View source for Bodastart CRT.A380

{{Infobox train
| background       = #C3D6EF
| name             = CRT.A380 series
| image            = CRTA380A Full.png
| imagealt         = 
| imagesize        = 300px
| caption          = A line drawing of the 18–car CRT.A380A in Western Railway Company Service.
| interiorimage    = JRW-500 V2 inHimeji.jpg
| interiorimagealt = 
| interiorcaption  = 9–car CRT.A380B on the Mediterranean Trunk Line in December 2017.
| service          = 2014–present
| manufacturer     = Bodastart Rail & Power Company
| designer         = Bodastart Rail & Power Company<br>Carthage Railway Group<br>{{wpl|Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company}}
| ordernumber      = 
| factory          = 
| family           = CRT.A380
| replaced         = CRT.A300 series, CRT.B300 series
| yearconstruction = 2012–present
| yearservice      = 14 September 2014
| refurbishment    = 
| yearscrapped     = 
| numberconstruction= 
| numberbuilt      = 
| numberservice    = 
| numberpreserved  = 
| numberscrapped   = 
| predecessor      = CRT.A350
| successor        =
| formation        = 
| diagram          = 
| code             = 
| fleetnumbers     = 
| capacity         = 1,389 (CRT.A380A)
| operator         = Western Railway Company<br>Mediterranean Railway Company
| depots           = Lagos, Conakry, Dakar, Oran
| lines            = West Coast Trunk Line<br>Inland Trunk Line<br>Mediterranean Trunk Line

| carbody          = Aluminum w/carbon composite
| trainlength      = 
| carlength        = {{convert|25,000|mm|ft|abbr=on}} (intermediate cars)<br>{{convert|27,000|mm|ft|abbr=on}} (end cars)
| width            = {{convert|3,380|mm|ft|abbr=on}}
| height           = {{convert|3,690|mm|ft|abbr=on}} 
| floorheight      = {{convert|1,150|mm|ft|abbr=on}} 
| doors            = 36 (CRT.A380A)<br>18 (CRT.A380B)
| art-sections     = 6 (CRT.380A)<br>3 (CRT.A380B)
| wheeldiameter    = {{convert|900|mm|ft|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase        = {{convert|3,200|mm|ft|abbr=on}} (bogies)
| maxspeed         = {{convert|420|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| weight           = 700 t (CRT.A380A)<br> 350 t (CRT.A380B)
| axleload         = 16 t
| traction         = 48 × 500 kW (CRT.A380A)<br>24 × 500 kW (CRT.A380B)
| poweroutput      = {{convert|24|MW|hp|abbr=on}} (CRT.A380A)<br>{{convert|12|MW|hp|abbr=on}} (CRT.A380B)
| acceleration     = 2.6 km/h/s
| deceleration     = 4.5 km/h/s
| electricsystem   = {{wpl|25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC, 60 Hz}} {{wpl|overhead catenary}}
| collectionmethod = Stabilized {{wpl|pantograph}}
| uicclass         = Bo'Bo'+4*Bo'Bo'Bo'Bo'+Bo'Bo'
| bogies           = {{wpl|Jacobs bogie}}s
| minimum curve    = {{convert|7,500|m|ft|abbr=on}} (at speed)
| brakes           = Pneumatic, regenerative
| safety           = CTC-R1, CTC-NDS, CTC-MBS
| gauge            = {{convert|1,500|mm|ft|abbr=on}}
| notes            =
}}

The '''Bodastart CRT.A380 series''' is a {{wpl|broad gauge}} {{wpl|high-speed rail|high-speed}} {{wpl|electric multiple unit}} train designed and built by the Bodastart Rail & Power Company for use on the West Coast Trunk Line and Inland Trunk Line by the Western Railway Company and the Mediterranean Trunk Line by the Mediterranean Railway Company. With a maximum service speed of {{convert|380|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, the CRT.A380 series is currently the fastest {{wpl|trainset}} in service in [[Carthage]]. Two primary versions exist, the 18-car CRT.A380A used by the Western Railway Company and the 9-car CRT.A380B operated by the Mediterranean Railway Company.

==History==
[[File:Shinkansen.jpg|thumb|250px|left|A lineup of Western Railway Company trains including the XR-380 demonstrator.]]
In an effort to address overcrowding on the West Coast Trunk Line, in 2003 the National Railway Bureau approved a plan by the Western Railway Company to construct a second high-speed rail corridor along the West Coast between Dakar and Lagos. This corridor, provisionally known as the West Coast Express Trunk Line and later as the Inland Trunk Line, was to serve communities further inland than the existing WCTL while also having fewer stops, enabling higher speeds for passengers traveling long distances. The ITL was the first line designed from the outset for maximum operating speeds of up to {{convert|400|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and with new technologies such as {{wpl|moving block}} control systems.

New rolling stock was required for this railroad as no existing trainsets were capable of reaching the maximum projected speeds. Due to the developing state of technology, the plan approved in 2003 called for the development of a {{convert|380|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} trainset for initial operations, with later upgrades to {{convert|400|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} after more operational and technical experience had been developed. WRC began development of a new trainset in conjunction with the Bodastart Rail & Power Company, with the Mediterranean Railway Company later entering into a cost-sharing agreement with WRC and BRPC to co-develop the new train.
[[File:JRW-500-nozomi.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A demonstrator trainset of the 18-car CRT.A380A.]]
The new train was developed from the XR-380 demonstrator trainsets developed and tested by WRC for improved operating speeds along the WCTL. Tests and design work continued using three test trainsets from 2006 to 2012 with a focus on developing a fully operational vehicle for passenger service. Improvements and modifications included the addition of automatic cruise control and station stopping as well as a driver vigilance device, parking brake, and door controls in each car. A newer, more advanced permanent magnet motor set was introduced in 2009 for testing, and was approved for use in the final specification in 2012. 

The finished program delivered a modular train composed of three-car modules in 18- and 9-car sets, with the 18-car sets available in both tilting and non-tilting variants. The tilting variants were developed to allow higher speeds of up to {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on some legacy lines while the non-tilting variant was designed for the ITL, which is designed to support higher-speed operation without tilting.

The first operational trainsets were delivered in 2013 to the WRC and entered testing for service shortly after. Following nearly a year of tests on the new ITL, the CRT.A380 officially entered service on September 14 with the opening of the last section of the ITL.

==Design==
The CRT.A380 series is designed for a maximum service speed of {{convert|380|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, requiring several notable departures from standard Carthaginian high-speed rail design practice as well as the incorporation of new technologies. While designed primarily for domestic use on existing high-speed trunk lines, the CRT.A380 series was also designed to be competitive in the export market and a {{wpl|standard gauge}} variant was also tested in Inukirinwdene. 

===Module arrangement===
[[File:374009 Cab.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Driver's cab.]]
The CRT.A380 series is designed around three-car modules with the center car articulated on a pair of {{wpl|Jacobs bogie}}s shared with the outer cars. This results in a significant reduction in weight and friction through the elimination of two bogies for every three cars. While all modules in a train are mechanically identical, sets are designed as either intermediate modules or driving control modules with an aerodynamic nose and control cockpit. Due to the focus on export offerings, the modules are designed to be more easily decoupled compared to previous designs, which were generally composed of six or nine-car semi-permanently coupled modules. The use of three-car modules also allowed the same design to operate in both a nine-car and eighteen-car configuration without the use of trailers. Unpowered intermediate trailers were also developed for the export market to allow trainsets of varying lengths to be assembled.

Car bodies are fabricated from extruded {{wpl|aluminum}} with limited amounts of carbon fiber reinforcement to reduce weight and keep axle loads below the maximum of 18 tonnes despite the reduction in axles per carriage. The weight reduction from the switch to articulated modules and aluminum car bodies was necessary to maintain safe braking distances at higher speeds. Carriage interiors are designed to be easily replaced and refurbished and to maintain a uniform floor height throughout the train for the benefit of the mobility-impaired. Due to the higher speeds involved, roof-mounted external equipment such as air conditioners were either faired smoothly into the structure or moved below the floor. 

===Traction system===
[[File:Kyoto railway museum main building 1F 521-1 20160508.jpg|thumb|250px|At the conclusion of testing, XR-380 demonstrator set #1 was sent to the Dakar Railway Museum for display.]]
The higher operational speed of the CRT.A380 required the design of completely new bogies certified for such use. The engineering program certified the final bogie design for service at speeds up to {{convert|400|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} with the expectation that the design could later be uprated to {{convert|420|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, but the current CRT.A380 design as a whole is only certified to {{convert|380|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in normal service.

While all Carthaginian high-speed trains operate on 25 kV AC at 60 Hz, export CRT.A380 trainsets are capable of operating on a variety of other voltages, including 15 kV at 16.7 Hz, 12.5 kV at 50/60 Hz and 6.5 kV at 50/60 Hz, albeit at reduced speeds. Power is collected via a pair of single-arm {{wpl|pantograph}}s with pneumatic tension adjustment and is stepped down from 25 kV to 1,500 V via a three-level {{wpl|transformer}}. It is then converted to 3,000 V {{wpl|direct current|DC}} via a {{wpl|rectifier}} before being converted into {{wpl|VVVF|variable voltage, variable frequency}} {{wpl|alternating current|AC}} at a maximum of 2,300 V for use in the traction motors. To balance weight and keep axle loads within loading limits, the transformer and rectifier are mounted in either end car and the inverters co-located with each motor. 

Each of the four bogies per module has two axles powered by a {{convert|500|kW|hp|abbr=on}} {{wpl|permanent magnet motor}} with forced-air cooling. Each motor has a separate {{wpl|inverter}} and as a result may operate at different speeds from other motors depending on traction conditions to maximize adhesion. As a result of further refinements in computer control and more powerful motors, the CRT.A380 is has a higher maximum acceleration than previous designs at 2.6 km/h/s. The end bogies in each module incorporate {{wpl|eddy-current retarder}}s to assist in braking from high speeds and all bogies incorporate a regenerative pneumatic braking system for normal deceleration. Using a combination of retarders, pneumatic brakes, and air brakes, the CRT.A380 can be brought from {{convert|380|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} to a full emergency stop in less than {{convert|5,000|m|ft|sp=us}}.

All of the bogies are bolsterless for reduced weight and incorporate active suspension systems to suppress oscillations and improve ride quality. The new bogie designs are constructed of higher tensile strength steel to further reduce weight.

===Signaling===
The CRT.A380 is the first Carthaginian high-speed train to be designed from the outset for use with {{wpl|Railway signalling#Moving block|moving block signals}}, which were incorporated into the design of the Inland Trunk Line. As a result, it is the first train to incorporate the CTC-MBS {{wpl|automatic train control}} system in addition to the legacy analog CTC-R1 and digital CTC-NDS ATC systems. The CTC-MBS system allows for headways under two minutes but to date the standard minimum headway of three minutes established under the CTC-NDS remains in use while further performance data on the CTC-MBS system is gathered.

Normal operations are managed by {{wpl|central traffic control}} via the ATC system, although all trains retain drivers with a full set of controls who may override the computer's actions. The CRT.A380 driver cabs are fitted with small forward windows to reduce the mesmerizing effect of high-speed travel on the drivers. While the primary operating areas are generally free of earthquakes, the CRT.A380 retains a focus on safety and is capable of automatically braking when cued by the hazard alert system or the central traffic control center.

===Accommodation===
[[File:E6 Green Car2.jpg|thumb|250px|Interior of a first class car.]]
The carriage interiors are designed to accommodate five-abreast seating in standard class in a 2+3 arrangement and four-abreast seating in first class in a 2+2 arrangement. The electrical system was designed to accommodate individual power outlets at each seat due to the widespread proliferation of personal electronics. As a result of changing public health laws and a reduction in the prevalence of {{wpl|smoking}} among the general public, the CRT.A380 series is the first high-speed trainset in Carthage to eliminate designated smoking rooms, although ashtrays are still provided.

The cooling fans for the traction motors and the compressors for the {{wpl|HVAC}} system have both been redesigned to reduce noise to minimize noise pollution and improve passenger comfort in crowded stations where the fans and compressors generate the largest share of noise. 

Trainsets operating on the West Coast Trunk Line and Mediterranean Line are fitted with {{wpl|tilting train|tilting mechanisms}} with a maximum tilt angle of 2° in order to operate at speeds of up to {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on older tracks with tighter turn radii. In service, the maximum tilt angle is 1.5° and the tilting mechanism is disabled entirely at speeds below {{convert|300|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Trainsets operating on the Inland Trunk Line omit this feature as the ITL is designed for speeds of up to {{convert|420|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and has commensurately wider turns.

==Variants==
*'''XR-380''' - 18-car demonstrator trainset used during development and testing.
*'''CRT.A380A''' - 18-car production model.
*'''CRT.A380AT''' - 18-car tilting production model.
*'''CRT.A380B''' - 9-car tilting production model.
*'''XRS-400''' - 18-car testbed trainset for {{convert|400|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} certification.

==Formations==
===18-car CRT.A380A===
*66 × 18-car sets, A3000–A3065
The first prototype 18-car CRT.A380A was delivered in May 2012 for testing on the Inland Trunk Line while the first production CRT.A380A was delivered in March 2014, entering revenue service in September 2014. 60 trainsets were initially ordered for service on the Inland Trunk Line to replace older rolling stock transferred to the line for initial service, and a second order for another 60 sets was placed in June 2016 to expand service to accommodate increased demand. Service speeds were limited to {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} until August 2016 when the last CRT.A350 trainsets were replaced and returned to service on the West Coast Trunk Line.

====Formation====
The standard formation of the CRT.A380A series is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car No. 
! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 1 !! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 17 !! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 18
|-
! Description
| style="background: #F5FFF5"| First Class || style="background: #F5FFF5"| First Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class /<br>Dining || Standard Class /<br>Dining || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || style="background: #F5FFF5"| First Class || style="background: #F5FFF5"| First Class
|-
! Seating capacity
| style="background: #F5FFF5"| 44 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| 68 || 85 || 90 || 100 || 90 || 85 || 85 || 40 || 40 || 100 || 85 || 90 || 100 || 90 || 85 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| 68 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| 44
|-
! Facilities
| style="background: #F5FFF5"| Toilets || style="background: #F5FFF5"| &nbsp; || Toilets<br>(D) || Toilets || Telephone || Toilets || Toilets<br>(D) || Conductor's compartment /<br>{{wpl|Automated external defibrillator|AED}} || Cafe<br>Toilets || Cafe<br>Toilets || Telephone || Toilets<br>(D) || Toilets || Telephone || Toilets || Toilets<br>(D) || style="background: #F5FFF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #F5FFF5"| Toilets
|}

Cars 6 and 13 each have one single-arm pantograph.

====Exterior====
WRC trains are painted in a predominantly indigo color with a gray underbody and red bodyside stripe separating the two. The forward and rear driving cars are painted gray with a transition to the indigo that covers most of the train body.

====Interior====
The interior of the trains operated by the Western Railway Company were designed by Ojukwu, Shonekan, & Obasanjo of Abuja with blue and white interiors in standard class and subdued grays in first class.
<gallery>
JR Central N700 002.JPG|Interior of a standard class car.
File:E6 Green Car2.jpg|Interior of a first class car.
File:W7 series set W4 Green car toilet 20150314.jpg|The vestibule and restroom area of a first class car.
File:Shinkansen E6 interior, toilet.jpg|An accessible restroom in a standard class car.
</gallery>

===18-car CRT.A380AT===
*24 × 18-car sets, B3000–B3023
The CRT.A380AT is equipped with a tilting mechanism for use at high speeds on legacy lines such as the West Coast Trunk Line. Aside from the addition of the tilting mechanism, the CRT.A380AT is mechanically and internally identical to the standard CRT.A380A. 

40 sets were ordered for service on the West Coast Trunk Line, partially replacing older CRT.A300 and CRT.B300 series sets. These sets are currently limited to a maximum speed of {{convert|300|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} until the retirement of the CRT.A300 and CRT.B300 sets, at which point maximum operational speeds are expected to reach {{convert|320|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. An additional 60 sets were ordered in 2017 to full replace the CRT.A300 and CRT.B300 series and begin replacement of the CRT.A320 and CRT.B320 series trainsets.

The Western Railway Company plans to fully replace legacy trainsets with CRT.A380 variants on the West Coast Trunk Line by FY2025, which is expected to coincide with the introduction of CTC-MBS signaling along the full length of the line to reduce headways and increase operational speeds to {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.

====Formation====
The standard formation of the CRT.A380AT matches the arrangement of the CRT.A380A:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car No. 
! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 1 !! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 17 !! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 18
|-
! Description
| style="background: #F5FFF5"| First Class || style="background: #F5FFF5"| First Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class /<br>Dining || Standard Class /<br>Dining || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || style="background: #F5FFF5"| First Class || style="background: #F5FFF5"| First Class
|-
! Seating capacity
| style="background: #F5FFF5"| 44 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| 68 || 85 || 90 || 100 || 90 || 85 || 85 || 40 || 40 || 100 || 85 || 90 || 100 || 90 || 85 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| 68 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| 44
|-
! Facilities
| style="background: #F5FFF5"| Toilets || style="background: #F5FFF5"| &nbsp; || Toilets<br>(D) || Toilets || Telephone || Toilets || Toilets<br>(D) || Conductor's compartment /<br>{{wpl|Automated external defibrillator|AED}} || Cafe<br>Toilets || Cafe<br>Toilets || Telephone || Toilets<br>(D) || Toilets || Telephone || Toilets || Toilets<br>(D) || style="background: #F5FFF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #F5FFF5"| Toilets
|}

Cars 6 and 13 each have one single-arm pantograph.

===9-car CRT.A380B===
*36 × 9-car sets, M3000–M2031
*4 × 9-car sets, S3000-S3003
The 9-car CRT.A380B was developed for the Mediterranean Railway Company for use on the Mediterranean Trunk Line. All CRT.A380B variants are equipped with a tilting function for use on the Mediterranean Trunk Line and no separate non-tilting variant was developed, although tests were conducted on 9-car non-tilting trainsets during development. While capable of running at the full certified speed of {{convert|380|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, the sets currently operate at a maximum speed of {{convert|320|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} due to the use of older trainsets along the line.

50 sets were ordered in 2012 and 36 have been developed so far. CRT.A380B sets have been used to replace older CRT.M300 and CRT.R300 variants and have improved maximum speeds on the Mediterranean Trunk Line to {{convert|320|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Additional orders are expected to replace other rolling stock in line with plans to improve MTL speeds to {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} by 2025.

Four 9-car CRT.A380B sets were purchased by the Western Railway Company for use on Inland Trunk Line sleeper services, providing two Sunrise Dakar and Sunrise Lagos departures six nights a week. These trains are mechanically identical to the CRT.A380B but feature private bedrooms and folding bunks for overnight sleeper service.

====Formation====
The standard formation of the CRT.A380B series is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Car No. 
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! style="background: #E6FFE6"| 8 !! style="background: #FFFBE6"| 9 
|-
! Description
| Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || Standard Class || style="background: #F5FFF5"| Business Class || style="background: #FFFDF5"| First Class
|-
! Seating capacity
| 70 || 85 || 90 || 100 || 100 || 90 || 90 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| 68 || style="background: #FFFDF5"| 32
|-
! Facilities
| Toilets || Toilets<br>(D) || Toilets || &nbsp; || Telephone || Toilets || Conductor's compartment /<br>{{wpl|Automated external defibrillator|AED}} || style="background: #F5FFF5"| Toilets<br>(D) || style="background: #FFFDF5"| Toilets
|}

Cars 2 and 8 each have one single-arm pantograph.

====Interior====
Unlike the two-class WRC trainsets, Mediterranean Railway Company sets have a three-class arrangement of standard class, business class, and first class. The interior design of the MRC CRT.A380B sets was developed in-house and uses a gray, red, and white palette in standard class, a blue and white palette in business class, and a subdued maroon and tan palette in first class.
<gallery>
File:E7Standard-sized_car.JPG|Interior of a standard class car.
File:E7 Green class car 20140412.jpg|Interior of a business class car.
File:E7・E714-4.jpg|Interior of a first class car.
File:Shinkansen E6 interior, electrical outlet.jpg|An AC power outlet in a standard class car.
</gallery>

==Export==
The CRT.A380 series was developed with the export market in mind. {{wpl|Standard gauge}} variants were tested using Inuk testing facilities while the primary Carthaginian gauge designs were certified and the modular arrangement was intended to allow for trains of nearly any length to be easily assembled. Two different cabin widths were also developed for compatibility with the narrower loading gauges found on some other rail networks. The traction system is capable of accepting power at multiple voltages and frequencies for compatibility with various {{wpl|traction power system}}s and the signaling electronics can be replaced for compatibility with local control systems.

Standard gauge trainsets have currently been exported to JVP and Barnopea and the Bodastart Rail & Power Company is actively seeking additional export opportunities.

[[Category: Republic of Carthage]]
[[Category: High-speed rail]]
[[Category: Trainsets]]