !!style="width:3em"| -i !!style="width:3em"| -u !!style="width:3em"| -h₁ !!style="width:3em"| -h₂ !!style="width:3em"| -ī !!style="width:3em"| -ū !!style="width:3em"| -r/n !!style="width:3em"| -d !!style="width:3em"| -t !!style="width:3em"| -nt !!style="width:3em"| -woḏ !!style="width:3em"| -ā !!style="width:3em"| -o
|-
! OX 
|{{yes|M/F}} || {{yes|F}} || {{maybe|M}} || {{yes|M/F}} || {{yes|M/F}} || {{yes|M/F}} || {{maybe|All}} || {{maybe|M/F}} || {{yes|N}} || {{maybe|M/F}} || {{maybe|All}}|| {{maybe|M}} || {{no}} || {{maybe|M/F}} || {{yes|F}} || {{yes|N}} || {{maybe|M/F}} || {{yes|M/F}} || {{yes|All}} || {{yes|All}} || {{yes|F}} || {{yes|M/N}}
|-
! PX 
|{{yes|F/N}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|N}} || {{no}} ||rowspan="2" style="background: #FF8; text-align: center"| M/F || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|N}} || {{yes|All}} || {{yes|All}} || {{no}} || {{maybe|F}} || {{yes|F}} || {{yes|F}} || {{yes|N}} || {{maybe|N}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! PPX 
|{{yes|F/N}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes|N}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{maybe|F}} || {{yes|N}} || {{yes|All}} || {{yes|All}} || {{maybe|N}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|N}} || {{no}} || {{maybe|All}}|| {{no}}|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|}

As will appear from this schematic, there are few noun classes that exhibit all three patterns that continue the ablaut patterns of the proto-language; rather, there was a strong tendency for noun classes to coalesce on one pattern identified with the stem, or for masculine and feminine nouns to coalesce on one pattern and neuter nouns on another.  In the latter case, neuter nouns are almost always identified with the paroxytone pattern, and masculine and feminine nouns with the oxytone.  The exception is for i-stems and u-stems, where a considerable portion of masculine and feminine nouns inherit acrostatic patterns from the proto-language.  In other cases, the skewed distribution of gender is inherited from the proto-language, as in the case of ī- and ū-stems, which historically are combinations of *i-h₂- and *u-h₂- and therefore take their feminine gender and proterokinetic pattern from the h₂-stems in PEE.  Some nouns of this class have been further elaborated with an -s ending, which brings about the oxytone pattern and can be masculine in gender.

With the r-stems the acrostatic pattern has bled into the PX pattern.

===Consonant-stems===
The category of consonant-stems consist only of those that end in -p and -k, while resonant- and vowel-stem root nouns are discussed in their own categories, whether suffixed or not, as the phonological processes that apply to them generate similar results.

The noun ''āps'' < PEE *h₂ēp-s "river" is often the poster-boy of the Northian nouns due to its straightforward stem and clear ablaut alteration between ā ~ a. ''op'' "force" is used for neuter nouns, displaying PEE e ~ Ø ablaut > Galic o ~ Ø.  Both these nouns are of the OX type, displaying an accented genitive ending in -ō < PNN *-os.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sā āps, "river" !!colspan="3"|tod op, "force" 
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| āps ||rowspan="3"| āpē ||rowspan="2"| āpiš 
| rowspan="3"|op ||rowspan="3"| opī ||rowspan="3"| opa
|-
! Vocative 
| āp  
|-
! Accusative 
| āpum ||  āpə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| apō || apōs || apõ
| pō || pōs || põ
|-
! Locative 
| ai̯pi || apō || apšo
| ei̯pi || pō || pšu
|-
! Dative 
| apē ||rowspan="2"| apmō ||rowspan="2"| apmuš
| pē ||rowspan="2"| bmō ||rowspan="2"| bmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| apē
| pē
|}

Another noun used for the same purpose is ''aps'' "river".

While o/e ablaut is considered canonical for PEE root nouns with acrostatic inflection, neuter nouns in Northian show neither o/e ablaut nor PP inflection: they are, for an unknown reason, all PX.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|tōd osta, "bone"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Collective
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| osta ||rowspan="3"| ostī ||rowspan="3"| ostō
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
| stēs || steuš || ostō
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| stēi̯ || steo || ostēi̯
|-
! Dative 
|  rowspan="2"| stēma ||rowspan="2"| ostē
|-
! Instrumental 
| stē
|}
''osta'' "bone" is from PEE *h₃esth₁ and behaves somewhat like a -h₁ stem somewhat similar to ''ponθōs''.  In the sing. nom. the accented syllable is in e-grade which, under the influence of the initial laryngeal, becomes Galic o-.  In the oblique cases, the root is in zero grade, the suffix being accented, and surfaces as stē < *h₃steh₁-.  In the du. gen. and dat., the laryngeal ending of the stem scans as part of the ending syllable beginning in vowel and thus does not lengthen the stem vowel, creating the stem of ste-; in the dat. the ending does begin with a consonant, which then causes the laryngeal to be part of the suffix syllable and lengthens it.  The plural is a collective and shows e-grade in the root and vr̩ddhied o-grade in the nom. ending < *h₃estōh₁ "bones (of a skeleton)".  The oblique stem of the collective is from *h₃esth₁-, the full-grade root having spread from the nom., replacing *h₃sth₁-.  Gen. ostō reflects *h₃esth₁-os.  The collective loc. has *h₃esteh₁ > ostē-.

===m-stems===
This class is known from only a few but important nouns, ''θéɣå'' "earth", ''žō'' "winter", and ''då'' "house".  All m-stem nouns in Northian are feminine in gender, though with only a few examples, this may not be an actual rule in the proto-language.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|se θéɣå, "earth"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| θéɣå ||rowspan="3"| zémē ||rowspan="2"| zémiš
|-
! Vocative 
| θéɣō  
|-
! Accusative 
| zémā ||  zməṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| gmō || gmōs || gmõ
|-
! Locative 
| zei̯me || gmō || gumho
|-
! Dative 
| gmē ||rowspan="2"| gummō ||rowspan="2"| gummuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| gūm
|}

''θéɣå'' is one of the rarer Northian words that reflects all three ablaut grades.

The behaviour of ''žõ'' "winter" is underlyingly similar to that of ''θéɣõ'', but other phonetic changes have caused the surface forms to be altered in other ways.

===ns-stems===
''mā̊ṇġ'' "moon" has one of the less transparent paradigms in Galic.  In the received texts this word represents four morae, but the spelling does not reveal what the missing vowel.  In view of the general development of PEE *-Hn̥s, most authorities write this word phonologically as ''måə̄ṇġ'', standing for [māʔə̄ŋɡ̚].  It stands for PEE *mḗh₁n̥s > PNN *mḗuns > PN *māə̄ṇġ. 

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sā mā̊ṇġ, "moon, month"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| mā̊ṇġ ||rowspan="3"| måə̄ṇhē ||rowspan="2"| måə̄ṇhiš
|-
! Vocative 
| mā̊ṇġ
|-
! Accusative 
| mēṇhum ||  måə̄həṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| mēṇhō || mēṇhmōs || mēṇhõ
|-
! Locative 
| mə̄ṇġ || mēṇhō || mēṇhsu
|-
! Dative 
| māi̯ṇhe ||rowspan="2"| mēṇhmō ||rowspan="2"| mēṇhmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| mə̄ṇha
|}

===mn-stems===
The mn-stems are prolific in Northian in both the Galic and Epic languages, and they exhibit three ablaut patterns.  In this case, the oxytone pattern was normalized in masculine and feminine nouns, and the paroxytone in neuter nouns.  The acrostatic ablaut pattern is restricted to a few inherited terms.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sā akmō, "stone"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| akmō ||rowspan="3"| akmenē ||rowspan="2"| akmeniš
|-
! Vocative 
| akmo  
|-
! Accusative 
| akmenum ||  kāṇġmuṇ
|-
! Genitive 
| kāṇhmō || kāṇhmōs || kāṇhmõ
|-
! Locative 
| kumeine || kumnō || kumuṇsu
|-
! Dative 
| kāṇhmē ||rowspan="2"| kāṇhmō ||rowspan="2"| kāṇhmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| kāṇġma
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|tod θēmə̄, "house of a god, temple"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| θēmə̄ ||rowspan="3"| θēmnī ||rowspan="3"| θēmnō
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
|rowspan="2"| šmēn || šmenuš || θumnō
|-
! Locative 
| šmeno || šmeni
|-
! Dative 
| šmeni ||rowspan="2"| šmāṇma ||rowspan="2"| θumunmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| šmēn
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|tod nomə̄, "name"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Collective
|-
! Nominative 
| rowspan="3"| nomə̄ ||rowspan="3"| nomnī ||rowspan="3"| nomå
|-
! Vocative   
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
|rowspan="2"| nemə̄n || nemnuš || numnō
|-
! Locative 
|  nemnu || nuṇhu
|-
! Dative 
| nemne ||rowspan="2"| nemuṇma ||rowspan="2"| numuṇmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| nemūn
|}

===n-stems===
There are also n-stems not as part of a suffix of *-mVn.  As they are considerably rarer than the latter type, they are sometimes emphasized as "bare" n-stems.  They are of two types, distinguished in the nom. sing., those with -ō and those with -ēn.  Though uncommon, they are typical of family names in the Epic age.

In ''wei̯ō'' "wine", of the type ending in -ō, PNN stems are ablauting *wei̯-on- < *wei̯-Hon and *wī-n- < *wiH-n-.  In the nom. sing. the root vowel is attracted by the final ō and becomes ''wei̯ō''.  In the oblique cases, stem *-n is altered before endings beginning in -m and becomes -ṇ.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sā wei̯ō, "wine"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| wei̯ō ||rowspan="3"| wei̯onē ||rowspan="2"| wei̯oniš
|-
! Vocative 
| wei̯a
|-
! Accusative 
| wīonum || wei̯onə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| wīnō || wīnōs || wīnõ
|-
! Locative 
| wīen || wīnō || wīṇhu
|-
! Dative 
| wīē ||rowspan="2"| wīṇmō ||rowspan="2"| wīṇmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| wīn
|}

''ōrēn'' "lamb, ram" exemplifes the stems ending in -en-.  The direct stem reflects PEE *wr̥h₁-en- > Galic ōr-en, by way of PNN *wurə-en, and the oblique *wr̥h₁-n- > PNN *wurə-n-.  In both cases, PNN *wu dissimilates to *wo, and in Galic gives ō.  This ablaut pattern contrasts with those in -on- in that the root is never accented and always shows zero-grade.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sa ōrēn, "ram"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| ōrēn ||rowspan="3"| ōrenē ||rowspan="2"| ōreniš
|-
! Vocative 
| ōren
|-
! Accusative 
| ōrēn ||  ōrenəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| ōrnō || ōrnōs || ōrnõ
|-
! Locative 
| ōreine || ōrnō || ōrāṇhu
|-
! Dative 
| ōrnē ||rowspan="2"| ōrāṇmō ||rowspan="2"| ōrāṇmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| ōrnē
|}

===r-stems===
R-stem nouns contain members from all three accentual patterns. ''mātə̄'' "mother" represents the group with PPX accent, which persists on the root syllable and always takes suffix and ending in zero-grade.  ''vrātə̄'' "brother" is declined in the same manner.  This is a small group of nouns recognized by their unaccented endings in -ə̄.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sā mātə̄, "mother"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| mātə̄ ||rowspan="3"| mātūr ||rowspan="2"| māθriš
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| māθrum ||  mātə̄rəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| mātūš || māturuš || māθrõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| māθre || māturo || mātuššu
|-
! Dative 
|rowspan="2"| māturma ||rowspan="2"| māturmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| māθra
|}
Gen. ''mātūš'' < PNN *māturs < PEE *meh₂tr̥s, while ''māetūr'' is from the Epic language, which has restored the *r that has been dropped in *-rs. Dat. ''māθre'' < PEE *meh₂tri, with the (possibly) innovated zero-grade ending, ''contra'' full-grade ending *-ei̯.  In the du. the stem ending in resonant causes final *-ə to drop and lengthen the preceding *u.  The acc. pl. seems to reflect PEE *meh₂tr̥n̥s, which is irregular, but the other Nordic languages point to *meh₂tern̥s (with full-grade in the suffix), and neither form is particularly informative as both are in unison with respective nom. pl. stems.  The Nordic form is assumed to be the original, with Northian one having undergone some assimilation not seen elsewhere.

In Galic, ''mātūr'' "two mothers" is often an ellipsis for "mother and father".

''sóhitə̄'' "daughter" represents the oxytone group of the r-stems, which includes many agentive nouns that terminate in -er and -or.  They are recognizable by their zero-grade nom. endings and full-grade -ō endings in gen.  The behaviour of the word ''ɣehə̄'' < PEE *ǵʰésr̥ "arm" is underlyingly identical.  In the nom. sing. the strong stem reflects PNN *dʰwegə- < PEE *dʰwegh₁-; the weak stem from PNN *dʰugə-  The initial *dʰwe > Galic sō-.  The weak stem should expect to surface as *θuɣaθr-, but the initial aspirate is simply de-aspirated probably in avoidance of three consecutive fricatives to give attested *duɣaθr-, to which regular OX endings are appended.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sā sōhitə̄, "daughter"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"|sōhitə̄ ||rowspan="3"| duɣaterē ||rowspan="2"| duɣateriš
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| duɣaterum ||  duɣaterəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| duɣaθrō || duɣaturōs || duɣaθrõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| duɣaθrē || duɣaturō || duɣatuššu
|-
! Dative 
|rowspan="2"| duɣaturmō ||rowspan="2"| duɣaturmō
|-
! Instrumental 
| duɣaθrē
|}

''patå'' "father" is at a small variance from the pattern of "daughter", where in the nom. the accent is on the ending instead of the stem; otherwise, it follows the pattern of "daughter" nearly exactly.  Only the gen. form ''paθrūš'' is aberrant and is influenced by "mother"; this genitive ending is common to all two-syllable nouns ending in -r, with the exception of "hand".  ''patå'' reflects PNN *patēr, with resonants regularly lost after long vowels in final position, possibly becoming *patēə then > ''patå'' /patā.a/.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sa patå, "father"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| patå ||rowspan="3"| paterē ||rowspan="2"| pateriš
|-
! Vocative 
| pater
|-
! Accusative 
| paterum ||  paterəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| paθrūš || paθrōs || paθrõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| paθrē || paterō || paθruššu
|-
! Dative 
|rowspan="2"| paturmō ||rowspan="2"| paturmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| paθūr
|}

The paroxytone declension of ''āštə̄'' "star" has a unique blend of formations expected from PPX and PX patterns.  The nom. sing. ''āštə̄'' reflects PEE *h₂eh₁str̥, a form not seen elsewhere in Erani-Eracuran.  Gen. ''strūš'' could mechanical restore to PEE *h₂h₁str̥s, but the zero-grade forms are, in all likelihood, from "mother" or "brother" and have displaced the expected PX form *h₂h₁sters, in a way contrary but not unparalleled in the general analogical preferences of Northian.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sa āstə̄, "star"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| āštə̄ ||rowspan="3"| stēr ||rowspan="2"| steriš
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| āsterum ||  strəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| strūš || struš || sterõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| steire || stro || steššu
|-
! Dative 
|rowspan="2"| sterma ||rowspan="2"| stermuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| stēr
|}

An r-stem noun not within the formation -tr is ''nēr'' "man", gen. ''drō'' < PNN *nros.  As it is seen this noun originally has hysterokinetic accent, but acc. sing. ''drum'' and pl. ''drə̄'' reflect PEE zero-grade stem *nr-.  Nom. pl. ''neriš'' is the only place where the full-grade stem appears in the paradigm.

===l-stems===
The l-stems originally inflect as other ablauting consonant stems, but because intervocalic *-l- regularly > -y-, the resulting paradigm presents certain quirks not seen in the normal consonant-stem paradigm.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sa sē, "salt" = ἅλς
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| sā ||rowspan="3"|sai̯ē ||rowspan="2"| sai̯iš
|-
! Vocative 
| se  
|-
! Accusative 
| sai̯um ||  sai̯ə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| slō || slōs || slõ
|-
! Locative 
| sai̯i̯e || slō || sullu
|-
! Dative 
| slē ||rowspan="2"| sō ||rowspan="2"| sullus
|-
! Instrumental 
| sla
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sa abō, "apple"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| abō ||rowspan="3"| aboi̯ē ||rowspan="2"| aboi̯iš
|-
! Vocative 
| abo  
|-
! Accusative 
| aboi̯um ||  aboi̯ə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| ablō || ablōs || ablõ
|-
! Locative 
| abei̯e || ablō || abllu
|-
! Dative 
| ablē ||rowspan="2"| abllō ||rowspan="2"| abllus
|-
! Instrumental 
| abla
|}

===s-stems===
The noun ''au̯šōs'' "dawn" is an OX animate noun.  The noun has three basic stems: the strong stem which appears in the sing. nom. and voc. comes from PEE *h₂eu̯s-os-, with regular lengthening of the final syllable anticipating a zero nominative ending; the middle stem appears in the other direct cases and is from *h₂us-es-; the weak stem appears in all other cases and is from *h₂us-s-, with full-grade endings as expected in oxytone words.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sā au̯šōs, "dawn"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| au̯šōs ||rowspan="3"| ušezē ||rowspan="2"| ušeziš
|-
! Vocative 
| au̯šō
|-
! Accusative 
| ušehum ||  ušehəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| uššō || uššōs || uššõ
|-
! Locative 
| ušei̯še || uššō || ūššu
|-
! Dative 
| uššē ||rowspan="2"| uššmō ||rowspan="2"| uššmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| uššē
|}

The word ''mūš'' "mouse" is a non-ablauting s-stem nouns.  
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|sā mūš, "mouse, small rodent"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| mūš ||rowspan="3"| mūšē ||rowspan="2"| mūšiš
|-
! Vocative 
| mūš
|-
! Accusative 
| mūšum ||  mūšəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| mūšō || mūšōs || mūšõ
|-
! Locative 
| mūše || mūšō || mūššu
|-
! Dative 
| mūšē ||rowspan="2"| mūšmō ||rowspan="2"| mūšmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| mūšē
|}

===os/es-stems===
The os/es-stems are a class of very common neuter nouns in Northian and are directly cognate to those found in Nordic languages.  Together they have both PX and PPX patterns.   Though in Galic times and later only the PX pattern is productive, there are four or five very common PPX os/es-stem nouns constituting a nearly-complete paradigm.

In PX the nom. sing. ended in -ō, which is a regular reflex of PNN and PEE *-os; this *-os is not to be confused for the thematic nom. ending or the athematic OX gen. ending and instead is a bare stem.  The gen. ended in -eh-ō < PNN and PEE *-es-os, intervocalic *s before back vowel regularly > h, possibly by retraction.  In the dat. intervocalic *s > z before front and central vowel, as is the case in the du. and pl. nom.  Before endings beginning with consonant, s is preserved or altered in regular ways.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|tod kretō, "intellect, power"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| kretō ||rowspan="3"| kreteza ||rowspan="3"| kreteza
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
| kretehō || kretehuš || kretehõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"|kretei̯ze || kretehu || kretessu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| kretesma ||rowspan="2"| kretesmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| kreteza
|}

The PPX version of this stem had a few differences to the PX version that enabled it to withstand the general tendency to substitute PPX with PX or OX forms; its preservation cannot be unlinked with the prevalence and prominence of the noun ''menō'' "mind", a central idea in the Galic religion and often mentioned in the Gales.  The nom. sing. was ''menō'' < PEE *men-os, with ending -ō undergoing the same changes as the PX counterpart.  The gen. had ''mēṇġ'' < PNN and PEE *men-s-s. In dat. ''meṇhi'' < PEE *men-s-i the preservation of final *-i is irregular.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"|tod menō, "mind"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| menō ||rowspan="3"| meṇha ||rowspan="3"| meṇha
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
| mēṇġ || meṇhuš || meṇhõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"|meṇhi || meṇhu || meṇššu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| meṇhma ||rowspan="2"| meṇhmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| meṇha
|}

<!--{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| tod mēŋ, "meat" 
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| mēṇġ ||rowspan="3"| meṇhī ||rowspan="3"| meṇha
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
| mēṇġ || meṇhuš || meṇhõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| meṇġ || meṇhu || meṇho
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| meṇhma ||rowspan="2"| meṇhus
|-
! Instrumental 
| meṇha
|}-->

===i-stems===
The i-stems were a prolific class of nouns in Northian during the Galic period.  In PEE, the i-stems were completely parallel to the u-stems in virtually all contexts, but due to sound changes their surface forms in Northian are quite different.  Accordingly, they are considered separate classes in Northian tradition.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sa sokiš, "ally"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| sokiš ||rowspan="3"| skoi̯ē ||rowspan="2"| sokoi̯es
|-
! Vocative 
| soki
|-
! Accusative 
| sokim || skoim
|-
! Genitive 
| skiō || skiōs || skiõ
|-
! Locative 
| skoi̯e || skiō || skihu
|-
! Dative 
| skiē ||rowspan="2"| skimō ||rowspan="2"| skimuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| skī
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā menθis, "thought" !!colspan="3"| tod more, "sea"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Collective
|-
! Nominative 
| menθiš ||rowspan="3"| menθēi̯ ||rowspan="2"| menθei̯es
|rowspan="3"| more ||rowspan="3"| morēi̯ ||rowspan="3"| merōi̯
|-
! Vocative 
| meinθe
|-
! Accusative 
| menθim || menθīn
|-
! Genitive 
| munθēs || munθēuš || munθei̯õ
| mrēs || mrēuš || meri̯õ
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| munθēi || munθēu || munθēhu
|rowspan="2"| mrei̯ē || mrēo || merihu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| munθēma ||rowspan="2"| munθēmuš
| rowspan="2"|mrēma ||rowspan="2"| merimuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| munθēi̯
| meri̯
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sa potis, "master"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| potis ||rowspan="3"| potī ||rowspan="2"| potiiš
|-
! Vocative 
| poti
|-
! Accusative 
| potim || potīn
|-
! Genitive 
| potis || potiuš || potiõ
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| poti || potio || potisu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| potīm ||rowspan="2"| potimuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| potī
|}

===u-stems===
The plain u-stems of Northian reflect three ablaut patterns, and excepting the acrostatic they are both attested abundantly in the Galic language.  The acrostatic pattern provides only inherited nouns, with no sign that new terms with this pattern were made.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā genōš, "chin" !!colspan="3"| tod dāno, "dew, tears"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| genōš ||rowspan="3"| geneu̯ē ||rowspan="2"| geneōs
|rowspan="3"| dāno ||rowspan="3"| dāunnī ||rowspan="3"| dānū
|-
! Vocative 
| genō 
|-
! Accusative 
| genōm || geneõ
|-
! Genitive 
| gunnō || gunnōš || gunuõ
| daunnō || daunnōš || daunnõ
|-
! Locative 
| gunei̯ō || gunnō || gunuhu
| ? || daunnō || daunuhu
|-
! Dative 
| gunōi̯ ||rowspan="2"| gunumō ||rowspan="2"| gunumuš
| daunōi̯ ||rowspan="2"| daunumō ||rowspan="2"| daunumuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| gunū
| daunnū
|}
The OX pattern had a nom. sg. ending in PNN *-ou̯-s which regularly gave Galic -ō-š, the final -š being a regularly conditioned result of *-is and *-us.  The gen. and dat. reflects PNN *-u-os and *-u-ei̯ as expected in a hysterokinetic pattern.  The loc. shows full-grade in the stem reflecting PNN *-eu̯-i > *ei̯-u̯e > Galic -ei̯-ō.  The ins. may reflect PEE *gen-u-eh₁ or *gen-u-h₁, and the metre does not clarify.  The dual behaves as expected.  In the plural, final -eōs < *-eu̯-es, as though *-e-u̯es.  The expected *-eu̯-iš anomalously does not occur with OX nouns but does with PX nouns, which may be a dialectal influence.  The acc. shows -eõ which is from *-eu̯-ōn < *-eu̯-ons < *-eu̯-uns.

In contrast with common-gender u-stem OX nouns, neuter u-stem OX nouns are very rare, and only one item ''dāno'' "dew, tear" is well-attested.  The nom. sing. is from PEE *déh₂nu > PNN *dānu.  The oblique stem is from PEE *dh₂n̥-u- > Galic daunn- because *-nu̯- is subject to assimilation to -nn-.  The dual has *dāun-w- (effectively a mixture between direct and oblique stems) because the neuter dual ending is vocalic and causes the preceding *-w- to become a consonant, which then causes the *-n- preceding it to become *-n̥-.  Interestingly, a person's tears is usually inflected as a dual, possibly itemizing tears as "streams of tears" coming from a person's eyes (which is by default inflected as dual).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sa sui̯us, "child" = υἱύς !!colspan="3"| tod pōi̯o, "flock" = πῶυ
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| sui̯uš ||rowspan="3"| sui̯ēu̯ ||rowspan="2"| sui̯eu̯iš
|rowspan="3"| pōi̯o  ||rowspan="3"| pii̯ēu̯ ||rowspan="3"| pii̯ēu̯
|-
! Vocative 
| sui̯o
|-
! Accusative 
| sui̯um || sui̯ə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| sui̯ōš || sui̯eu̯ō || sui̯eu̯õ
| pii̯ōš || pii̯eu̯ō || pii̯eu̯õ
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| sui̯eu̯i || sui̯eu̯a || sui̯eu̯hu
|rowspan="2"| pii̯eu̯i || pii̯eu̯a || pii̯eu̯hu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| sui̯eu̯ma ||rowspan="2"| sui̯eu̯muš
| rowspan="2"| pii̯eu̯ma ||rowspan="2"| pii̯eu̯muš
|-
! Instrumental 
| sui̯ēu̯
| pii̯ēu̯
|}
The PX pattern in u-stem nouns is very prolific in both the Galic and Epic languages.  Many are abstract nouns with the ending -tuš.  The nom. ended in -uš, but it is not uncommon in the Late Canon material to see -ō.  While many nouns would show root ablaut, the example provided above does not and therefore has all components in zero grade in the nom; the hypothetical forms *seu̯i̯uš or *sou̯i̯uš would be expected based on the general ablaut tendencies, but it is in fact the proto-form of ''sui̯uš'' that is attested in all EE languages.  The gen. ended in *-ou̯-s, whence -ō-š.  All the other oblique cases show -eu̯- in the suffix, which does very early spread to the gen. as well, such that -eu̯-s actually outnumbers the older -ou̯-s by a factor of more than 40 to 1.

The ins. sing. and nom. du. have identical endings becuase their PEE forms were both *eu̯-h₁ > Galic -ēu̯.  The gen. du. has -eu̯ō, which reflects *eu̯-us; here, the final *-us dissimilated from the preceding vowel and became *-os, which regularly > -ō.  The loc. has -eu̯-a which is the reflex of *-eu̯-o dissimiliated from *-eu̯-u.  The nom. pl. and acc. have the expected forms, with PNN *-uns > Galic -ə̄ṇġ.  All other forms in the plural are straightforward.

The neuter version of the PX u-stems displays regular ablaut, which alternates strong and weak stems. The strong has o-grade from PEE *poh₂-i̯u > PNN *pōi̯u > Galic ''pōi̯o''. The oblique stem is from PEE *ph₂-i̯ou̯-s > PNN *pə-i̯ou̯-s > Galic ''pii̯ōš'', where PNN *ə regularly becomes Galic -i- before high vowels or their allophones.  The du. and pl. nom. have the same form because their endings in PEE were *-h₁ and *-h₂ respectively, which were levelled and trigger Cammer's law lengthening the preceding vowel.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sa θeɣus, "fish" = ἰχθύς !!colspan="3"| tod doru, "wood" = δόρυ
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| θeɣuš ||rowspan="3"| θeɣō ||rowspan="3"| θeɣōs
|rowspan="3"| doru ||rowspan="3"| dorō ||rowspan="3"| dorō
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
| zuš || zuuš || zuõ
| deruš || deruuš || deruõ
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| zui || zuo || zuru
|rowspan="2"| derō || deruo || denuru
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| zuma ||rowspan="2"| zumuš
| rowspan="2"| deruma ||rowspan="2"| derumuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| zū
| derū
|}

===xͮōn===
''xͮōn'' "woman" continues the PEE proterodynamic declension ending in *-h₂.  This suffix also underlies the ī- and ū-stem declensions in Northian but is otherwise rarely seen alone.  The full-grade stem is from *gʷénh₂-, and the zero-grade *gʷnéh₂-.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā xͮōn, "woman" = γυνή
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|  xͮōn ||rowspan="3"| žnå ||rowspan="2"| xͮenas
|-
! Vocative 
| xͮen
|-
! Accusative 
| xͮenum || xͮenān
|-
! Genitive 
| žnās || žnāuš || žnāõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| žnāi̯ || žnāo || žnāhu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| žnāma ||rowspan="2"| žnāmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| žnå
|}

===ī-stems===
The ī-stems in oxytone is rare and contains only a few nouns.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā sθerīs, "heifer"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|  sθerīs ||rowspan="3"| sθerī ||rowspan="2"| sθurīiš
|-
! Vocative 
| sθerī
|-
! Accusative 
| sθerīum || sθurīəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| sθurīō || sθurīōs || sθurīõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| sθurīē || sθurīō || sθunīru
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| sθurīmō ||rowspan="2"| sθurīmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| sθurīē
|}

By contrast, the ī-stems in paroxytone has remained productive down to the Epic period as a feminizing suffix for athematic nouns.  
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā genaθrī, "genitrix"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| gēnθrī ||rowspan="3"| genaθrī ||rowspan="2"| genaθrīes
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| gēnθrīum || genaθrīəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| gunaθri̯ēs || gnaθri̯ēuš || gnaθri̯ēõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| gnaθri̯ēi || gnaθri̯ēo || gnaθri̯ēhu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| gnaθri̯ēma ||rowspan="2"| gnaθri̯ēmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| gnaθri̯ē
|}

===ū-stems===
The ū-stems were exactly parallel to the ī-stems at the PEE and PNN levels, but due to phonetic changes have become nearly unrecognizable.  The nom. sing. of hysterokinetic stems had accented root syllable and an ending in PEE *-uh₂-s > *PNN *-ūs > Galic *-ūš.  The acc. would have ended in PEE *-u̯eh₂-m̥ > PNN *-wē-um.  In Galic, *-wē- regularly > -i̯ō-, as also in loc.  In the oblique cases, the stem ended in -ū-, to which full-grade endings were added.  The zero-grade stem has replaced the original full-grade one in the dual nom. such that it projects the (implausible) PEE form *tn̥-uh₂-h₁.  The metrically trimoraic -ū ending represents final *-ūᵊ, as otherwise it would have become *-ō.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā tenūš, "body"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| tenūš ||rowspan="3"| tunūᵊ ||rowspan="2"| tunōs
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| tuni̯ōum || tunu̯åṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| tunuō || tunuōs || tunuõ
|-
! Locative 
| tuni̯ōi || tunuō || tunūhu
|-
! Dative 
| tunūā || rowspan="2"| tunumō ||rowspan="2"| tunūmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| tunuā
|}

The ū-stems also includes one member with paroxytone accent, namely ''sokrō'' "mother-in-law".
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā sokrō, "mother-in-law" = ''socrus''
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| sokrō ||rowspan="3"| sokrēu̯ ||rowspan="2"| sokrēu̯iš
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| sokrēu̯õ || sokrēṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| sokrēu̯s || sokrēu̯uš || sokrēu̯õ
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| sokrēi̯e || sokrēu̯ō || sokrēu̯ru
|-
! Dative 
|  rowspan="2"| sokrēu̯ma ||rowspan="2"| sokrēu̯muš
|-
! Instrumental 
| sokrēu̯[a?]
|}

The term ''pūlθvēs'' "crowd, multitude" has a unique pattern and is only found in the singular.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!  sā pūlθvēs, "crowd, multitude" = ''plebs''
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular  
|-
! Nominative 
| pūlθvēs  
|-
! Vocative 
| pūlθvē 
|-
! Accusative 
| pūlθvēum
|-
! Genitive 
| pūlθuō
|-
! Locative 
|  pūlθvē
|-
! Dative 
|  pūlθuē
|-
! Instrumental 
|  pūlθuē
|}

===r/n-stems===
The r/n-stems, or heteroclitics, continue a class of (mostly agreed to be) archaic EE nouns that had different suffixes depending on case even at the level of the proto-language.  They are special in that they are all neuter nouns with fundamental meanings and show acrostatic > PPX or proterokinetic > PX ablaut in the singular and dual.  These nouns do not take plural endings in Galic times but rather form a "collective" which take OX singular endings.  In this respect they are similar to mn-stems and dissimilar to es/os-stems, which are both reserved to neuter nouns.  In the Epic language, many heteroclitics also formed ordinary plurals from the zero-grade stem, which agree with singular verbs and have meanings different to their collective brethren.

In the Galic language, many heteroclitic nouns have opaque forms owing to their (generally) short stem and susceptibility to ablaut, vocalization, and internal sandhi.  From a historical angle, there are three heteroclitic stems that give rise to differing forms in Northian—those in *-wr̥/wn-, *-Hr̥/Hn-, and *-rr̥/rn-.  The type of ''på'' "dwelling" ended in PEE *-r-r̥ in the nominative, but the second *r is syncopated into the first in its evolution to Northian; the oblique stem assimilates to -nn-.  The type with nom. ending in -ō such as ''perå'' "mountain" ended in *-wr̥ in the proto-language.  This ending would first become PNN *-wur, then Northian *-wor; in Galic, *-wo- following a vowel regularly becomes -å.  For the stems ending in laryngeal, the effect is most noticeable before the PX ending *-ens; this ending surfaces as -āš after *h₂- and -ōḥ after *h₃-.

PP ''i̯å'' "year", is from *yoh₁-r̥ > *yō-ur, gen. *yeh₁-n̥-s > *yē-uns.  In Galic, unaccented final -ur regularly drops and lengthens preceding syllable.  The strong stem with *-r- is visible in the dual nom.  In the gen., *uns > *ə̄ṇġ.  In the dat. the long vowel resists mutation caused by final short *-i.  The ins. ending has dropped, but the preceding long vowel cannot be further lengthened to *å because it is closed.  The rest of the du. behaves as expected.  In the collective, the stems are from the e-grade and zero grade (as opposed to o-grade and e-grade of the PPX singular and dual).  The nom. has a vṛddhied ending.  The zero-grade stem is from *ih₁-n- > Galic īn-, and OX endings follow as usual.

''i̯å'' is famously found in G.Nr. 59/2, contemplating the relationship between a single revolution of the annual cycle and the cycle of annual cycles, ''i̯ā̊ toi̯ i̯ə̄ṇġ, īnō i̯å'' "years of that year, that year of years!"

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| tod i̯å, "year" = ὥρα
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Collective
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| i̯å ||rowspan="3"| i̯ōrī ||rowspan="3"| i̯ā̊
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
| i̯ə̄ṇġ || i̯ēnuš || īnō
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| i̯ēne || i̯ēno || iei̯ne
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| i̯ēṇma ||īnē
|-
! Instrumental 
| i̯ēn || īnā
|}

''pāu̯or'' "fire" represents the heteroclitic nouns with proterokinetic pattern, with accented stem in the oblique cases.  The PNN form is *pāwur and gen. *pəwens, from PEE *peh₂-wr̥ and gen. *ph₂wen-s.  In the nom., the sequence *-wu- differentiates to *-wo- prehistorically.  In the gen. *ə before -e- regularly becomes -a-.  Final *-s drops and causes the preceding *-e- to lengthen.  Mutation occurs in the dat. with *-e- > -ei̯-.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| tod pāu̯or, "fire" = πῦρ
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Collective
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| pāu̯or ||rowspan="3"| pāu̯orī ||rowspan="3"| pāu̯å
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
| pau̯ēn || pau̯enuš || pūnō
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| pau̯ei̯ne || pau̯eno || pūne
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| pau̯eṇma || pūnē
|-
! Instrumental 
| pau̯ēn || pūn
|}

Other common heteroclitic nouns include:
*PX ''aɣə̄ ɣēn'' "day"
*PX ''petə̄ ptå'' "feather"
*PPX ''ōθə̄ ōθə̄ṇġ'' "water"
*PPX ''perō perō'' "mountain"
*PPX ''på perə̄ṇġ'' "house"

===l/n-stems===
''sā̊l'', phonologically probably ''sāōl'', "the Sun" continues the PEE heteroclitic stem in *-l/n-.  The strong stem descends from PEE *seh₂w- > sāw-; the weak stem from *sh₂ew- > saw-.  The nominative is due to the regular sound change of *wu > wo.  Genitive has ''hu̯ə̄ṇġ'', for expected *hwēn < *swens < *sh₂wens; this possibly suggests the proterokinetic ending *-ens was replaced by acrostatic ending *-n̥s prehistorically, as from from PNN *swuns < PEE *sh₂wn̥s.  However, because other Nordic languages show a reflex of *sh₂wens, the insertion of the acrostatic ending must have occurred only after Northian diverged from PNN.

The word ''sā̊l'' signifies a heavenly body that is considered a god in early Northian religion and is usually found in the singular in the Galic language.  There in in the dual, "the two Suns" is an ellipsis for "the Sun and the Moon".  After the Late Canon period, the genitive dual ''sunuš'' < PEE **sh₂wn-us displaced the singular ''hu̯ə̄ṇġ'' in all but ritualistic contexts as the normal word for "Sun's".  During the imperial period, the stem from the dual was re-interpreted as an o-stem and formed the neologism ''sunō'' for the nom. sing., which also replaced ''sā̊l'' in non-ritualistic contexts.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!  colspan="2"|sā sā̊l, "the Sun"
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular  !!style="width:7em"| Dual 
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="3"| sā̊l ||rowspan="3"| sāwa
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
|-
! Genitive 
| hu̯ə̄ṇġ || sunuš
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"| hu̯ei̯n  || sunui̯
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| suṇma 
|-
! Instrumental 
| hu̯ēn
|}

===d-stems===
The d-stems are a special class in Northian because *-d behaves like a resonant, rather than an obstruent, in certain phonetic environments and permits compensatory lengthening when final *-ə drops after it, cf. dual nom. in paroxytone.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā xͮrēθs, "root"  !!colspan="3"| tod kerd, "heart" = καρδία
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| xͮrēθs ||rowspan="3"| xͮrēθē ||rowspan="2"| xͮrēθiš
|rowspan="3"| kerd ||rowspan="3"| krēd ||rowspan="3"| kordō
|-
! Vocative 
| xͮrēd
|-
! Accusative 
| xͮrēdum
|  xͮrēdəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| ōrdō || ōrdōs || ōrdō
| krēθs || kreθuš || kurdō
|-
! Locative 
| xͮrēd || ōrdo || ōrššu
| rowspan="2"| kerde || kreθu || kerde
|-
! Dative 
| ōrdē ||rowspan="2"| ōrhmō ||rowspan="2"| ōrhmuš
| rowspan="2"| kresma ||rowspan="2"| kurdē
|-
! Instrumental 
| ōrdē
| krēd
|}

===t-stems===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sa nēp, "grandchild"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| nēpōt ||rowspan="3"| nepotē ||rowspan="2"| nepotiš
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| nepotum || neptəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| neptō || neptōs || neptõ
|-
! Locative 
| nepoti || neptō || neptru
|-
! Dative 
| nepte || rowspan="2"| neptmō ||rowspan="2"| neptmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| nepta
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā nōi̯h, "evening, night"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| nōi̯h ||rowspan="3"| nexͮša ||rowspan="2"| noxͮšiš
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| noxͮšum || noxͮšəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| nēh || nexͮšuš || nexͮšõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"|nexͮše || nexͮšo || nexͮššu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| naohma ||rowspan="2"| naohmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| nexͮša
|}

From PEE *n̥-mr̥teh₂ts > PNN *ummurtāts > Galic ''āṇmurtāθs''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā āṇmurtāθs, "immortality"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|  āṇmurtāθs ||rowspan="3"| āṇmurtātē ||rowspan="2"| āṇmurtātiš
|-
! Vocative 
| āṇmurtāḥ
|-
! Accusative 
| āṇmurtātum || āṇmurtātəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| āṇmurtātō || āṇmurtātōs || āṇmurtātõ
|-
! Locative 
| rowspan="2"|āṇmurtāθ || āṇmurtātō || āṇmurtāššu
|-
! Dative 
| rowspan="2"| āṇmurtātē ||rowspan="2"| āṇmurtāsmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| āṇmurtāta
|}

===nt-stems===
The nt-stems are very closely associated with the formation of the present active participle in -nt-.  But while participles have distinct masculine, feminine, and neuter forms, nt-stem nouns have the form of masculine participles and lexical gender.  With nouns in -m, nt-stems often have three ablaut grades.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā wēθš, "wind"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
| wēθš ||rowspan="3"| ōnθē ||rowspan="2"| ōnθiš
|-
! Vocative 
| wēnṯ
|-
! Accusative 
| ōnθum || ōnθəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| uunθō || uunθōs || uunθõ
|-
! Locative 
| ōnθe || uunθō || uunššo
|-
! Dative 
| uunθē || rowspan="2"| uunθmō ||rowspan="2"| uunθmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| uunθē
|}

===ponθōs===
The word ''ponθōs'' "path" had a stem ending in PEE *póntoh₁- ~ pn̥th₁-, with dual ablauting syllables that always show the same grades.  This word appears to be unique in all Erani-Eracuran languages in the stem formation it has.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sa ponθōs, "path, way"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| ponθōs ||rowspan="3"| ponθōi̯ ||rowspan="2"| ponθōiš
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| ponθōm || punθōn
|-
! Genitive 
| punθō || punθōs || punθõ
|-
! Locative 
| ponθō || punθō || punθu
|-
! Dative 
| punθē || rowspan="2"| punθmō ||rowspan="2"| punθmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| punθē
|}

===a-stems===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sā mihrā, "mist"
|-
! style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| mihrā ||rowspan="3"| mihrāī ||rowspan="2"| mihrās
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| mihrām || mihrāṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| mihrās || mihrāōs || mihrõ
|-
! Locative 
| mihrāi || mihrāō || mihru
|-
! Dative 
| mihrāi̯ || rowspan="2"| mihrāmō ||rowspan="2"| mihurmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| mihrā
|}

===o-stems===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| sa θūmō, "smoke" !!colspan="3"| tod i̯uɣõ, "yoke" 
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| θūmō ||rowspan="3"| θūmō ||rowspan="2"| θūmōis
|rowspan="3"| i̯uɣõ  ||rowspan="3"| i̯uɣōī ||rowspan="3"| i̯uɣō
|-
! Vocative 
| θūme
|-
! Accusative 
| θūmõ || θūmōn
|-
! Genitive 
| θūmōhi̯o || θūmōuš || θūmōõ
| i̯uɣōhi̯o || i̯uɣōuš || i̯uɣōõ
|-
! Locative 
| θūmē || θūmōu || θūmōi̯o
| i̯uɣē || i̯uɣōu || i̯uɣōi̯o
|-
! Dative 
| θūmōi̯ ||rowspan="2"| θūmōma ||rowspan="2"| θūmōmuš
| i̯uɣōi̯ ||rowspan="2"| i̯uɣōma ||rowspan="2"| i̯uɣōmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| θūmō
| i̯uɣō
|}

====Acrean words====
Many words in Northian are Old Nordic loanwords from speakers of Acrean, which was used as a lingua franca in western Eracura for centuries under the influence of the Acrean Empire.  These words were so numerouš that many were not nativized and were declined according to an approximation of the thematic declension in Old Nordic.  For the most part, these endings are exact cognates with the thematic ones in Northian, but because of intervening sound changes, they are taught separately.  Where there was a distinct vocative, the nominative form has displaced it.  There are also no {{wp|dual (grammar)|dual forms}} for these nouns, for which neologisms have sometimes been suggested, to no general acceptance.  Since Old Nordic had no locative case, this form is always identical to the dative where Northian syntax demands the locative.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="2"| sa wulhʷā, "any lupine animal" = ''lupus'' !!colspan="2"| tod ēta, "food" 
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:14em"| Dual and plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:14em"| Dual and plural
|-
! Nominative 
| rowspan="2"|wulhʷā ||rowspan="2"| wulhʷōs
|rowspan="3"| ēta    ||rowspan="3"| ētō
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| wulhʷuŋ || wulhʷān
|-
! Genitive 
| wulhʷas  || wulhʷõ
| ētas  || ētõ
|-
! Locative 
|rowspan="2"| wulhʷāi  ||rowspan="2"| wulhʷamas
|rowspan="2"|  ētai̯   ||rowspan="2"|  ētamas
|-
! Dative 
|-
! Instrumental 
| wulhʷō || wulhʷamis
| ētō || ētamis
|}

===Irregular nouns===
====Country names====
All country-names in Northian are feminine in gender, though the declensions may not reflect this readily.  Nevertheless they agree with feminine adjectives and participles in all cases.

"[[Æþurheim]]", the name of the country to the southwest of [[Shalum]], has an invariant stem with full grade throughout and initial persistent accent in Aí̯θrō-, which takes oxytone endings.  The vocative form is identical to the nominative, showing full grade.  Because the accent is in its expected position in the nom. and voc. forms, the acute accent on the ''i'' is not necessary there, while it is found in all other forms to denote the irregular accent.  

"Shalum" behaves in a manner more reminiscent of a regular n-stem noun in oxytone and has the expected endings and accentual positions, but the stem does not display apophony as is usual in this class of nouns.

"Acrea" is named ''Aṇhrōs'', which is a compound from ''aṇh-'' "lord" and ''rōs'' "realm, power", gen. ''Aṇhurō''.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! sā Ai̯θrō, "Æþurheim" !! sā Halō, "Shalum" !! sā Aṇhrōs, "Acrea" !! sā Silū, "Silua" !! sā Hu̯inī, "Svinia" !! sā Ossorī, "Ossoria"
|-
! style="width:9em"| Singular !! style="width:9em"| Singular !! style="width:9em"| Singular !! style="width:9em"| Singular !! style="width:9em"| Singular !! style="width:9em"| Singular 
|-
! Nominative 
|rowspan="2"| Ai̯θrō  ||rowspan="2"| Halō
|-
! Vocative 
|-
! Accusative 
| Aí̯θrōnum || Halomnum
|-
! Genitive 
| Aí̯θrōnō || Halomnō
|-
! Locative 
| Aí̯θrōni || Halomei̯ne
|-
! Dative 
| Aí̯θrōnē || Halomnē
|-
! Instrumental 
| Aí̯θrōn || Halomna
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case, within their lexical paradigms.  Inasmuch as nouns have differing endings that convey the same number and case, so too do adjectives have lexical paradigms; adjectives do not agree with the paradigms of nouns that they modify.

===u-stems===
====Two-stem====
meθus; umθeus
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. and f. meθus, "sweet" !!colspan="3"| n. meθu, "sweet"  
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| meθus ||rowspan="3"| meθēu ||rowspan="2"| meθeuiš
|rowspan="3"| meθu  ||rowspan="3"| meθuī ||rowspan="3"| meθū
|-
! Vocative 
| meθu
|-
! Accusative 
| meθum || meθūŋ
|-
! Genitive 
| umθeus || umθeuō || umθeuõ
| umθeus || umθeuō || umθeuõ
|-
! Locative 
| umθeu || umθeuo || umθeuhu
| umθeu || umθeuo || umθeuhu
|-
! Dative 
| umθeui ||rowspan="2"| umθeuma ||rowspan="2"| umθeumus
| umθeui ||rowspan="2"| umθeuma ||rowspan="2"| umθeumus
|-
! Instrumental 
| umθēu
| umθēu
|}

====-us/-o/-ō====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. tenus, "thin" !!colspan="3"| n. teno, "thin"  !!colspan="3"| f. tenō, "thin"  
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| tenus ||rowspan="3"| tenēu̯ ||rowspan="2"| teneu̯iš
|rowspan="3"| teno  ||rowspan="3"| teneu̯ī ||rowspan="3"| tenēu̯
|rowspan="2"| tenō ||rowspan="3"| tenū ||rowspan="2"| tenuas
|-
! Vocative 
| teno
|-
! Accusative 
| tenum || tenuṅ
| tenūum || tenūūŋ
|-
! Genitive 
| tuneu̯s || tuneu̯ō || tuneu̯õ
| tuneu̯s || tuneu̯ō || tuneu̯õ
| tunu̯ōs || tunu̯ōus || tunu̯ōõ
|-
! Locative 
| tuneu̯ || tuneu̯o || tuneu̯hu
| tuneu̯ || tuneu̯o || tuneu̯hu
| tunu̯ōi || tunu̯ōu || tunu̯ōhu
|-
! Dative 
| tuneu̯i ||rowspan="2"| tuneu̯ma ||rowspan="2"| tuneu̯mus
| tuneu̯i ||rowspan="2"| tuneu̯ma ||rowspan="2"| tuneu̯mus
| tunu̯ōi ||rowspan="2"| tunu̯ōma ||rowspan="2"| tunu̯ōmus
|-
! Instrumental 
| tunēu̯
| tunēu̯
| tunu̯å
|}

====-us/-u/-wī====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. hu̯ēθus, "sweet" !!colspan="3"| n. hu̯ēθo, "sweet"  !!colspan="3"| f. hu̯ēsu̯ī, "sweet"  
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| hu̯ēθus ||rowspan="3"| hu̯ēθēu̯ ||rowspan="2"| hu̯ēθeu̯iš
|rowspan="3"| hu̯ēθo  ||rowspan="3"| hu̯ēθeu̯ī ||rowspan="3"| hu̯ēθēu̯
|rowspan="2"| hu̯ēsu̯ī ||rowspan="3"| hu̯ēsu̯īi ||rowspan="2"| hu̯ēsu̯ias
|-
! Vocative 
| hu̯ēθo
|-
! Accusative 
| hu̯ēθum || hu̯ēθuṅ
| hu̯ēsu̯īəm || hu̯ēsu̯īə̄ṅḫ
|-
! Genitive 
| hūθeu̯š || hūθeu̯ō ||hūθeu̯õ
| hūθeu̯š || hūθeu̯ō ||hūθeu̯õ
| hūθui̯ēs || hūθui̯ēus || hūθui̯ēõ
|-
! Locative 
| hūθeu̯ || hūθeu̯o || hūθeu̯šu
| hūθeu̯ || hūθeu̯o || hūθeu̯šu
| hūθui̯ēi || hūθui̯ēu || hūθui̯ēhu
|-
! Dative 
| hūθeu̯i ||rowspan="2"| hūθeu̯ma ||rowspan="2"| hūθeu̯muš
| hūθeu̯i ||rowspan="2"| hūθeu̯ma ||rowspan="2"| hūθeu̯muš
| hūθui̯ēi ||rowspan="2"| hūθui̯ēma ||rowspan="2"| hūθui̯ēmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| hūθēu̯
| hūθēu̯
| hūθui̯ō
|}

===i-stems===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. θrēstiš, "sad" !!colspan="3"| n. θrēste, "sad"  !!colspan="3"| f. θristēī, "sad"  
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| θrēstiš ||rowspan="3"| θrēstī ||rowspan="2"| θrēstēiš
|rowspan="3"| θrēste  ||rowspan="3"| θristēī ||rowspan="3"| θristē
|rowspan="2"| θristēī ||rowspan="3"| θristēīi ||rowspan="2"| θristēas
|-
! Vocative 
| θrēste
|-
! Accusative 
| θrēstim || θrēstiuṅ
| θristēīəm || θristēīə̄ṅḫ
|-
! Genitive 
| θristēš || θristēus ||θristēõ
| θristēš || θristēus ||θristēõ
| θristiēs || θristiēus || θristiēõ
|-
! Locative 
| θristēi̯ || θristēo || θristēhu
| θristēi̯ || θristēo || θristēhu
| θristiēi || θristiēu || θristiēhu
|-
! Dative 
| θristēi ||rowspan="2"| θristēma ||rowspan="2"| θristēmuš
| θristēi ||rowspan="2"| θristēma ||rowspan="2"| θristēmuš
| θristiēi ||rowspan="2"| θristiēma ||rowspan="2"| θristiēmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| θristēi̯
| θristēi̯
| θristiē
|}

===nt-stems===
From PEE *rh₁-wénts, "rich in possessions", from *reh₁s, "possession".

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. raå, "wealthy" !!colspan="3"| n. raōn, "wealthy"  !!colspan="3"|  f. raōnθī, "wealthy" 
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| raå ||rowspan="3"| raōnθē ||rowspan="2"| raōnθiš
|rowspan="3"| raōn  ||rowspan="3"| raōnθī ||rowspan="3"| raōnθa
|rowspan="2"| raōnθī ||rowspan="3"| raōnθī ||rowspan="2"| raōnθias
|-
! Vocative 
| raōn
|-
! Accusative 
| raōnθum || raōnθə̄ṇġ
| raōnθīum || raōnθīə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| raunθō || raunθōs || raunθõ
| raunθō || raunθōs || raunθõ
| raunθi̯ēs || raunθi̯ōus || raunθi̯ōõ
|-
! Locative 
| raōn || raunθō || raunššu
| raōn || raunθō || raunššu
| raunθi̯ō || raunθi̯ōu || raunθi̯ōhu
|-
! Dative 
| raunθē ||rowspan="2"| raūṇhmō ||rowspan="2"| raunθmus
| raunθē ||rowspan="2"| raūṇhmō ||rowspan="2"| raunθmus
| raunθi̯ēi̯ ||rowspan="2"| raunθi̯ōma ||rowspan="2"| raunθi̯ōmus
|-
! Instrumental 
| raunθē
| raunθē
| raunθi̯å
|}

The present active participles of verbs have a stem ending in -nt-.  From PEE *h₁es-n̥ts.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. ehūš, "being" !!colspan="3"| n. ehūnθ, "being"  !!colspan="3"|  f. ehunθī, "being" 
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| ehūš ||rowspan="3"| ehunθē ||rowspan="2"| erunθiš
|rowspan="3"| ehūnθ  ||rowspan="3"| ehunθī ||rowspan="3"| ehunθa
|rowspan="2"| ehunθī ||rowspan="3"| ehunθī ||rowspan="2"| ehunθīas
|-
! Vocative 
| ehūθ
|-
! Accusative 
| senθum || senθə̄ṇġ
| senθīum || senθīə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| hunθō || hunθōs || hunθõ
| hunθō || hunθōs || hunθõ
| hunθi̯ēs || hunθi̯ōuš || hunθi̯ōõ
|-
! Locative 
| senθe || hunθō || hunššu
| senθe || hunθō || hunššu
| hunθi̯ō || hunθi̯ōu || hunθi̯ōhu
|-
! Dative 
| hunθē ||rowspan="2"| huṇhmō ||rowspan="2"| hunθmuš
| hunθē ||rowspan="2"| huṇhmō ||rowspan="2"| hunθmuš
| hunθi̯ēi̯ ||rowspan="2"| hunθi̯ōma ||rowspan="2"| hunθi̯ōmuš
|-
! Instrumental 
| hunθē
| hunθē
| hunθi̯å
|}

===es-stems===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. and f. humenēs, "well-intended" !!colspan="3"| n. huméniš, "well-intended"  
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| humenēs ||rowspan="3"| humenezē ||rowspan="2"| humeneziš
|rowspan="3"| huméniš  ||rowspan="3"| humenezī ||rowspan="3"| hunmeneha
|-
! Vocative 
| huméniš
|-
! Accusative 
| humenehum || hunenehəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| humenezō || humenehōs || humenehõ
| humenezō || humenehōs || humenehõ
|-
! Locative 
| humenes || humenehō || humenessu
| humenes || humenehō || humenessu
|-
! Dative 
| humenezē ||rowspan="2"| humenehmō ||rowspan="2"| humenehmus
| humenezē ||rowspan="2"| humenehmō ||rowspan="2"| humenehmus
|-
! Instrumental 
| humenezē
| humenezē
|}

===woḏs-stems===
From PEE *bʰebʰidʰ-wṓs, forms perfect active participles from the zero-grade perfect root.  The exact proto-form of the perfect active participle in Northian has long been an unresolved issue, as the final *-s of the stem does not undergo {{wp|rhotacism}} as expected in other words.  This has led to be postulation that the pre-form was actually *-wos-s or *-wōs-s, with a restored final *-s.  The first *s then changed into a consonant of unknown value usually written *ḏ, which then disappeared in all forms except in the neuter nominative singular, where it surfaces as an anomalous -ḫ.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. vevizvå, "sympathetic" = πεποιθώς !!colspan="3"| n. vevizōḫ, "sympathetic" = πεποιθός !!colspan="3"|  f. veviθuzī, "sympathetic" = πεποιθυῖα
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| vevizvå ||rowspan="3"| vevizōha ||rowspan="2"| veviθōziš
|rowspan="3"| vevizōh  ||rowspan="3"| vevizōhī ||rowspan="3"| vevizōha
|rowspan="2"| veviθūhī ||rowspan="3"| veviθūhī ||rowspan="2"| veviθūhias
|-
! Vocative 
| veviθōh
|-
! Accusative 
| vevizōhum|| veviθūhē
| veviθūhīum || veviθūhīəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| veviθūhō || veviθūhōs || veviθūhõ
| veviθūhō || veviθūhōs || veviθūhõ
| veviθūhi̯ēs || veviθūhi̯ōus || veviθūhi̯ōõ
|-
! Locative 
| veviθūhe || veviθūhō || veviθūššu
| veviθūhe || veviθūhō || veviθūššu
| veviθūhi̯ō || veviθūhi̯ōu || veviθūhi̯ōhu
|-
! Dative 
| veviθūhē ||rowspan="2"| veviθūhmō ||rowspan="2"| veviθūhmus
| veviθūhē ||rowspan="2"| veviθūhmō ||rowspan="2"| veviθūhmus
| veviθūhi̯ēi̯ ||rowspan="2"| veviθūhi̯ōma ||rowspan="2"| veviθūhi̯ōmus
|-
! Instrumental 
| veviθūhē
| veviθūhē
| veviθūhi̯å
|}

===yos-stems===
i̯å, irō, i̯orum; i̯erī, ihi̯ēs, i̯erīum; i̯ō
wesyoss, wesyos, wesyesiH; wesisos, wesisyeHs; wesyesm, wesyesiHm
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. ōhi̯å, "better" !!colspan="3"| n. ōhi̯ō, "better" !!colspan="3"|  f. ōhi̯ēzī, "better" 
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| ōhi̯å ||rowspan="3"| ōhi̯eha ||rowspan="2"| ōhi̯ehiš
|rowspan="3"| ōhi̯ō  ||rowspan="3"| ōhi̯ezī ||rowspan="3"| ōhi̯eha
|rowspan="2"| ōhi̯ēzī ||rowspan="3"| ōhi̯ēzīạ ||rowspan="2"| ōhi̯ēzīas
|-
! Vocative 
| ōhi̯ō
|-
! Accusative 
| ōhi̯ehum || ōhi̯ehūŋ
| ōhi̯ēzīum || ōhi̯ēzīəṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| ōzizō || ōzizōs || ōzizõ
| ōzizō || ōzizōs || ōzizõ
| ōzihi̯ēs || ōzihi̯ōus || ōzihi̯ōõ
|-
! Locative 
| ōzize || ōzizō || ōziššu
| ōzize || ōzizō || ōziššu
| ōzihi̯ō || ōzihi̯ōu || ōzihi̯ōhu
|-
! Dative 
| ōzizē ||rowspan="2"| ōzihmō ||rowspan="2"| ōzihmus
| ōzizē ||rowspan="2"| ōzihmō ||rowspan="2"| ōzihmus
| ōzihi̯ēi̯ ||rowspan="2"| ōzihi̯ōma ||rowspan="2"| ōzihi̯ōmus
|-
! Instrumental 
| ōzizē
| ōzizē
| ōzihi̯å
|}

===r/n-stem===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. pei̯wō, "fat" !!colspan="3"| n. pei̯ōr, "fat" !!colspan="3"|  f. pīə̄rī, "fat" 
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| pei̯wō ||rowspan="3"| pei̯ōnē ||rowspan="2"| pei̯ōniš
|rowspan="3"| pei̯ōr  ||rowspan="3"| pei̯ōrī ||rowspan="3"| pei̯ōr
|rowspan="2"| pīə̄rī ||rowspan="3"| pīə̄rīạ ||rowspan="2"| pīə̄rias
|-
! Vocative 
| pei̯ōn
|-
! Accusative 
| pei̯ōnum || pei̯ōnə̄ṇ
| pīə̄rīum || pīə̄rīə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| pīənō || pīənōs || pīənõ
| pīə̄n || pīə̄nuš || pīə̄nõ
| pīuri̯ēs || pīuri̯ōus || pīuri̯ōõ
|-
! Locative 
| pei̯ōn || ōzizō || pīəṅḫu
|rowspan="2"| pīə̄i̯ne || pīə̄no || pīə̄ṅhu
| pīuri̯ō || pīuri̯ōu || pīuri̯ōhu
|-
! Dative 
| pīənē ||rowspan="2"| pīəṅmō ||rowspan="2"| pīəṅmus
| rowspan="2"| ōzihmō ||rowspan="2"| pīə̄ṅmus
| pīuri̯ēi̯ ||rowspan="2"| pīuri̯ōma ||rowspan="2"| pīuri̯ōmus
|-
! Instrumental 
| pīənē
| pīə̄n
| pīuri̯å
|}

===''mehas''===
mehas, meha, aṇhī
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!colspan="3"| m. pei̯wō, "fat" !!colspan="3"| n. pei̯ōr, "fat" !!colspan="3"|  f. pīə̄rī, "fat" 
|-
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
!  style="width:7em"| Singular !!style="width:7em"| Dual !!style="width:7em"| Plural 
|-
! Nominative 
| pei̯wō ||rowspan="3"| pei̯ōnē ||rowspan="2"| pei̯ōniš
|rowspan="3"| pei̯ōr  ||rowspan="3"| pei̯ōrī ||rowspan="3"| pei̯ōr
|rowspan="2"| pīə̄rī ||rowspan="3"| pīə̄rīạ ||rowspan="2"| pīə̄rias
|-
! Vocative 
| pei̯ōn
|-
! Accusative 
| pei̯ōnum || pei̯ōnə̄ṇ
| pīə̄rīum || pīə̄rīə̄ṇġ
|-
! Genitive 
| pīənō || pīənōs || pīənõ
| pīə̄n || pīə̄nuš || pīə̄nõ
| pīuri̯ēs || pīuri̯ōus || pīuri̯ōõ
|-
! Locative 
| pei̯ōn || ōzizō || pīəṅḫu
|rowspan="2"| pīə̄i̯ne || pīə̄no || pīə̄ṅhu
| pīuri̯ō || pīuri̯ōu || pīuri̯ōhu
|-
! Dative 
| pīənē ||rowspan="2"| pīəṅmō ||rowspan="2"| pīəṅmus
| rowspan="2"| ōzihmō ||rowspan="2"| pīə̄ṅmus
| pīuri̯ēi̯ ||rowspan="2"| pīuri̯ōma ||rowspan="2"| pīuri̯ōmus
|-
! Instrumental 
| pīənē
| pīə̄n
| pīuri̯å
|}

===Numerals===

==Verbs==
===Athematic verbs===
The athematic conjugation is demonstrated with the verb ''ed-d-eod-ēd'' "eat".  Its present stems are from PEE *h₁ed- ~ h₁d-, and perfect stems *h₁eh₁od- ~ h₁eh₁d-. This verb does not create an aorist stem, but all applicable endings are found below had it formed an aorist stem.

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Indicative active endings !!colspan="4"| Indicative middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| edme || sōne || smei̯ne 
! 1P 
| sai || sōzθa || smozθa
|-
! 2P
| esse || stas || ste 
! 2P 
| stai || stom || zθō
|-
! 3P
| este || stes || dunθe 
! 3P 
| stoi || stēm || dūs
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Injunctive active endings !!colspan="4"| Injunctive middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| edum || sō || sme 
! 1P 
| da || sōθa || meθa
|-
! 2P
| es || stas || ste 
! 2P 
| sta || date || zθō
|-
! 3P
| est || stes || sunθ 
! 3P 
| sto || datē || də̄
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Subjunctive active endings !!colspan="4"| Subjunctive middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| edō || edou̯ōs || edomōs 
! 1P 
| esōi || edou̯ōzθa || edomozθa
|-
! 2P
| edei̯ze || edetas || edete 
! 2P 
| edetai || edetom || edeθō
|-
! 3P
| edei̯te || edetes || edo 
! 3P 
| edetoi || edetēm || edēr
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Opatative active endings !!colspan="4"| Opatative middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| si̯ēm || dīō || dīme 
! 1P 
| dị || dīōθa || dīmeθa
|-
! 2P
| di̯ēs || dītas || dīte 
! 2P 
| īta || dịte || dīθō
|-
! 3P
| di̯ēt || dītes || dīnθ 
! 3P 
| dīto || dịtē || dīə̄
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Imperative active endings !!colspan="4"| Imperative middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| — || — || — 
! 1P 
| — || — || —
|-
! 2P
| sθe || sta || este 
! 2P 
| sto || ste || sunθo
|-
! 3P
| stō || ste || zθō
! 3P 
| stō || stē || sunθō
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Perfect active endings !!colspan="4"| Perfect middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
| eoda || ēsō || ēsme 
! 1P 
!colspan="3" rowspan="3"| Where the perfect has transitive meaning, the middle is formed with the injunctive of ''es'' "to be" + perfect active participle
|-
! 2P
| eosta || ēdeta || ēde 
! 2P 
|-
! 3P
| eode || ēdēte || ēdr
! 3P 
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4"| Perfect imperative active endings !!colspan="4"| Perfect imperative middle endings 
|-
!  !!style="width: 7em"| Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl. !!  !!style="width: 7em"|  Sing. !!style="width: 7em"|  Du. !!style="width: 7em"|  Pl.
|-
! 1P
|   ||   ||   
! 1P 
!colspan="3" rowspan="3"| Where the perfect has active meaning, the middle is formed with the imperative of ''es'' "to be" + perfect active participle
|-
! 2P
| eosso || ēdata || ēda 
! 2P 
|-
! 3P
| ēde || ēdāte || ēdūr
! 3P 
|}

==See also==
*[[Northian language]]

[[Category:DNS]]