View source for List of Syrian Presidents (Lushansk)


==List of officeholders==

===Syria (1922–1958)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" | Elected
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Political party
! rowspan="2" width="40%" | Note(s)
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! colspan="10"| [[Syrian Federation]] (under [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French mandate]]; 1922–1925)
|-
| 1
| [[File:Subhi barkat.jpg|100px]]
| [[Subhi Bey Barakat]]<br>{{lang|ar|صبحي بك بركات}}<br>{{small|(1889–1939)}}
| —
| 29 June 1922<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6486997n/f4.item Arrêtés Nos. 1, 2 & 3, ''Bulletin hebdomadaire des actes administratifs du Haut-Commissariat'' (8 October 1922), p. 268]; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5805853c/f11.item].</ref>
| 1 January 1925
| {{ayd|1922|6|29|1924|12|31}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
! colspan="10"| [[State of Syria (1925–1930)|State of Syria]] (under [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French mandate]]; 1925–1930)
|-
| (1)
| [[File:Subhi barkat.jpg|100px]]
| [[Subhi Bey Barakat]]<br>{{lang|ar|صبحي بك بركات}}<br>{{small|(1889–1939)}}
| —
| 1 January 1925
| 21 December 1925
| {{ayd|1925|1|1|1925|12|21}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Pierre Alype - NAC.jpg|100px]]
| [[François Pierre-Alype]]<br>{{lang|ar|فرانسوا بيير أليب}}<br>{{small|(1886–1956)}}
| —
| 9 February 1926
| 28 April 1926
| {{ayd|1926|2|9|1926|4|28}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 2
| [[File:Ahmad nami.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ahmad Nami]]<br>{{lang|ar|أحمد نامي}}<br>{{small|(1873–1962)}}
| —
| 28 April 1926
| 15 February 1928
| {{ayd|1926|4|28|1928|2|15}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Taj al-Din al-Hasani (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]]<br>{{lang|ar|تاج الدين الحسني}}<br>{{small|(1885–1943)}}
| —
| 15 February 1928
| 14 May 1930
| {{ayd|1928|2|15|1930|5|14}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
! colspan="10"| [[First Syrian Republic]] (1930–1950)
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan="10"| [[Mandatory Syrian Republic]] (1930–1946)
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Taj al-Din al-Hasani (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]]<br>{{lang|ar|تاج الدين الحسني}}<br>{{small|(1885–1943)}}
| —
| 14 May 1930
| 19 November 1931
| {{ayd|1930|5|14|1931|11|19}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:No image.svg|100px]]
| [[Léon Solomiac]]<br>{{lang|ar|ليون سولومياك}}<br>{{small|(1873–1960)}}
| —
| 19 November 1931
| 11 June 1932
| {{ayd|1931|11|19|1932|6|11}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 3
| [[File:Muhammad Ali al-Abid.jpg|100px]]
| [[Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid]]<br>{{lang|ar|محمد علي بك العابد}}<br>{{small|(1867–1939)}}
| —
| 11 June 1932
| 21 December 1936
| {{ayd|1932|6|11|1936|12|21}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 4
| [[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hashim al-Atassi]]<br>{{lang|ar|هاشم الأتاسي}}<br>{{small|(1875–1960)}}
| —
| 21 December 1936
| 7 July 1939
| {{ayd|1936|12|21|1939|7|7}}
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
|
|-
| 5
| [[File:Bahij al-Khatib.jpg|100px]]
| [[Bahij al-Khatib]]<br>{{lang|ar|بهيج الخطيب}}<br>{{small|(1895–1981)}}
| —
| 10 July 1939
| 4 April 1941
| {{ayd|1939|7|10|1941|4|4}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Khalid al-Azm.jpg|100px]]
| [[Khalid al-Azm]]<br>{{lang|ar|خالد العظم}}<br>{{small|(1903–1965)}}
| —
| 4 April 1941
| 16 September 1941
| {{ayd|1941|4|4|1941|9|16}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 6
| [[File:Taj al-Din al-Hasani (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[Taj al-Din al-Hasani]]<br>{{lang|ar|تاج الدين الحسني}}<br>{{small|(1885–1943)}}
| —
| 16 September 1941
| 17 January 1943
| {{ayd|1941|9|16|1943|1|17}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Hasani died in office.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=345}}
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Jamil al-Ulshi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Jamil al-Ulshi]]<br>{{lang|ar|جميل الألشي}}<br>{{small|(1883–1951)}}
| —
| 17 January 1943
| 25 March 1943
| {{ayd|1943|1|17|1943|3|25}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 7
| [[File:Ata al-Ayyubi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ata Bey al-Ayyubi]]<br>{{lang|ar|عطا الأيوبي}}<br>{{small|(1877–1951)}}
| —
| 25 March 1943
| 17 August 1943
| {{ayd|1943|3|25|1943|8|17}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 8
| [[File:Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943.jpeg|100px]]
| [[Shukri al-Quwatli]]<br>{{lang|ar|شكري القوّتلي}}<br>{{small|(1891–1967)}}
| —
| 17 August 1943
| 17 April 1946
| {{ayd|1943|8|17|1945|10|24}}
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
|
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan="10"| [[Independent First Syrian Republic]] (1946–1950) 
|-
| (8)
| [[File:Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943.jpeg|100px]]
| [[Shukri al-Quwatli]]<br>{{lang|ar|شكري القوّتلي}}<br>{{small|(1891–1967)}}
| —
| 17 April 1946
| 29 March 1949
| {{ayd|1945|10|24|1949|3|29}}
| [[National Bloc (Syria)|National Bloc]] / [[National Party (Syria)|National Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Bloc (Syria)}};" |
| Quwatli was [[March 1949 Syrian coup d'état|ousted from power on 29 March 1949]] by [[Husni al-Za'im]], his Chief of Staff.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=311}}
|-
| 9
| [[File:Husni al-Zaiim.jpg|100px]]
| [[Husni al-Za'im]]<br>{{lang|ar|حسني الزعيم}}<br>{{small|(1897–1949)}}
| [[1949 Syrian presidential election|1949]]
| 30 March 1949
| 14 August 1949
| {{ayd|1949|3|30|1949|8|14}}
| [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|Syrian Social Nationalist Party}};" |
| Za'im was overthrown by a military coup in 1949 led by [[Adib Shishakli]], and he was later executed on the orders of the new government.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=610}}
|-
| 10
| [[File:Sami al-Hinnawi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Sami al-Hinnawi]]<br>{{lang|ar|سامي الحناوي}}<br>{{small|(1898–1950)}}
| —
| 14 August 1949
| 15 August 1949
| {{ayd|1949|8|14|1949|8|15}}
| [[Syrian Armed Forces|Military]]
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}};" |
|
|-
| 11<br>{{small|(4)}}
| [[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hashim al-Atassi]]<br>{{lang|ar|هاشم الأتاسي}}<br>{{small|(1875–1960)}}
| —
| 15 August 1949
| 5 September 1950
| {{ayd|1949|8|15|1950|9|5}}
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
|
|-
! colspan="10"| [[Second Syrian Republic]] (1950–1958)
|-
| (11)<br>{{small|(4)}}
| [[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hashim al-Atassi]]<br>{{lang|ar|هاشم الأتاسي}}<br>{{small|(1875–1960)}}
| —
| 5 September 1950
| 2 December 1951
| {{ayd|1950|9|5|1951|12|2}}
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
|
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Adib al-Shishakli.jpg|100px]]
| [[Adib Shishakli]]<br>{{lang|ar|أديب الشيشكلي}}<br>{{small|(1909–1964)}}
| —
| 2 December 1951
| 3 December 1951
| {{ayd|1951|12|2|1951|12|3}}
| [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Syrian Social Nationalist Party}}; color:white;" |
|
|-
| 12
| [[File:Fawzi Selu.jpg|100px]]
| [[Fawzi Selu]]<br>{{lang|ar|فوزي سلو}}<br>{{small|(1905–1972)}}
| —
| 3 December 1951
| 11 July 1953
| {{ayd|1951|12|3|1953|7|11}}
| [[Syrian Armed Forces|Military]]
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}};" |
|
|-
| 13
| [[File:Adib al-Shishakli.jpg|100px]]
| [[Adib Shishakli]]<br>{{lang|ar|أديب الشيشكلي}}<br>{{small|(1909–1964)}}
| [[1953 Syrian presidential election|1953]]
| 11 July 1953
| 25 February 1954
| {{ayd|1953|7|11|1954|2|25}}
| [[Arab Liberation Movement]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Liberation Movement}};" |
| Shishakli resigned from office because of threats of a [[1954 Syrian coup d'état|coup in 1954]].{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=339}} He fled the country, claiming that he did not want the country to fall into a civil war.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=339}}
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Maamoun Kuzbari.jpg|100px]]
| [[Maamun al-Kuzbari]]<br>{{lang|ar|مأمون الكزبري}}<br>{{small|(1914–1998)}}
| —
| 25 February 1954
| 28 February 1954
| {{ayd|1954|2|25|1954|2|28}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 14<br>{{small|(4)}}<br>{{small|(11)}}
| [[File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hashim al-Atassi]]<br>{{lang|ar|هاشم الأتاسي}}<br>{{small|(1875–1960)}}
| —
| 28 February 1954
| 6 September 1955
| {{ayd|1954|2|28|1955|9|6}}
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
|
|-
| 15<br>{{small|(8)}}
| [[File:Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943.jpeg|100px]]
| [[Shukri al-Quwatli]]<br>{{lang|ar|شكري القوّتلي}}<br>{{small|(1891–1967)}}
| —
| 6 September 1955
| 22 February 1958
| {{ayd|1955|9|6|1958|2|22}}
| [[National Party (Syria)|National Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|National Party (Syria)}};" |
|
|}

===United Arab Republic (1958–1961)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" | Elected
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Political party
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
| 1
| [[File:Nasser in 1969.jpg|100px]]
| [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]<br>{{lang|ar|جمال عبد الناصر}}<br>{{small|(1918–1970)}}
| [[1958 Syrian United Arab Republic referendum|1958]]
| 22 February 1958
| 29 September 1961
| {{ayd|1958|2|22|1961|9|29}}
| [[National Union (Egypt)|National Union]]
! style="background:{{party color|National Union (United Arab Republic)}};" |
|}

===Syria (1961–present)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" | Elected
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Political party
! rowspan="2" width="40%" | Note(s)
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! colspan="10"| [[Second Syrian Republic]] (Syrian Arab Republic; 1961–1963)
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Maamoun Kuzbari.jpg|100px]]
| [[Maamun al-Kuzbari]]<br>{{lang|ar|مأمون الكزبري}}<br>{{small|(1914–1998)}}
| —
| 29 September 1961
| 20 November 1961
| {{ayd|1961|9|29|1961|11|20}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Kuzbari took office following the [[1961 Syrian coup d'état|1961 coup d'état]], which dissolved the [[United Arab Republic]].
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Sy izzat al-nuss.png|100px]]
| [[Izzat al-Nuss]]<br>{{lang|ar|عزت النص}}<br>{{small|(1912–1976)}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWRmAAAAMAAJ&q=nuss+izzat+1912 | title=Who's who in the Arab World| year=1974}}</ref>
| —
| 20 November 1961
| 14 December 1961
| {{ayd|1961|11|20|1961|12|14}}
| [[Syrian Armed Forces|Military]]
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}};" |
|
|-
| 1
| [[File:Nazim al-Kudsi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Nazim al-Qudsi]]<br>{{lang|ar|ناظم القدسي}}<br>{{small|(1906–1998)}}
| —
| 14 December 1961
| 8 March 1963
| {{ayd|1961|12|14|1963|3|8}}
| [[People's Party (Syria)|People's Party]]
! style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party (Syria)}};" |
| The [[1963 Syrian coup d'état|1963 coup d'état]], an event known as the 8th of March Revolution, toppled Qudsi and brought the [[National Council for the Revolutionary Command]] (NCRC) to government, although real power lay with the [[Ba'ath Party|Ba'athist]] Military Committee, which organized the coup.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=133}}
|-
! colspan="10"| [[Ba'athist Syria]] (Syrian Arab Republic; 1963–2024)  [[North Syria (Lushansk)|North Syria]] (Syrian Arab Republic; 2024 - present)
|-
| 2
| [[File:Luai al-Atassi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Lu'ay al-Atassi]]<br>{{lang|ar|لؤي الأتاسي}}<br>{{small|(1926–2003)}}
| —
| 9 March 1963
| 27 July 1963
| {{ayd|1963|3|9|1963|7|27}}
| colspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Atassi was appointed president by the NCRC because he posed no threat to the Military Committee's power.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=175}} He resigned after high-ranking non-Ba'athist officers were purged.{{sfn|Rabinovich|1972|p=72}}
|-
| 3
| [[File:Amin al-Hafez 1965.jpg|100px]]
| [[Amin al-Hafiz]]<br>{{lang|ar|أمين الحافظ}}<br>{{small|(1921–2009)}}
| —
| 27 July 1963
| 23 February 1966
| {{ayd|1963|7|27|1966|2|23}}
| [[Ba'ath Party]]<br>{{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| Hafiz was [[1966 Syrian coup d'état|overthrown]] by the Military Committee because of his support for [[Michel Aflaq]] and the [[National Command of the Ba'ath Party|National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=99–101}}
|-
| 4
| [[File:Nureddin Atassi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Nureddin al-Atassi]]<br>{{lang|ar|نور الدين الأتاسي}}<br>{{small|(1929–1992)}}
| —
| 25 February 1966
| 18 November 1970
| {{ayd|1966|2|25|1970|11|18}}
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]]<br>{{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}}; color:white;" |
| Atassi was overthrown when a falling out occurred between [[Salah Jadid]], the real ruler of Syria from 1966 to 1970, and [[Hafez al-Assad]], the [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defense]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=142–144}} Assad initiated a coup in 1970, known as the [[Corrective Movement (Syria)|Corrective Movement]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=162–163}}
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:Ahmad al-Khatib, the interim head of state who ruled Syria for four months from November 1970 to March 1971.png|100px]]
| [[Ahmad al-Khatib]]<br>{{lang|ar|أحمد الخطيب}}<br>{{small|(1933–1982)}}
| —
| 18 November 1970
| 22 February 1971
| {{ayd|1970|11|18|1971|2|22}}
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]]<br>{{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
|
|-
| [[Presidency of Hafez al-Assad|5]]
| [[File:Hafez al-Assad official portrait.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hafez al-Assad]]<br>{{lang|ar|حافظ الأسد}}<br>{{small|(1930–2000)}}
| [[1971 Syrian presidential election|1971]]<br>[[1978 Syrian presidential election|1978]]<br>[[1985 Syrian presidential election|1985]]<br>[[1991 Syrian presidential election|1991]]<br>[[1999 Syrian presidential election|1999]]
| 22 February 1971
| 10 June 2000
| {{ayd|1971|2|22|2000|6|10}}
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]]<br>{{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| Assad [[Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad|died in office]].{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|pp=154–155}}
|-style="background-color:#E6E6AA"
| —
| [[File:President Jimmy Carter and Abdul Halim Khaddam (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]]<br>{{lang|ar|عبدالحليم خدام}}<br>{{small|(1932–2020)}}
| —
| 10 June 2000
| 17 July 2000
| {{ayd|2000|6|10|2000|7|17}}
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]]<br>{{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| Khaddam succeeded from the [[Vice President of Syria|vice presidency]], and served on an acting basis until the new [[2000 Syrian presidential election|confirmative referendum]].
|-
| 6
| [[File:Bashar al-Assad in May 2024.png|100px]]
| [[Bashar al-Assad]]<br>{{lang|ar|بَشَّارُ ٱلْأَسَدِ}}<br>{{small|(born 1965)}}
| [[2000 Syrian presidential election|2000]]<br>[[2007 Syrian presidential election|2007]]<br>[[2014 Syrian presidential election|2014]]<br>[[2021 Syrian presidential election|2021]]
| 17 July 2000
| 8 December 2024
| {{ayd|2000|7|17|2024|12|8}}
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]]<br>{{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
| Assad resigned from office and was subsequently [[Fall of the Assad regime|overthrown]] during the [[fall of Damascus]], in the final stages of the [[Syrian civil war]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-rebels-celebrate-captured-homs-set-sights-damascus-2024-12-07/ |website=Reuters |date=8 December 2024}}</ref>7
|-
| 7
| [[File:Official Portrait of Luna Lovegood (Syrian Press Agency).jpeg|100px]]
| [[Luna Lovegood]]<br>{{lang|ar|لونا لوفجود}}<br>{{small|(born 1952)}}
| [[2024 Lushanskian Invasion of Syria|2024]]
|8 December 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|2024|12|8}}
| [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian Ba'ath Party]]<br>{{small|([[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syria Region]])}}
! style="background-color:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}};" |
|Apoointed by the Lushanskian Goverment as President in Exile
De Facto Ruler of North Syria
|}