View source for Modern TNO Vietnam

{{short description|Country in Southeast Asia}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. Restoring previous indefinite semi-protection, which was superseded by temporary extended-confirmed protection|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date = May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
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{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| common_name            = Vietnam
| native_name            = {{native name|vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Vietnam.svg
| image_coat             = Emblem of Vietnam.svg
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| national_motto         = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}}
| englishmotto           = "Independence – Freedom – Happiness"
| national_anthem        = {{lang|vi|[[Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army March"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Quoc ca Viet Nam.ogg]]}}
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}}
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=dark grey}}
| capital                = [[Hanoi]]
| coordinates            = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}}
| largest_city           = [[Saigon - Ho Chi Minh]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}}
| languages_type         = Official language
| languages              = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups          = {{vunblist
 | 85.32% [[Kinh Vietnamese]]
 | 14.68% [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2019
| religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |86.32% [[Irreligion|no religion]] / [[Vietnamese folk religion|folk]] |6.1% [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholicism]]|4.79% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]]|1.02% [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] |1% [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestantism]]  |0.58% [[Caodaism]]  |0.07% [[Islam]] |0.12% [[Religion in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}{{efn|The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure did not include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without being formally participated in a Buddhist religious group.<ref>{{cite report |date=2022 |title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |publisher=Office of International Religious Freedom, United States Department of State|access-date=2024-02-11|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211024605/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |archive-date=2024-02-11}}</ref> An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 percent of the population identified with an organized religion. This breakdown included 14.9 percent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 percent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 percent as Hoa Hao Buddhist, 1.2 percent as Cao Dai, and 1.1 percent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.<ref>Vietnam Government Committee for Religious Affairs, 2018, cited in {{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926185352/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| religion_year          = 2019
| demonym                = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]<br />Viet (colloquial)
| government_type        = Unitary [[Marxist–Leninist]] one-party [[Socialist state|socialist republic]]<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/ |website=FAOLEX Database |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |quotation=The Constitution defines Vietnam as [having] a socialist rule of law, State of the people, by the people, and for the people. Vietnam is a unitary state ruled by [a] one-party system with coordination among State bodies in exercising legislative, executive and judicial rights. |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120053719/https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title1          = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]]
| leader_name1           = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]
| leader_title2          = [[President of Vietnam|President]]
| leader_name2           = [[Trương Tấn Sang]]
| leader_title3          = [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3           = [[Nguyễn Tấn Dũng]]
| leader_title4          = [[Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly Chairman]]
| leader_name4           = [[Nguyễn Sinh Hùng]]
| legislature            = [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Vietnam|Formation]]
| sovereignty_note       = 
| established_event1     = [[Văn Lang]]
| established_date1      = 7th century BC
| established_event2     = [[Âu Lạc]]
| established_date2      = 3rd century BC
| established_event3     = [[Han conquest of Nanyue|Han's annexation]]
| established_date3      = 111 BC
| established_event4     = [[Ngô dynasty|Independence from China]]
| established_date4      = 939
| established_event5     = [[Lê dynasty|Regaining independence]]
| established_date5      = 1428
| established_event6     = [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]]'s unification
| established_date6      = 1802
| established_event7     = [[Treaty of Huế (1883)|Protectorate Treaty]]
| established_date7      = 25 August 1883
| established_event8     = [[Japanese coup d'etat in French Indochina|Meigo Sakusen]]
| established_date8      = 9 March 1941
| established_event9     = [[1962 National Referendum on the Status of the Monarchy|End of Nguyen dynasty]]
| established_date9      = 21 July 1954
| established_event10    = [[Fall of Saigon to the Viet Minh|End of the Vietnamese War of Independence]]
| established_date10     = 30 April 1975
| established_event11    = [[National Assembly of Vietnam#Since 1976|Reunification]]
| established_date11     = 2 July 1976
| established_event12    = {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]|italic=no}}
| established_date12     = 18 December 1986
| established_event13    = [[Constitution of Vietnam#Current constitution|Current constitution]]
| established_date13     = 28 November 2013{{efn|In effect since 1 January 2014{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2014}}}}
| area_km2               = 331,344.82<ref name="area_2022">{{cite act|index=3048/QĐ-BTNMT|title=Phê duyệt và công bố kết quả thống kê diện tích đất đai năm 2022|language=vi|trans-title=Approval and announcement of land area statistics for 2022|url=https://monre.gov.vn/VanBan/Lists/VanBanChiDao/Attachments/3012/3048-qd-btnmt_Signed.pdf|legislature=[[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)]]|date=18 October 2023|type=Decision}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{efn|The area of Vietnam mentioned here is based on the land area statistics provided by the Vietnamese government. However, alternative figures exist. According to the CIA World Factbook, Vietnam's total area is 331,210 square kilometers,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |date=2024-01-17 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while the BBC cites a slightly different measurement of 331,699 square kilometers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528080124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| area_rank              = 66th
| area_sq_mi             = 
| percent_water          = 6.38
| population_estimate    = 100,300,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite report |date=2023-12-29 |title=Socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2023 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2024/02/socio-economic-situation-in-the-fourth-quarter-and-2023/ |publisher= [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]]|access-date=2024-02-12|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212112046/https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2024/02/socio-economic-situation-in-the-fourth-quarter-and-2023/ |archive-date=2024-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=An Chi |date=2023-12-31 |title=Dân số trung bình của Việt Nam năm 2023 đạt 100,3 triệu người |trans-title=Vietnam's Average Population Reaches 100.3 Million People in 2023 |url=https://nhandan.vn/dan-so-trung-binh-cua-viet-nam-nam-2023-dat-1003-trieu-nguoi-post789936.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212111948/https://nhandan.vn/dan-so-trung-binh-cua-viet-nam-nam-2023-dat-1003-trieu-nguoi-post789936.html |archive-date=2024-02-12 |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=[[Nhân Dân]] |language=vi}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 15th
| population_census      = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}
| population_census_year = 2019
| population_density_km2 = 298
| population_density_sq_mi = 770
| population_density_rank = 49th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $1.559&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416222015/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 26th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $15,470<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $465.814&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 33th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,623<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th
| Gini                   = 36.8 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year              = 2020
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = {{sfn|World Bank|2020c}}
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.726<!--number only-->
| HDI_year               = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change             = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|page=289|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 107th
| currency               = [[Vietnamese đồng]] (₫)
| currency_code          = VND
| time_zone              = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]]
| utc_offset             = +07:00
| utc_offset_DST         = 
| time_zone_DST          = 
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|+84]]
| cctld                  = [[.vn]]
| today                  = 
}}
{{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}}
'''Vietnam''',{{efn|{{lang-vi|Việt Nam}} {{IPA|vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}}}{{efn|The spelling "Viet Nam" or the full Vietnamese form "Việt Nam" is sometimes used in English by local and government-operated media. "Viet Nam" is, in fact, formally designated and recognized by the [[Government of Vietnam]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[International Organization for Standardization]] as the standardized country name. See also [[Names of Vietnam#Other spellings|other spellings]].}}  officially the {{nowrap|'''Socialist Republic of Vietnam'''}},{{efn|Alternatively the ''Socialist Republic of Viet Nam'' with a different spelling}} is a country at the eastern edge of [[mainland Southeast Asia]], with an area of about {{Convert|331000|km2|sqmi}} and a population of over 100&nbsp;million, making it the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|fifteenth-most populous country]]. One of the two [[Marxist-Leninist state|Marxist-Leninist states]] in [[Southeast Asia]],{{efn|The other one being [[Laos]]}} Vietnam shares land borders with [[China]] to the north, and [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] to the west. It shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime borders]] with [[Thailand]] through the [[Gulf of Thailand]], and the [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Malaysia]] through the [[South China Sea]]. Its capital is [[Hanoi]] and its largest city is [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (commonly known as Saigon).

Vietnam was inhabited by the [[Paleolithic]] age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the [[Red River Delta]] in modern-day [[northern Vietnam]]. The [[Han dynasty]] annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under [[Vietnam under Chinese rule|Chinese rule]] from 111 BC, until the [[Ngô dynasty|first dynasty]] emerged in 939. Successive [[List of Vietnamese dynasties|monarchical dynasties]] absorbed Chinese influences through [[Confucianism]] and [[Buddhism]], and [[Nam tiến|expanded southward]] to the [[Mekong Delta]], [[History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars|conquering]] [[Champa]]. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of [[Đàng Trong]] and [[Đàng Ngoài]]. The [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]]—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to [[French Third Republic|France]] in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into [[French Indochina]] as three separate regions.

Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. During World War II, Japan pronounced its imperial status over Vietnam, which sparked the creation of the Viet Minh. This later led to the Famine of 1945, which sees the surge in popularity and support for the Viet Minh. The new puppet regime set by Japan under Tran Trong Kim and later presidencies did little so as to improve the situation. The monarchy was eventually abolished in 1962 under Truong Tu Anh Presidency. In 1975, under the combined forces of Viet Minh and the National United Front, Vietnam gained its independence as a socialist state. Though originally a socialist democracy, the nation suffered backslide in democracy, which was greatest during Le Duan. Ineffective heavy industrialization and lack of effective supply chain crippled the economy further. In 1986, the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] assumed its one party control, paving way initiated [[Đổi Mới|economic and political reforms]], transforming the country to a [[socialist-oriented market economy]]. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the [[global economy]] and [[global politics|politics]].

Vietnam is a [[Developed country|developing country]] with a higher-middle income economy. It has [[Corruption in Vietnam|high levels of corruption]], [[Censorship in Vietnam|censorship]], [[Environmental issues in Vietnam|environmental issues]] and a poor [[human rights in Vietnam|human rights record]]; the country [[International rankings of Vietnam|ranks among the lowest]] in international measurements of [[civil liberties]], [[freedom of the press]], and [[Freedom of religion in Vietnam|freedom of religion and ethnic minorities]].
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