View source for Constantinoupolitan dialect

{{WIP}}
{{Short description|Dialect of Romaian Greek spoken in Constantinoupoli}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Constantinoupoli Greek dialect
| nativename       = {{lang|el|Κωνσταντινουπολίτικη διάλεκτος}}<br>{{lang|el|κωνσταντινουπολίτικα}}<br>{{lang|el|πολίτικα}}
| pronunciation    = 
| states           = [[Romaia]]
| region           = [[Apollonia]], [[Aidonia]], [[Klaudia]]
| speakers         = c. 4,000,000
| date             = 2019
| ref              = 
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = Greek
| fam3             = Koine Greek
| fam4             = Romaian Greek
| fam5             = Central Romaian Greek
| script           = Greek alphabet
| glotto           = 
| glottorefname    = 
| isoexception     = dialect
| notice           = ipa
}}

The '''Constantinoupoli Greek dialect''' ({{Lang|el|Κωνσταντινουπολίτικη διάλεκτος or Πολίτικη διάλεκτος}}) is a Romaian Greek dialect is one of the [[central Romaian]] dialects spoken in the [[Metropoly of Constantinoupoli]], especially in [[Constantinoupoli]].

==Classification==

Constantinoupoli dialect is derived from Medieval Greek. It has traditionally been placed in the [[central Romaian]] group of dialects, along with the dialects of the [[Aidonia]] and [[Claudia]] (with which it shares several phonological phenomena).

Though Constantinoupoli dialect tends to be regarded as a dialect by its speakers, it is unintelligible to speakers of Standard Modern Greek without adequate prior exposure. Greek-speaking Constantinoupolitans are diglossic in the vernacular Romaian Greek and Standard Modern Greek.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

Constantinoupolitan Greek has geminate and palato-alveolar consonants, which Standard Modern Greek lacks. The table below depicts the consonantal inventory of the dialect.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Consonant [[phoneme]]s'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|- style="font-size: x-small;"
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA|mː}}
| {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA|nː}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA|pʰː}}
| {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA|tʰː}}
|  || {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃʰː}}
| {{IPA link|c}} || {{IPA|cʰː}}
| {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA|kʰː}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA|fː}}
| {{IPA link|θ}} || {{IPA|θː}}
| {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA|sː}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʃː}}
|colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|x}} || {{IPA|xː}}
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v}} ||
| {{IPA link|ð}} ||
| {{IPA link|z}} ||
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} ||
| {{IPA link|ʝ}} ||
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA|lː}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} || {{IPA link|r}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}

Stops {{IPA|/p t c k/}} and affricate {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} are unaspirated and may be pronounced weakly voiced in fast speech. {{IPA|/pʰː tʰː cʰː kʰː/}} are always heavily aspirated and they are never preceded by nasals, with the exception of some loans, e.g. {{IPA|/ʃamˈpʰːu/}} "shampoo". {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰː/}} are laminal post-alveolars. {{IPA|/t͡s/}} is pronounced similarly to {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰː/}}, in terms of closure duration and aspiration.

Voiced fricatives {{IPA|/v ð ɣ/}} are often pronounced as approximants and they are regularly elided when intervocalic. {{IPA|/ʝ/}} is similarly often realised as an approximant {{IPA link|j|[j]}} in weak positions.

The palatal lateral approximant {{IPA|[ʎ]}} is most often realised as a singleton or geminate lateral {{IPA|[ʎ(ː)]}} or a singleton or geminate fricative {{IPA|[ʝ(ː)]}}, and sometimes as a glide {{IPA|[j]}} (yeísmo). The circumstances under which all the different variants surface are not very well understood, but {{IPA|[ʝ(ː)]}} appear to be favoured in stressed syllables and word-finally, and before {{IPA|/a e/}}.

The palatal nasal {{IPA|[ɲ]}} is produced somewhat longer than other singleton nasals, though not as long as geminates. {{IPA|/z/}} is similarly "rather long".

The alveolar trill {{IPA|/r/}} is the geminate counterpart of the tap {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.

====Palatalisation and glide hardening====
In analyses that posit a phonemic (but not phonetic) glide {{IPA|/j/}}, palatals and postalveolars arise from {{mono|CJV}} (consonant–glide–vowel) clusters, namely:
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{IPA|/mj}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|/}} → {{IPA|[mɲ}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}}
* {{IPA|/nj}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|/}} → {{IPA|[ɲː}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}}
* {{IPA|/lj}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|/}} → {{IPA|[ʎː}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}} or {{IPA|[ʝː}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}}
* {{IPA|/kj}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|/}} → {{IPA|[t͡ʃ}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}} or {{IPA|[c}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}}
* {{IPA|/xj}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|/}} → {{IPA|[ʃ}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}} or {{IPA|[ç}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}}
* {{IPA|/ɣj}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|/}} → {{IPA|[ʝ}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}}
* {{IPA|/zj}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|/}} → {{IPA|[ʒː}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}}
* {{IPA|/t͡sj}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|/}} → {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰː}}{{mono|V}}{{IPA|]}}
}}

The glide is not assimilated, but hardens to an obstruent {{IPA|[c]}} after {{IPA|/p t f v θ ð/}} and to {{IPA|[k]}} after {{IPA|/ɾ/}}. At any rate, velar stops and fricatives are in complementary distribution with palatals and postalveolars before front vowels {{IPA|/e i/}}; that is to say, broadly, {{IPA|/k kʰː/}} are palatalised to either {{IPA|[c cʰː]}} or {{IPA|[t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰː]}}; {{IPA|/x xː/}} to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ç}} çː]}} or {{IPA|[ʃ ʃː]}}; and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} to {{IPA|[ʝ]}}.

====Geminates====
Romaian Greek is notable among the Greek varities for its extensive geminated consonants. In Romaian and in Constantinoupolitan dialects, word-internal geminates are usually written with two consonants, and geminates are distinctive. Tonic syllables are bimoraic and are therefore composed of either a long vowel in an open syllable or a short vowel in a closed syllable. Double or long consonants occur not only within words but also at word boundaries, and they are then pronounced but not necessarily written.