View source for Gylian Parliament

{{Infobox legislature
| name               = Gylian Parliament
| native_name        = Parlement gylienne <small>({{wpl|French language|French}})</small>
| native_name_lang   = French
| transcription_name = 
| legislature        = 13th Parliament
| coa_pic            = 
| coa_caption        = 
| coa_res            = 
| coa_alt            = 
| logo_pic           = 
| logo_caption       = 
| logo_res           = 
| logo_alt           = 
| house_type         = {{wpl|Bicameral}}
| body               = 
| houses             = {{plainlist|
* [[Gylian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]
* [[Gylian Senate|Senate]] }}
| term_limits        = 
| foundation         = {{plainlist|
* 28 April 1958 <small>(Popular Assembly)</small>
* 1 February 1962 <small>(Gylian Parliament)</small> }}
| preceded_by        = [[Free Territories (Gylias)#The General Council|General Council of the Free Territories]]
| leader1_type       = Speaker of the [[Gylian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]
| leader1            = Veþi Duósu
| party1             = {{wpl|Independent politician|Independent}}
| leader2_type       = Speaker of the [[Gylian Senate|Senate]]
| leader2            = Þene Lamlyn
| party2             = {{wpl|Independent politician|Independent}}
| seats              = '''800'''<br>500 Deputies<br>300 Senators
| house1             = [[Gylian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies<br>]]
| structure1         = Gylias-elections-federal-2020-D.svg
| structure1_res     = 200px
| structure1_alt     = 
| political_groups1  = 
;[[Lena Haidynraix government|Government]]
:{{color box|{{G-NB/meta/color}}}} {{G-NB}} (68)
:{{color box|{{G-CG/meta/color}}}} {{G-CG}} (54)
:{{color box|{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}}} {{G-NI}} and {{wpl|Independent politician|independents}}
;Opposition
:{{color box|{{G-PA/meta/color}}}} {{G-PA}} (68)
:{{color box|{{G-LU/meta/color}}}} {{G-LU}} (52)
:{{color box|{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}}} {{G-NI}} and {{wpl|Independent politician|independents}}
| house2             = [[Gylian Senate|Senate<br>]]
| structure2         = Gylias-Senate-2000.svg
| structure2_res     = 200px
| structure2_alt     = 
| political_groups2  = 
:{{color box|{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}}} {{wpl|Independent politician|Independents}}
| committees1        = 
| committees2        = 
| joint_committees   = [[Gylian Parliament#Committees|28]]
| voting_system1     = {{wpl|Single transferable vote}}
| voting_system2     = {{wpl|Sortition}} and appointment by the [[President of Gylias|President]] based on advice
| last_election1     = [[Gylian federal election, 2020|22 January 2020]]
| last_election2     = 
| next_election1     = [[Gylian federal election, 2024|22 January 2024]]
| next_election2     = 
| session_room       = 
| session_res        = 
| session_alt        = 
| meeting_place      = Parliament Building, Mişeyáke, [[Mişeyáke Region|Mişeyáke]]
| website            = http://www.parliament.gls/
| footnotes          = 
| motto              = 
}}

{{Politics of Gylias}}

The '''Gylian Parliament''' ({{wpl|French language|French}}: ''Parlement gylienne'') is the {{wpl|bicameral}} {{wpl|federation|federal}} {{wpl|legislature}} of [[Gylias]]. It consists of the [[Gylian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] (''Chambre des députés'') and [[Gylian Senate|Senate]] (''Senat''). Both assemblies meet in the Parliament Building in Mişeyáke, in separate chambers, and can meet jointly in certain circumstances.

The [[Gylian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] is the {{wpl|lower house}} and primary legislative body at the federal level. It represents the people of Gylias, electing 5 members from {{wpl|electoral district|multi-member districts}} known as ''circonscriptions''. It currently has 500 members.

The [[Gylian Senate|Senate]] is the {{wpl|upper house}}. It represents the federation of Gylias. Previously elected from [[Gylian federal election, 1962|1962]] to [[Gylian federal election, 1995|1995]], since 2000 its members are chosen through {{wpl|sortition}} and appointment by the [[President of Gylias|President]] based on advice. It currently has 300 members.

The Parliament took its current form with the [[Law on Electoral Representation of 1960]], which provided for a bicameral federal parliament elected through {{wpl|single transferable vote}}. It is the successor of the unicameral Popular Assembly of 1958–1962, and thus the [[Free Territories (Gylias)#The General Council|General Council]] of the [[Free Territories (Gylias)|Free Territories]]. Since 2000, members of Parliament are elected every four years in {{wpl|fixed-term election}}s.

Like all other legislatures in Gylias, the Parliament is a {{wpl|citizen legislature|popular legislature}}, with its members serving part-time. Currently, 43 parties are represented in Parliament, forming various {{wpl|parliamentary group}}s within its chambers.

==History==
The Gylian Parliament was created during the transition from the [[Free Territories (Gylias)|Free Territories]] to Gylias. One notable element of this transition was the replacement of the {{wpl|indirect election|indirectly-elected}} [[Free Territories (Gylias)#The General Council|General Council of the Free Territories]], formed of delegates chosen from local [[Communal assemblies (Gylias)|communal assemblies]], with a {{wpl|direct election|directly-elected}} federal legislature, known as the Popular Assembly.

The only election for the Popular Assembly took place in [[Gylian federal election, 1958|1958]], using national {{wpl|party-list proportional representation}}. The Assembly served a term of four years, overseeing the formalisation of the Free Territories' anarchist governance, including the passage of the [[Constitution of Gylias]] and [[Law of Gylias#Legal foundations|six codes of law]]. 

The legislature was reorganised by the [[Law on Electoral Representation of 1960]], gaining an additional chamber. The change from proportional representation to {{wpl|single transferable vote}} aided the growth of Gylias' [[List of political parties in Gylias|multi-party system]], and the formation of ideology-based {{wpl|electoral bloc}}s. The [[Constitution of Gylias|Constitution]] renamed the Popular Assembly to the [[Gylian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]], while the new chamber was named the [[Gylian Senate|Senate]].

The first election for the Gylian Parliament took place in [[Gylian federal election, 1962|1962]]. The election ushered in the modern Gylian political system, with five-party electoral blocs and {{G-NI}}. To keep the locus of governance at the local level, based on principles of {{wpl|subsidiarity}}, the Parliament was made a {{wpl|citizen legislature|popular legislature}}, and initially had a seven-year term.

The two chambers evolved different identities. The Senate became a [[Political culture of Gylias#Participation|means of acknowledging the contributions of esteemed civil society and artistic figures]] — jokingly likened by [[Dæse Şyna]] to a [[honoured citizens list|retirement home for respected political pensioners]].

Parliament's {{wpl|term of office}} was shortened to 5 years before the [[Gylian federal election, 1976|1976 election]], with the [[Gylian federal election, 1980|1980 election]] being held a year ahead of schedule.

Its size was capped by the [[Law on Legislature Sizes of 1989]] to prevent it from growing to the point of usurping the prerogative of direct democracy.

Three more elections were held five years apart before the term was fixed at 4 years starting with the [[Gylian federal election, 2000|2000 election]]. The current cycle allows [[Elections in Gylias#Federal elections|federal]] and [[Elections in Gylias#Regional elections|regional]] elections to be held two years apart.

Various projects for parliamentary reform have been proposed. The most successful, supported by the {{G-NAF}}, took place in the 1990s and changed the Senate into a body chosen by sortition and appointment.

==Legislative functions==
The Parliament represents the federal {{wpl|legislative branch}} of Gylias. Its responsibilities are limited by law in order to avoid usurpation of self-governance from the [[Communal assemblies (Gylias)|communal assemblies]] and [[Municipalities of Gylias|municipalities]], in accordance with the principle of {{wpl|subsidiarity}}. 

The Parliament thus performs more of a {{wpl|deliberative democracy|deliberative}} and {{wpl|delegative democracy|delegative}} role in [[Politics of Gylias|Gylian politics]]. It scrutinises, debates, and advances proposals and works to gather a consensus from the public and all levels of government regarding matters of federal importance.

Members of Parliament are subject to {{wpl|imperative mandate}}s and {{wpl|recall election|recall}} from their constituents.

The Parliament is imperfectly bicameral: the Chamber of Deputies is the {{wpl|responsible house}}, and the only one where federal budget bills are introduced. The Chamber of Deputies meets in two regular sessions, as specified in the Constitution:
* The first session begins in February and cannot last beyond the end of June.
* The second session begins in September and cannot last beyond the end of December.

{{wpl|Extraordinary session}}s may be called during the summer and winter recesses.

The Senate meets in yearlong sessions, coinciding with the calendaristic seasons.

{{wpl|Bill (law)|Bills}} may be introduced by any member of either chamber (except budget bills) and there is no distinction between bills introduced by members of government or opposition parties.

===Legislative procedure===
The Parliament's legislative procedure has four stages:

{{ordered list|type=decimal
  |'''Proposal''': can be made by the people (in the form of a popular initiative), {{wpl|civil society}} or professional organisations, [[Local government in Gylias|municipal or regional councils]], individual members of Parliament, or members of the government.{{ordered list|type=upper-alpha
|The bill in question is subject to a general discussion, and afterwards referred to the relevant committee for review.
|The committee prepares a report on the bill, with the advice of other committees, and presents it to Parliament.
|The chamber where the bill originated votes to either request a further report or proceed to debate. (A vote to reject the bill ends the legislative process.) }}
  |'''Drafting''': takes place in parliamentary committees, with public hearings and consultations.{{ordered list|type=upper-alpha
|The bill is brought to the relevant committees for review and drafting.
|The committees discuss, propose, and compose the final text of the bill. During the drafting process, members of the public are also consulted on the bill, and expert witnesses are called to provide input.
|The final draft is reviewed article-by-article, and presented to the Parliament. }}
  |'''Approval''': takes place in both chambers of Parliament.{{ordered list|type=upper-alpha
|The Parliament debates and proposes further amendments to the bill. (It can also vote to refer the bill back to committees for further consideration, returning it to the drafting stage.)
|The bill is sent to the [[Judiciary of Gylias#Constitutional Court of Gylias|Constitutional Court]] for inspection.
|Once cleared by the Constitutional Court, the chamber where the bill originated votes on it.
|If the bill passes the chamber, it is sent to the other chamber where it must be voted through without further changes.
|If the other chamber modifies the bill, it must be returned to the original chamber to approve the changes.
|To prevent repeated passing of the bill between the two chambers, the Chamber of Deputies can overrule the Senate's rejection of a bill by majority vote. }}
  |'''Promulgation''': done by the [[President of Gylias]].{{ordered list|type=upper-alpha
|Once a bill is passed, it is sent to the President for promulgation into law.
|The President can reject a bill with a written justification, returning it to Parliament. (It is customary for the justification to be that the bill is unconstitutional or would affect popular self-governance.)
|If the bill is returned, Parliament debates it anew.
|If the Parliament approves the bill without modifications, the President must sign it into law. }}
}}

After the President has promulgated it, a law is publiced into the ''Official Gazette'' and {{wpl|coming into force|commences}} after 15 days, unless a longer time period is specified.

===Responsibilities===
Other responsibilities of the Parliament include:

* Providing a forum for debating and discussing matters of public importance through popular petitions, {{wpl|Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motions}}, and bills.
* Debating amendements to the Constitution.
* Reviewing the actions of government, both policy and routine administration.
* Approving federal budgets.

==Parliamentary procedure==
Both chambers of Parliament have a presiding Speaker, chosen from the members at the beginning of a new term and renouncing party affiliation. Speakers carry out administrative tasks: they maintain order during debates, determine the order in which members speak, make rulings on procedure, and announce vote results. Speakers may not vote in a debate except in the event of a tie, where they will {{wpl|Speaker Denison's rule|vote in favour of further debate or the status quo}}.

The Gylian Parliament does not have rules on {{wpl|unparliamentary language}}, giving it a more informal atmosphere compared to other state legislatures, but members are not allowed to interrupt other members while they are speaking. Members can directly speak amongst themselves or address their remarks to the Speaker; the former is more common. They can refer to each other by full name, or as "Deputy" or "Senator" for short according to the chamber they serve in.

Members are not allowed to directly insult another member's family members or non-parliamentary friends. Members of Parliament do not have {{wpl|parliamentary immunity}}, but have {{wpl|parliamentary privilege}} for their statements.

All votes in Parliament are made electronically.

Each day of parliamentary session has 30 minutes reserved for {{wpl|Question Time}}, during which Deputies and Senators address questions to the [[Cabinet of Gylias|Cabinet]] and [[Prime Minister of Gylias|Prime Minister]]. The Prime Minister transfers questions that are not their direct responsibility to the relevant cabinet members. 

As a result of the [[List of political parties in Gylias|large number of parties represented]] and stricter moderation by the Speakers, Question Time sessions in Gylias are known for their lively but civilised atmosphere. Questions during this period are required to be relevant to policy, even from members of government parties. Speakers routinely disallow {{wpl|Dorothy Dixer|pre-arranged questions for the purpose of criticising the opposition}}.

Both chambers of Parliament meet and conduct their sessions separately, but joint meetings of both chambers can take place to receive addresses from visiting heads of state or government. The most recent joint sitting occurred on 31 May 2013, when [[Anelyn Trento|Queen Anelyn I]] addressed the Gylian Parliament during her state visit. Deputies and Senators take the oath of office together when a new Parliament is sworn in.

==Members==
Members of Parliament serve part-time, in accordance with the {{wpl|citizen legislature|popular legislature}} principle. They are paid a salary equivalent to an {{wpl|average worker's wage}}, and must handle their own accommodation and transportation.

Members of Parliament cannot consume alcohol, drugs or any similar mind-altering substances while on duty. Parliamentary sessions adjourn for the day at 16:00, and no meetings take place on weekends.

{{wpl|Proxy voting}} is used if a member of Parliament is unable to attend a vote in person.

==Parliamentary groups==
Parties and independents form {{wpl|parliamentary group}}s in the Chamber of Deputies, in order to simplify organisation and determine membership of committees and speaking order during debates. Groups also receive allowances to support their activities.

Six groups have been represented in the Parliament since 1989: five {{wpl|electoral bloc}}s and the [[Non-inscrits (Gylias)|non-inscrit]] group, which reunites all unaffiliated parties and {{wpl|independent politician|independent}} members.

The parliamentary groups represented in the current legislature are:

{| Class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Group
!Constituent parties
|-
|bgcolor="{{G-PA/meta/color}}"|
|{{G-PA}} group
|{{G-DCP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-SP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-SDP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-DL/meta/shortname}}, {{G-LSL/meta/shortname}}

|-
|bgcolor="{{G-LU/meta/color}}"|
|{{G-LU}} group
|{{G-NUP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-NLP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-PRRA/meta/shortname}}, {{G-LLR/meta/shortname}}, {{G-FSP/meta/shortname}}

|-
|bgcolor="{{G-CG/meta/color}}"|
|{{G-CG}} group
|{{G-MCP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-RDC/meta/shortname}}, {{G-RCP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-IPR/meta/shortname}}, {{G-CCM/meta/shortname}}

|-
|bgcolor="{{G-NB/meta/color}}"|
|{{G-NB}} group
|{{G-CNP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-NPR/meta/shortname}}, {{G-PDU/meta/shortname}}, {{G-UND/meta/shortname}}, {{G-MRR/meta/shortname}}

|-
|colspan=2|{{G-NI}} group
|{{G-APP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-ARENA/meta/shortname}}, {{G-FLP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-FVU/meta/shortname}}, {{G-GP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-HP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-IRAM/meta/shortname}}, {{G-LND/meta/shortname}}, {{G-LSDP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-NAF/meta/shortname}}, {{G-NPP/meta/shortname}}, {{G-PPFN/meta/shortname}}, {{G-PP-CM/meta/shortname}}, {{G-Pirates/meta/shortname}}, {{G-RFS/meta/shortname}}, {{G-RJU/meta/shortname}}, {{G-UNR/meta/shortname}}, {{G-UI/meta/shortname}}, {{G-UM/meta/shortname}}
|}

===Committees===
Much of the Gylian Parliament's work is done in committees, which have a strong role in scrutinising legislative proposals. The committees' roles is to examine policy and legislation, take evidence from witnesses, and conduct inquiries. They provide the opportunity for the public and experts to participate in the legislative process, and members of Parliament to ask questions and review proposals.

There are two types of committees. Permanent Committees are established on a permanent basis, responsible for scrutinising bills and topics referred to them by the chambers, examining the government's budget and activities, and providing guidance and research during the bill-drafting process.

There are currently 28 Permanent Committees, representing the majority of parliamentary committees. They form a significant contribution to {{wpl|grey literature}} published in Gylias, including {{wpl|white paper}}s and {{wpl|green paper}}s, and serving on a Permanent Committee or chairing it is a prestigious position.

The current Permanent Committees are:

{{Div col|cols=3}}
*Civil, Political, Economic, and Social Liberties
*Community Affairs
*Constitutional Affairs and Public Administration
*Culture, Arts and Leisure
*Defense
*Education and Learning
*Equality and Social Integration
*Economy and Finance
*Environment and Resources
*Federal and Regional Coordination
*Foreign Relations
*Justice and Human Rights
*Health and Wellbeing
*Intelligence and Security
*Labour
*Law Enforcement and Public Safety
*Local Government
*Natural Resources
*Parliamentary Procedures and Matters
*Planning and Development
*Public Accounts
*Public Standards and Integrity
*Public Petitions
*Publications and Parliamentary Library
*Science and Technology
*Social Policy
*Trade
*Transport and Infrastructure
{{Div col end}}

Temporary Committees are established to deal with particular issues, and work closely with Permanent Committees. Different Prime Ministers have established Temporary Committees that reflected their program.

The Parliament has no internal committees. Administration of parliamentary affairs, from procedures to budgeting and appointing the members of committees, is handled by the Permanent Committee on Parliamentary Procedures and Matters, which in turn has a sub-committee for commitee memberships and appointments.

All parliamentary committees are joint committees, including both Deputies and Senators. A committee has 20 members in total, half from each chamber, with membership equally divided between the government and opposition. The membership of the committees is established through negotiation and consensus, with the aim of ensuring representation and participation from all members.

==Broadcasting==
Parliamentary proceedings are broadcast by [[Gylian Television#GTV Parliament|GTV Parliament]]. The channel broadcasts only while Parliament is in session, and does not operate outside those times.

==List of Parliaments==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Elections in Gylias#Federal elections|Election]]
!Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 1958|1958]]
|Popular Assembly
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 1962|1962]]
|1st Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 1969|1969]]
|2nd Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 1976|1976]]
|3rd Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 1980|1980]]
|4th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 1985|1985]]
|5th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 1990|1990]]
|6th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 1995|1995]]
|7th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 2000|2000]]
|8th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 2004|2004]]
|9th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 2008|2008]]
|10th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 2012|2012]]
|11th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 2016|2016]]
|12th Parliament
|-
|[[Gylian federal election, 2020|2020]]
|13th Parliament
|}

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