View source for Help:IPA/Russian

{{IPA key|H:IPA-RU}}
{{inline audio}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Russian language|Russian]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-ru}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft ([[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ''j'', {{angbr IPA|ʲ}}, are pronounced with the body of the [[tongue]] raised toward the [[hard palate]], like the articulation of the ''y'' sound in ''yes''. In native words {{IPA|/j, ɕː, tɕ/}} are always soft, whereas {{IPA|/ʐ, ʂ, ts/}} are always hard.<ref name="cdz"/>

See [[Russian phonology]] and [[Russian alphabet]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian. 

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! colspan="6" | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! colspan="3" | Hard
! colspan="3" | [[Palatalization (phonetics)|Soft]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-бок.ogg|ru|'''б'''ок|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|а'''п'''де́йт}}<ref name="voice"/>
| '''b'''oot
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|bʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-белый.ogg|ru|'''б'''е́лый|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-бью.ogg|ru|'''бь'''ю|help=no}}
| '''b'''eautiful
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-дать.ogg|ru|'''д'''ать|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-футбол.ogg|ru|фу'''т'''бо́л|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
| '''d'''o
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-дело.ogg|ru|'''д'''е́ло|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ходьба.ogg|ru|хо'''дь'''ба́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-женитьба.ogg|ru|жени́'''ть'''ба|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
| '''d'''ew (''UK'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dʐ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-джип.ogg|ru|'''дж'''ип|help=no}}
| '''j'''ug
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
| {{lang|ru|на'''ч'''ди́в}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-дочь бы.ogg|ru|до'''чь''' бы|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
| '''j'''ig
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dz}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-плацдарм.ogg|ru|пла'''ц'''да́рм|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
| la'''ds'''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dzʲ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
| {{lang|ru|'''дз'''юдо́}}<ref name="cdz">Even though {{IPA|/ts/}} and its voicing {{IPA|[dz]}} are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.</ref>
| la'''d's''' young
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-форма.ogg|ru|'''ф'''о́рма|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-выставка.ogg|ru|вы́ста'''в'''ка|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang|Ru-боров.ogg|ru|бо́ро'''в'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| '''f'''ool
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|fʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-финал.ogg|ru|'''ф'''ина́л|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-верфь.ogg|ru|вер'''фь'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-кровь.ogg|ru|кро'''вь'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| '''f'''ew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-год.ogg|ru|'''г'''од|help=no}};<ref name="g2">{{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} is usually pronounced {{IPAblink|ɣ}} or (word-finally) {{IPAblink|x}} in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as {{audio-lang|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg|ru|'''Г'''о́споди|help=no}} and {{audio-lang|Ru-бог.ogg|ru|Бо'''г'''|help=no}}, and in the interjections {{audio-lang|Ru-ага.ogg|ru|а'''г'''а́|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-ого.ogg|ru|о'''г'''о́|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg|ru|'''г'''о́споди|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-ей-богу_(ɣ).ogg|ru|ей-бо́'''г'''у|help=no}}, and also in {{lang|ru|бу'''хг'''а́лтер}} {{IPA|[bʊˈɣaltʲɪr]}} {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=23}}. {{IPA|/ɡ/}} devoices and [[lenition|lenites]] to {{IPA|[x]}} before voiceless obstruents ([[dissimilation]]) in the word roots {{lang|ru|-мягк-}} or {{lang|ru|-мягч-}}, {{lang|ru|-легк-}} or {{lang|ru|-легч-}}, {{lang|ru|-тягч-}}, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of {{lang|ru|-ногт-}}, {{lang|ru|-когт-}}, {{lang|ru|кто}}. Speakers of the [[Southern Russian dialects]] may pronounce {{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} as {{IPAblink|ɣ}} (soft {{IPAblink|ɣ̟|ɣʲ}}, devoiced {{IPAblink|x}} and {{IPAblink|x̟|xʲ}}) throughout.</ref><ref name="g" /> {{audio-lang|Ru-анекдот.ogg|ru|ане'''к'''до́т|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
| '''g'''oo
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ˖|ɡʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-герой.ogg|ru|'''г'''еро́й|help=no}}
| ar'''g'''ue
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg|ru|'''Г'''о́споди|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ага.ogg|ru|а'''г'''а́|help=no}};<ref name="g2"/> {{lang|ru|Бо'''г''' даст}}; {{lang|ru|ду'''х''' бодр}}<ref name="voice"/>
| ''between'' '''h'''ome ''and'' '''g'''oo
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɣ̟|ɣʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|ru|трё'''х'''дне́вный}}; {{lang|ru|други́'''х''' де́вушек}}<ref name="voice"/>
| ''between'' ar'''g'''ue ''and'' '''y'''es
|-
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-есть.ogg|ru|'''е'''сть|help=no}} {{IPA|[je-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ёж.ogg|ru|'''ё'''ж|help=no}} {{IPA|[jɵ-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-юг.ogg|ru|'''ю'''г|help=no}} {{IPA|[ju-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-я.ogg|ru|'''я'''|help=no}} {{IPA|[ja]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-майор.ogg|ru|ма'''й'''о́р|help=no}}<ref>The soft vowel letters {{angbr|{{lang|ru|е, ё, ю, я}}}} represent [[Iotation|iotated]] vowels {{IPA|/je, jo, ju, ja/}}, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ё}}}}, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the {{IPA|/j/}} may not be present. The letter {{angbr|{{lang|ru|и}}}} produces iotated sound {{IPA|/ji/}} only after {{lang|ru|ь}}.</ref>
| '''y'''es
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-кость.ogg|ru|'''к'''ость|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-бегство.ogg|ru|бе́'''г'''ство|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang|Ru-флаг.ogg|ru|фла'''г'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| s'''c'''ar
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|k̟|kʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-кино.ogg|ru|'''к'''ино́|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|се'''кь'''ю́рити}}
| s'''k'''ew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-луна.ogg|ru|'''л'''уна́|help=no}}<ref>{{IPA|/l/}} is often strongly [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] {{IPAblink|ɫ}}, but that feature is not distinctive {{Harvcol|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=187-188}}.</ref>
| pi'''ll'''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|lʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-лес.ogg|ru|'''л'''ес|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-боль.ogg|ru|бо'''ль'''|help=no}}
| '''l'''ean
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-мыло.ogg|ru|'''м'''ы́ло|help=no}}
| '''m'''oot
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|mʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-мясо.ogg|ru|'''м'''я́со|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-семь.ogg|ru|се'''мь'''|help=no}}
| '''m'''ute
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n̪|n}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-нос.ogg|ru|'''н'''ос|help=no}}
| '''n'''oon
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|nʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-нёс.ogg|ru|'''н'''ёс|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-день.ogg|ru|де'''нь'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-кончик.ogg|ru|ко́'''н'''чик|help=no}}<ref>Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.</ref>
| '''n'''ewt (''for some [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|dialects]]'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-под.ogg|ru|'''п'''од|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-рыбка.ogg|ru|ры́'''б'''ка|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang|Ru-зуб.ogg|ru|зу'''б'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice">The voiced obstruents {{IPA|/b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/}}<!-- ʑː can't be word-final --> are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent {{Harvcol|Halle|1959|p=22}}.</ref>
| s'''p'''an
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|pʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-пепел.ogg|ru|'''п'''е́'''п'''ел|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-цепь.ogg|ru|це'''пь'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-зыбь.ogg|ru|зы'''бь'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| s'''p'''ew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-раз.ogg|ru|'''р'''аз|help=no}}
| ''[[Alveolar flap|flapped]] or [[alveolar trill|trilled r]], like in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|rʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-ряд.ogg|ru|'''р'''яд|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-зверь.ogg|ru|зве'''рь'''|help=no}}
| ''flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|s̪|s}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-собака.ogg|ru|'''с'''оба́ка|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сказка.ogg|ru|ска́'''з'''ка|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang|Ru-глаз.ogg|ru|гла'''з'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| '''s'''oup
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|sʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-синий.ogg|ru|'''с'''и́ний|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-здесь.ogg|ru|зде'''сь'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-есть.ogg|ru|е'''с'''ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-грызть.ogg|ru|гры'''з'''ть|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang|Ru-резь.ogg|ru|ре'''зь'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| a'''ss'''ume (''for some dialects'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-широкий.ogg|ru|'''ш'''иро́кий|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-книжка.ogg|ru|кни́'''ж'''ка|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang|Ru-муж.ogg|ru|му'''ж'''|help=no}};<ref name="devoice"/> {{audio-lang|Ru-что (што).ogg|ru|'''ч'''то|help=no}}<ref>Most speakers pronounce {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ч}}}} in the pronoun {{lang|ru|что}} and its derivatives as {{IPA|[ʂ]}}. All other occurrences of {{lang|ru|чт}} cluster stay as affricate and stop.</ref>
| ru'''sh'''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɕ|ɕː}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-щека.ogg|ru|'''щ'''ека́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-считать.ogg|ru|'''сч'''ита́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-мужчина.ogg|ru|му'''жч'''и́на|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/><ref name="щ">{{angbr|{{lang|ru|щ}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPA|[ɕː]}} or {{IPA|[ɕɕ]}} and sometimes as {{IPA|[ɕtɕ]}}, but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word {{lang|ru|'''сч'''и́тывать}} sometimes has {{IPA|[ɕtɕ]}} because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix {{angbr|{{lang|ru|с-}}}} and the root {{angbr|{{lang|ru|-чит-}}}}.</ref>
| wi'''sh sh'''eep<!-- Not fre'''sh ch'''eese, which is a "clearly obsolete" pronunciation (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223–224)). -->
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-то.ogg|ru|'''т'''о|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-водка.ogg|ru|во́'''д'''ка|help=no}};<ref name="voice">Consonants in consonant clusters are [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]] in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except {{IPA|[v, vʲ]}}). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced {{Harvcol|Halle|1959|p=31}}.</ref> {{audio-lang|Ru-лёд.ogg|ru|лё'''д'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| s'''t'''and
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|tʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-тень.ogg|ru|'''т'''ень|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-дитя.ogg|ru|ди'''т'''я́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-путь.ogg|ru|пу'''ть'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-грудь.ogg|ru|гру'''дь'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| s'''t'''ew (''UK'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big><ref name="tie">The [[affricate]]s {{IPA|[ts]}}, {{IPA|[tɕ]}}, and {{IPA|[tʂ]}} (and their voiced counterparts {{IPA|[dz]}}, {{IPA|[dʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[dʐ]}}) are sometimes written with [[ligature tie]]s: {{IPA|[t͡s]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}, and {{IPA|[t͡ʂ]}} ({{IPA|[d͡z]}}, {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[d͡ʐ]}}). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.</ref>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-цена.ogg|ru|'''ц'''ена́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-нравиться.ogg|ru|нра́ви'''тьс'''я|help=no}}
| ca'''ts'''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|tsʲ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
| {{lang|ru|'''Ц'''ю́рих}}<ref name="cdz"/>
| ca'''t's''' young
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|tʂ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-колледж.ogg|ru|ко́лле'''дж'''|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
| '''ch'''ip
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|tɕ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-чай.ogg|ru|'''ч'''ай|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-течь.ogg|ru|те'''чь'''|help=no}}
| '''ch'''ip
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-вы.ogg|ru|'''в'''ы|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|е'''г'''о́}};<ref name="g">Intervocalic {{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} represents {{IPA|/v/}} in certain words ({{audio-lang|Ru-сегодня.ogg|ru|се'''г'''о́дня|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-сегодняшний.ogg|ru|се'''г'''о́дняшний|help=no}}, {{lang|ru|ито'''г'''о́}} <!-- audio needed {{audio-lang|Ru-итого.ogg|ru|ито'''г'''о́|help=no}} -->), and in the genitive suffix {{lang|ru|-ого/-его}} {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=23}}.</ref> {{lang|ru|а'''ф'''га́н}}<ref name="voice"/>
| '''v'''oodoo
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|vʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-весь.ogg|ru|'''в'''есь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-вьюга.ogg|ru|'''вь'''ю́га|help=no}}
| '''v'''iew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-ход.ogg|ru|'''х'''од|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-бог.ogg|ru|Бо'''г'''|help=no}}<ref name="g2"/>
| lo'''ch''' (''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]''); u'''gh'''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|x̟|xʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-хитрый.ogg|ru|'''х'''и́трый|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|'''Хь'''ю́стон}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-лёгкий.ogg|ru|лё'''г'''кий|help=no}}<ref name="g2"/>
| '''h'''uge (''for some dialects'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|z̪|z}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-зуб.ogg|ru|'''з'''уб|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сбор.ogg|ru|'''с'''бор|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
| '''z'''oo
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|zʲ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-зима.ogg|ru|'''з'''има́|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|ре'''зь'''ба́}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-жизнь.ogg|ru|жи'''з'''нь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-просьба.ogg|ru|про́'''сь'''ба|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
| pre'''s'''ume (''for some dialects'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʐ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-жест.ogg|ru|'''ж'''ест|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|ке'''ш'''бэ́к}}<ref name="voice"/>
| rou'''g'''e
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʑ|ʑː}}</big>
| <!-- not geminate: {{audio-lang|Ru-жюри.ogg|ru|'''ж'''юри|help=no}}; -->{{audio-lang|Ru-позже.ogg|ru|по́'''зж'''е|help=no}};<ref>Geminated {{IPAblink|ʐ|ʐː}} is pronounced as soft {{IPAblink|ʑ|ʑː}}, the voiced counterpart to {{IPAblink|ɕ|ɕː}}, in a few lexical items (such as {{lang|ru|дро́'''жж'''и}} or {{lang|ru|зае'''зж'''а́ть}}) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete ({{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=224}}).</ref> {{lang|ru|ве'''щ'''до́к}}<ref name="voice"/>
| presti'''ge g'''enre
|-
! colspan="6" | Stressed [[vowel]]s
|-
! colspan="3" | {{abbr|[-soft]|Not surrounded by soft consonants}}
! colspan="3" | {{abbr|[+soft]|After and/or before soft consonants}}
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|a}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-трава.ogg|ru|трав'''а́'''|help=no}}
| f'''a'''ther
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|æ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-пять.ogg|ru|п'''я'''ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-часть.ogg|ru|ч'''а́'''сть|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel">Vowels are [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|fronted]] and/or [[Relative articulation#Raised and lowered vowels|raised]] in the context of palatalized consonants: {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} become {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ʉ]}}, respectively between palatalized consonants, {{IPA|/e/}} is realized as {{IPA|[e]}} before and between palatalized consonants and {{IPA|/o/}} becomes {{IPA|[ɵ]}} after and between palatalized consonants.</ref>
| p'''a'''t (''US'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big><!-- Linking to a vowel article isn't appropriate here since this character is used here to represent both an open-mid and a mid vowel, depending on context -->
| {{audio-lang|Ru-жест.ogg|ru|ж'''е'''ст|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этот.ogg|ru|'''э́'''тот|help=no}}
| m'''e'''t
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|e}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-пень.ogg|ru|п'''е'''нь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этика.ogg|ru|'''э́'''тика|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel" />
|  m'''a'''ce
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɨ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-ты.ogg|ru|т'''ы'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-шишка.ogg|ru|ш'''и́'''шка|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|с{{nbsp}}'''и́'''грами}}
| ros'''e'''s (''for some [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|dialects]]'')
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-линия.ogg|ru|л'''и́'''ния|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-или.ogg|ru|'''и́'''ли|help=no}} 
| m'''ee'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|o̞|o}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-облако.ogg|ru|'''о́'''блако|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-шёпот.ogg|ru|ш'''ё'''пот|help=no}}
| ch'''o'''re
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɵ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-тётя.ogg|ru|т'''ё'''тя|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-плечо.ogg|ru|плеч'''о́'''|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel" />
| f'''oo'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-пуля.ogg|ru|п'''у́'''ля|help=no}}
| c'''oo'''l
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʉ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-чуть.ogg|ru|ч'''у'''ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-люди.ogg|ru|л'''ю́'''ди|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel" />
| ch'''oo'''se
|-
! colspan="6" |  [[Vowel reduction in Russian|Unstressed vowels]]
|-
! colspan="3" | {{abbr|[-soft]|Not surrounded by soft consonants}}
! colspan="3" | {{abbr|[+soft]|After and/or before soft consonants}}
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-кожа.ogg|ru|ко́ж'''а'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-облако.ogg|ru|о́бл'''а'''к'''о'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сердце.ogg|ru|се́рдц'''е'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-собирать.ogg|ru|с'''о'''бира́ть|help=no}}<ref name="ao">Unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and {{IPA|[ə]}} in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to {{IPA|[ɐ]}} only immediately before the stress, being realized {{IPA|[ə]}} otherwise.</ref>
| '''a'''bout
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| <!-- {{audio-lang|Ru-шея.ogg|ru|ше́'''я'''|help=no}}; -->{{audio-lang|Ru-воля.ogg|ru|во́л'''я'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сегодня.ogg|ru|сего́дн'''я'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-куча.ogg|ru|ку́ч'''а'''|help=no}}<ref>Only in certain word-final morphemes {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=48-51}}.</ref>
| lasagn'''a'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɐ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-облака.ogg<!-- This filename is ambiguous with the genitive singular form, о́блака. -->|ru|'''о'''бл'''а'''ка́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-какой.ogg|ru|к'''а'''ко́й|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-соображать.ogg|ru|с'''оо'''бр'''а'''жа́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-тропа.ogg|ru|тр'''о'''па́|help=no}}<ref name="ao"/>
| b'''u'''d
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| rowspan="3" | {{audio-lang|Ru-лиса.ogg|ru|л'''и'''са́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-четыре.ogg|ru|ч'''е'''ты́р'''е'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-тяжёлый.ogg|ru|т'''я'''жёлый|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-девять.ogg|ru|де́в'''я'''ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-часы.ogg|ru|ч'''а'''сы́|help=no}}<ref name="a">Unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ɪ]}} after {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ч}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|ru|щ}}}} except when word-final.{{Citation needed|reason=Apart from the missing source: there are «йа» and «йя» cases like «Ма́йя»; then word final ones like «ку́ча, гу́ща». None have [ɪ]. OTOH, there is «чистота́/частота́» homophones pair.|date=July 2018}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | b'''i'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>
| {{lang|ru|т'''е'''тра́'''э'''др; по'''э'''те́сса}}<ref name="foreign">In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.</ref>
| m'''e'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɨ̞|ɨ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-дышать.ogg|ru|д'''ы'''ша́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-жена.ogg|ru|ж'''е'''на́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-воды.ogg|ru|во́д'''ы'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этап.ogg|ru|'''э'''та́п|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|к{{nbsp}}'''И'''ва́ну}}
| ros'''e'''s (''for some [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|dialects]]'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|o̞|o}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-радио.ogg|ru|ра́ди'''о'''|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|п'''о'''эте́сса}}<ref name="foreign" />
| ch'''o'''re
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɵ}}</big>
| {{lang|ru|ма́ч'''о'''}}; {{lang|ru|с'''ё'''рфинги́ст}}<ref name="palatalized vowel"/><ref name="foreign2">Unstressed {{IPA|[ɵ]}} only occurs in words of foreign origin.</ref>
| f'''oo'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-мужчина.ogg|ru|м'''у'''жчи́на|help=no}}
| p'''u'''ll
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʉ̞|ʉ}}</big>
| {{audio-lang|Ru-чудесный.ogg|ru|ч'''у'''де́сный|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-любить.ogg|ru|л'''ю'''би́ть|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel" />
| '''you'''th
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Segment (linguistics)#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmental]]
|-
! IPA
! colspan="2" | Example
! colspan="4" | Explanation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
| colspan="2" | {{audio-lang|Ru-четыре.ogg|ru|четы'''́'''ре|help=no}} {{IPA|[tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]}}
| colspan="4" | [[Stress (linguistics)|stress mark]], placed before the stressed syllable
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ː}}</big>
| colspan="2" | {{audio-lang|Ru-сзади.ogg|ru|'''сз'''а́ди|help=no}} {{IPA|[ˈzːadʲɪ]}}<ref name="voice" />
| colspan="4" | [[Gemination|consonant length mark]], placed after the geminated consonant
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|last=Cubberley
|first=Paul
|year=2002
|title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction
|chapter=The phonology of Modern Russian
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOGzAyN3V88C&pg=PA59
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Halle
|first=Morris
|authorlink=Morris Halle
|year=1959
|title=Sound Pattern of Russian
|publisher=MIT Press
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Jones
|first=Daniel
|authorlink=Daniel Jones (phonetician)
|last2=Ward
|first2=Dennis
|year=1969
|title=The Phonetics of Russian 
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9rrVMQ-PxsC
}}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{Citation
|last=Timberlake
|first=Alan
|year=2004
|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian
|chapter=Sounds
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&pg=PA28
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Yanushevskaya
|first1=Irena
|last2=Bunčić
|first2=Daniel
|year=2015
|title=Russian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=45
|issue=2
|pages=221–228
|doi=10.1017/S0025100314000395
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf
}}
{{Refend}}

==See also ==
*[[wikt:Template:ru-IPA|Template:ru-IPA]] for the [[Wiktionary]] template to automatically generate pronunciation for Russian words 

{{IPA keys}}