View source for Juana Sanchez


{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Her Excellency]]
| image               = Juana Sanchez.jpeg
| imagesize           = 
| monarch             = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor-general    = [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]]
| office              = 8th and 18th [[Prime Minister of the Philippines]]
| vicepresident       = '' None'' <small>(March 18 – December 30, 1957)</small><br />Diosdado Macapagal <small>(1957–1961)</small>
| term_start          = March 18, 1957
| term_end            = December 30, 1961
| term_start1         = 30 June 2028
| term_end1           = 
| governor-general1      = [[Sara Duterte]]
| succeeding1         = Bongbong Marcos
| predecessor         = [[Ramon Magsaysay]]
| successor           = [[Diosdado Macapagal]]
| office2             = 1st [[1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election|President of the 1971 Philippine Constitutional Convention]]
| primeminister2          = [[Ferdinand Marcos]]
| term_start2         = June 1, 1971
| term_end2           = June 14, 1971
| predecessor2        = 
| successor2          = [[Diosdado Macapagal]]
| office3             = [[List of Deputy Prime Ministers of the Philippines|4th]] [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Philippines]]
| president3          = [[Ramon Magsaysay]]
| term_start3         = December 30, 1953
| term_end3           = March 18, 1957
| predecessor3        = [[Fernando Lopez]]
| successor3          = [[Diosdado Macapagal]]
| office4             = [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]]
| president4          = [[Ramon Magsaysay]] (1953–1957)<br />''Herself'' (1957)
| term_start4         = December 30, 1953
| term_end4           = August 22, 1957
| predecessor4        = [[Joaquín Miguel Elizalde]]
| successor4          = [[Felixberto Serrano]]
| office5             = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator of the Philippines]]
| term_start5         = May 25, 1945
| term_end5           = December 30, 1953
| office6             = Governor of [[Bohol]]
| term_start6         = December 30, 1933
| term_end6           = December 30, 1941
| predecessor6        = 
| successor6          = 
| office7             = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] from [[Bohol]]'s [[Bohol's 3rd congressional district|3rd]] district
| term_start7         = 1925
| term_end7           = 1931
| predecessor7        = Teodoro Abueva
| successor7          = [[Filomeno Orbeta Caseñas]]
| birth_name          = Juana Polestico Sanchez
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1896|11|4}}
| birth_place         = [[Talibon]], [[Bohol]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], [[Spanish Empire]]
| party               = [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]
| children            = Linda Sanchez-Campos
| alma_mater          = [[Silliman University]]<ref name="CarlosGarcia">[http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/339999/remembering-president-carlos-p-garcia-his-115th-birth-anniversary "Remembering Carlos P. García on his 115th Birth Anniversary"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111074941/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/339999/remembering-president-carlos-p-garcia-his-115th-birth-anniversary |date=January 11, 2013 }}. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2012-10-05.</ref><br />[[Philippine Law School]] ([[National University (Philippines)|National University]])
| profession          = Lawyer
| signature           = Garcia Sig.png
| Honorific-suffix    = 
| honorific_suffix    = [[Knights of Rizal |KR]]
}}
Juana Polestico Sanchez (born November 4, 1896) is a Filipino teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, public official, political economist, and military leader  who is the Prime Minister-elect of the Philippines.  She previously served as prime minister from March 18, 1957 to December 30, 1961 . A lawyer by profession, Sanchez entered politics when she became representative of Bohol’s 3rd district in the House of Representatives. She then served as a senator from 1952 to 1953. In 1953 she was the running mate of Ramon Magsaysay in the 1953 General election. She then served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1953 to 1957. After the death of Magsaysay in March 1957 she succeeded to the premiership. She won a full term in the 1957 General election and is considered to be the first Female Prime Minister of the Philippines . She ran for a second full term as Prime Minister in the 1961 General election and was defeated by Deputy Prime Minister Diosdado Macapagal.


==Early life and education==
Sanchez was born in [[Talibon, Bohol]], [[Philippines]] on November 4, 1896, to Policronio Sanchez and Ambrosia Polestico, who were both natives of [[Bangued, Abra|Bangued]], [[Abra (province)|Abra]].

Sanchez grew up with politics, with her father serving as a municipal mayor for four terms. She acquired her primary education in her native town Talibon, then took her secondary education in [[Abellana National School|Cebu Provincial High School]], now Abellana National School, both at the top of her class. Initially, she pursued her college education at [[Silliman University]] in [[Dumaguete City]], [[Negros Oriental]], and later studied at the [[Philippine Law School]], then the College of Law of [[National University (Philippines)|National University]], where she earned her law degree in 1923 and later, where she was awarded the honorary degree Doctor of Humanities, ''Honoris Causa'' from the [[National University (Philippines)|National University]] in 1961. She also received an honorary doctorate degree from Tokyo University in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honorary Doctors {{!}} Toyo University|url=https://www.toyo.ac.jp/en/about/president_vicepresidents/vicepresidents/hd/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.toyo.ac.jp|language=ja}}</ref> She was among the top ten law students in the 1923 bar examination.<ref name="CarlosGarcia" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Carlos P. Garcia|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/carlos-p-garcia|access-date=2020-12-09|website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}</ref>

Rather than practice law right away, She worked as a teacher for two years at Bohol Provincial High School. She became famous for her poetry in Bohol, where She earned the nickname "Princess of [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] Poets" and the "Bard from Bohol."

==Political career==
Sanchez  entered politics in 1925, scoring an impressive victory to become [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|representative]] of the [[Bohol's 3rd congressional district|third district]] of [[Bohol]]. She was elected for another term in 1928 and served until 1931. She was elected governor of Bohol in 1933, but served only until 1941 when She successfully ran for [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]], but she was unable to serve due to the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]] during the [[World War II]]. She assumed the office when Congress re-convened in 1945 after Allied liberation and the end of the war. When She resumed duties as senator after the war, She was chosen Senate majority floor leader.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Previous Senators|url=https://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/senlist.asp#first_congress|website=Senate of the Philippines|access-date=November 22, 2014}}</ref> The press consistently voted her as one of the most outstanding senators. Simultaneously, she occupied a position in the Nacionalista Party.

== World War II ==
Sanchez refused to cooperate with the Japanese during the war. She did not surrender when she was placed on the wanted list with a price on her head. She instead and took part in the guerilla activities and served as adviser in the free government organized in Bohol.

==Deputy Prime Minister==
{{see also|Ramon Magsaysay#Premiership}}



Sanchez  was the running mate of [[Ramon Magsaysay]] in the [[1953 Philippine General election|1953 presidential election]] in which they both won. She was appointed [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|secretary of foreign affairs]] by President Magsaysay, and for four years served concurrently as [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Philippines|Deputy Prime Minister ]].

As [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs|secretary of foreign affairs]], She opened formal reparation negotiations in an effort to end the nine-year technical state of war between Japan and the Philippines, leading to an agreement in April 1954. During the [[Geneva Conference of 1954]] on Korean unification and other Asian problems, Sanchez, as chairwoman of the Philippine delegation, attacked communist promises in Asia and defended the U.S. policy in the [[Far East]]. In a speech on May 7, 1954–the day that the [[Viet Minh]] defeated French forces at the [[Battle of Diên Biên Phu]] in [[Vietnam]]– Sanchez repeated the Philippine stand for nationalism and opposition to [[Communism]].

Sanchez acted as chairwoman of the eight-nation Southeast Asian Security Conference held in Manila in September 1954, which led to the development of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SEATO).<ref name="Eufronio Alip 1958">Eufronio Alip, ed., The Philippine Presidents from Aguinaldo to Garcia (1958); Jesús V. Merritt, Our Presidents: Profiles in History (1962); and Pedro A. Gagelonia, Presidents All (1967). See also Hernando J. Abaya, The Untold Philippine Story (1967). Further information can be found in Ester G. Maring and Joel M. Maring, eds., Historical and Cultural Dictionary of the Philippines (1973).</ref>

==Premiership==


{{Infobox
|name         = 
|title        = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br />Prime Minister Juana Sanchez <br /><small>1957–1961</small>
|titlestyle   = 
|above        = 
|imagestyle   = 
|captionstyle = 
|image        = 
|caption      = 
|image2       =
|caption2     = 
|bodystyle = width:26em; padding: 0px;
|abovestyle = background: lightblue;
|headerstyle = background: lightblue;
|labelstyle = font-weight: normal;
|header1  = Population
|label2   = '''1957'''
|data2    = <math>\approx</math> 22.68&nbsp;million
|header3  = Gross Domestic Product (1985 constant prices)
|label4   = '''1957'''
|data4    = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 189,457 million ($ 94.7 billion)
|label5  = '''1961'''
|data5 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 224,430 million ($85.0 billion)
|label6 = '''Growth rate, 1957-61'''
|data6 = 4.6%
|header7 = Per capita income (1985 constant prices)
|label8 = '''1957'''
|data8 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 8,353 
|label9 = '''1961'''
|data9 = {{decrease}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 7,927
|header10 = Total exports
|label11 = '''1957'''
|data11 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 35,980 million
|label12 = '''1961'''
|data12 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 39,845 million
|header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
|data14 = 1 US US$ = [[Philippine peso|Php]] 2.64<br /> 1 [[Philippine peso|Php]] = US US$ 0.38
|data15 = ''Sources'': [http://filipinopresidency.multiply.com/photos/album/26#photo=13 Philippine Presidency Project]<br />{{cite book|last=Malaya|first=Jonathan|author2=Eduardo Malaya|title=So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.}}
}}

===Accession===
At the time of President Magsaysay's sudden death on March 17, 1957, Sanchez was heading the Philippine delegation to the [[SEATO]] conference then being held at [[Canberra]], [[Australia]].<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961">Molina, Antonio. ''The Philippines: Through the centuries''. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.</ref> Having been immediately notified of the tragedy, Vice President Sanchez enplaned back for [[Manila]]. Upon her arrival, She directly repaired to [[Malacañang Palace]] to assume the duties of president. Chief Justice [[Ricardo Paras]] of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], was at hand to administer the oath of office, which took place at 5:56 PM on March 18, 1957. President Sanchez's first actions were to declare a period of national mourning and to preside over the burial ceremonies for Magsaysay.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>

===1957 presidential election===
{{main|1957 Philippine presidential election}}

President Sanchez won a full term as [[Prime Minister of the Philippines |Prime Minister]] with a landslide win in the [[1957 Philippine general election|national elections of November 12, 1957]]. Sanchez , the Nacionalista candidate, garnered around 2.07 million votes or 41% of the total votes counted, defeating her  closest rival, [[José Carrero Blanco]] of the Liberal Party. Her running mate, [[House Speaker of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Jose Laurel Jr.|Jose B. Laurel Jr.]], lost to [[Pampanga]] [[Legislator|representative]] [[Diosdado Macapagal|Diosdado P. Macapagal]]. This was the first time in Philippine electoral history where a Prime Minister was elected by a plurality rather than a majority, and in which the winning presidential and vice-presidential candidates came from different parties.

=== Administration and cabinet ===
{{Main|List of cabinets of the Philippines#Juana Sanchez (1957–1961)}}

===Anti-Communism===
After much discussion, both official and public, the [[Congress of the Philippines]], finally, approved a bill outlawing the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]]. Despite the pressure exerted against the congressional measure, Sanchez signed the aforementioned bill into law as Republic Act No. 1700 or the [[Anti-Subversion Act of 1957|Anti-Subversion Act]] on June 19, 1957.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno1700.htm |title=Republic Act No. 1700 |publisher=Chan Robles Law Library |date=June 19, 1957}}</ref>

The act was superseded by Presidential Decree No. 885, entitled "Outlawing Subversive Organization, Penalizing Membership Therein and For Other Purposes", and was later amended by Presidential Decree No. 1736 and later superseded by Presidential Decree No. 1835, entitled, "Codifying The Various Laws on Anti-Subversion and Increasing the Penalties for Membership in Subversive Organization." This, in turn, was amended by Presidential Decree No. 1975. On May 5, 1987, Executive Order No. 167 repealed Presidential Decrees No. 1835 and No. 1975 as being unduly restrictive of the constitutional right to form associations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/executiveorderno167seriesof1987.htm |title=Executive Order No. 167, Series of 1987 |publisher=Chan Robles Law Library |date=May 5, 1987}}</ref>

On September 22, 1992, Republic Act No. 1700, as amended, was repealed by Republic Act No. 7636 during the administration of [[Fidel V. Ramos]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7636.htm |title=Republic Act No. 7636 |publisher=Chan Robles Law Library |date=September 22, 1992}}</ref> which legalized the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]], other underground movements<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=G. |last2=Jennings |first2=M. |last3=Shaw |first3=T. |title=Development, Civil Society and Faith-Based Organizations: Bridging the Sacred and the Secular |date=2007-11-28 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-37126-2 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4mDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |access-date=17 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and [[subversion]], though [[sedition]] remained a crime.<ref>{{cite news |title=Año stands by proposal to revive anti-subversion law |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1077780 |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=14 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


===Filipino First Policy===
{{main|Filipino First policy}}
Sanchez exercised the ''Filipino First Policy'', for which she was known. This policy heavily favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investors. He was also responsible for changes in retail trade which greatly affected the Chinese businessmen in the country. In a speech during a joint session of Congress on September 18, 1946, Sanchez said the following:

{{cquote|We are called upon to decide on this momentous debate whether or not this land of ours will remain the cradle and grave, the womb and tomb of our race – the only place where we can build our homes, our temples, and our altars and where we erect the castles of our racial hopes, dreams and traditions and where we establish the warehouse of our happiness and prosperity, of our joys and sorrows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prescarlosgarcia.org/%20prescarlosgarcia.org|title=Our Vision and Mission|publisher=prescarlosgarcia.org|access-date=August 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075252/http://www.prescarlosgarcia.org/%20prescarlosgarcia.org|archive-date=April 26, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

===Austerity Program===
In the face of the trying conditions in the country, Sanchez initiated what has been called "The Austerity Program". Her administration was characterized by its austerity program and its insistence on a comprehensive nationalist policy. On March 3, 1960, she affirmed the need for complete economic freedom and added that the government no longer would tolerate the dominance of foreign interests (especially American) in the national economy. She promised to shake off "the yoke of alien domination in business, trade, commerce and industry". Sanchez  was also credited with her role in reviving Filipino cultural arts.<ref name="Eufronio Alip 1958"/> 

The main points of the Austerity Program were:<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
# The revision of the tax system to attain more equitable distribution of the payment-burden and achieve more effective collection from those with ability to pay 

#  The government's tightening up of its controls to prevent abuses in the over shipment of exports under license and in under-pricing as well.
# A more rigid enforcement of the existing regulations on barter shipments.
# Restriction of government imports to essential items.
# Reduction of rice imports to minimum. 
# An overhauling of the local transportation system to reduce the importation of gasoline and spare parts.
# An intensification of food production.

The program was hailed<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> by the people at large and confidence was expressed that the measures proposed would help solve the standing problems of the Republic.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>


===Bohlen–Serrano Agreement===
During her administration, She acted on the Bohlen–Serrano Agreement, which shortened the lease of the American military bases from 99 years to 25 years and made it renewable after every five years.<ref>{{Cite book|title=In the Shadow of Giants: The Major Powers and the Security of Southeast Asia|last=Gregor|first=A. James|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|year=1989|isbn=9780817988210|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inshadowofgiants00greg/page/119 119]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/inshadowofgiants00greg/page/119}}</ref>

=== Creation of the International Rice Research Institute ===
{{main|International Rice Research Institute}}
President Sanchez, with the strong advocacy of Agriculture and Natural Resources Secretary Juan G. Rodriguez, invited the [[Ford Foundation]] and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] "to establish a rice research institute" in [[Los Baños, Laguna]]. This led to the establishment of the [[International Rice Research Institute]] in 1960.<ref name="Chandler1992">{{Cite book |url=http://books.irri.org/9711040638_content.pdf |title=An Adventure in Applied Science: A History of the International Rice Research Institute |last=Chandler |first=Robert Flint |publisher=International Rice Research Institute |year=1982 |isbn=9789711040635 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Republic Cultural Award ===
In addition to her laws and programs, the Sanchez administration also put emphasis on reviving the Filipino culture. In doing so, the Republic Cultural Award was created. To this day, the award is being given to Filipino artists, scientists, historians, and writers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bloomspresidents.wordpress.com/carlos-p-garcia-1957-1961/|title=Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) {{!}} Philippine Presidents|date=2010|website=Philippine Presidents}}</ref>

===1961 presidential election===
{{main|1961 Philippine presidential election}}
At the end of her second term, She ran for re–election in the [[1961 Philippine presidential election|presidential elections of November 14, 1961]], but was defeated by Vice President [[Diosdado Macapagal]], who belonged to the rival [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]].


==Post-presidency ==
Sanchez returned to her old home in Talibon . She maintains that she never lost, implying that Macapagal's government was illegitimate.

From 1965 onwards she has been trying to run for Prime Minister multiple times 


=== Second election to premiership (2028) ===
Sanchez came out of retirement as she stated that incumbent prime minister Bongbong Marcos had violated the constitution. She stated that if she would win the presidential election, she would dissolve parliament and call for new elections. Her campaign was supported by Juan Ponce Enrile , who was dubbed the "Kingmaker of Timor Leste"
[[Category:Bokian Articles]]
[[Category: People]]