View source for User:Native Qazh/Sandbox2

<big>'''Unduk langauge family sandbox'''</big>

=Apsan (mokha***) grammar=
==Grammar==
Mokha is a [[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]] that employs extensive [[wikipedia:Agglutination|agglutination]] of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals.

===Syntax & Syllable structure===
*SVO (SOV)
*possessor - possessee
*noun like adjectives
*adjective - noun
*postpositions
*Verb - Auxiliary

: Mokha syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C)

===Nouns===
====Animacy====
Mokha, like other Unduk languages, distinguishes animate and inanimate objects. Due to their faith, animates also include plants, fluids, and groups of animates.
A food that has been processed is concidered to be inanimate, as it no longer possesses life, seen from a religeous view.

====Number====
Theres a distinction between animate and innanimate nouns in Number.

For Animate nouns:
* for words ending in consonants other than ⟨r, j, w⟩ the suffix ''-(C*)(v)'', with the last consonant lenghtening: ''k̠et'' (man) → ''k̠et'''tä''''' (men)
* for words ending in the ⟨r, j, w⟩ consonants the suffix ''-(v)t'': ''ammaj'' (bush) → ''ammaj'''at''''' (bushes)
* for words ending in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix ''-/yt'': ''niive'' (fish (sin)) → ''niiv'''yt''''' (fish (plr))
* for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix ''-jt'': ''mytä'' (woman) → ''mytä'''jt''''' (women)

For Inanimate nouns:
* for words ending in consonants, the suffix ''-it(v)'': ''äjään'' (canoe) → ''äjään'''itä'''(canoes)
* for words ending in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix ''-/ytä'': ''kaavve'' (coffee (sin)) → ''kaavv'''ytä''''' (coffee (plr))
* for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix ''-jtä'': ''meeti'' (comb) → ''meeti'''jtä''''' (combs)

====Articles====
Articles only appear after the noun
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Type
! Word
! Аffix<br>(consonant)
! Example
! Аffix<br>(vowel)
! Example
|-
! ''none''
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| niivyt (fish) (plural)
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| attä (lichen) (singular)
|-
! definite
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| -(v)k
| niivyt'''äk''' ('''the''' fish)
| -jk{{efn|When the word ends in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix is ''-/yk'': ''niiv'''e''''' (fish) → ''niiv'''yk''''' (the fish)}}
| attä'''jk''' ('''the''' lichen)
|-
! Proximal-demonstrative
| kao
| ka-
| '''ka'''niivyt ('''these''' fish)
| k̠-
| '''k̠'''attä ('''this''' lichen)
|-
! Distal-demonstrative
| łe
| łu-
| '''łu'''niivyt ('''those''' fish)
| ł-
| '''ł'''attä ('''that''' lichen)
|-
! Partitive
| nys̠ol
| ny-
| '''ny'''niivyt ('''some''' fish)
| nyj-
| '''nyj'''attä ('''some''' lichen)
|-
! Partitive-Collective
| itäjtä
| itä-
| '''itä'''niivyt ('''most''' fish)
| it-
| '''it'''attä ('''most''' lichen)
|-
! Non-Partitive
| ejnytä
| ejne-
| '''ejne'''niivyt ('''no''' fish)
| ejn-
| '''ejn'''attä ('''no''' lichen)
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

====Cases====
Mokha has a complex case system, consisting of 19 cases, wich differ from animate and inanimate nouns:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan="5" | Animate
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | end-vowel
! colspan="2" | end-consonant
|-
! Affix
! Example
! Affix
! Example
|-
! Nominative
| -Ø
| mytä (woman -NOM)
| -Ø
| k̠et (man -NOM)
|-
! Dative
| -j
| mytä'''j''' (to a woman)
| -(v)j
| k̠et'''äj''' (to a man)
|-
! Genative
| -s̠
| mytä'''s̠''' (of a woman)
| -(v)s̠
| k̠et'''äs̠''' (of a man)
|-
! Accusitive
| -t
| mytä'''t''' (woman -ACC)
| -(v)t
| k̠et'''ät''' (man -ACC)
|-
! Instrumental
| -p
| mytä'''p''' (using a woman)
| -(v)p
| k̠et'''äp''' (using a man)
|-
! Comitative
| -ts̠
| mytä'''ts̠''' (with a woman)
| -(v)ts̠
| k̠et'''äts̠''' (with a man)
|-
! Comparative
| -l
| mytä'''l''' (than/as a woman)
| -(v)l
| k̠et'''äl''' (than/as a man)
|-
! Inessive
| -v
| mytä'''v''' (in/side a woman)
| -(v)v
| k̠et'''äv''' (in/side a man)
|-
! Adessive
| -r
| mytä'''r''' (neer a woman)
| -(v)r
| k̠et'''är''' (neer a man)
|-
! Postessive
| -ks
| mytä'''ks''' (behind a woman)
| -(v)ks
| k̠et'''äks''' (behind a man)
|-
! Superessive
| -v(v)r
| mytä'''vär''' (on top of/above a woman)
| -(v)v(v)r
| k̠et'''ävär''' (on top of/above a man)
|-
! Subessive
| -k̠i
| mytä'''k̠i''' (under a woman)
| -(v)ki
| k̠et'''äk̠i''' (under a man)
|-
! Allative
| -m
| mytä'''m''' (to/towards a woman)
| -(v)m
| k̠et'''äm''' (to/towards a man)
|-
! Ablative
| -jo
| mytä'''jo''' (from a woman)
| -(v)jo
| k̠et'''äjo''' (from a man)
|-
! Lative
| -vi
| mytä'''vi''' (going in/side a woman)
| -(v)vi
| k̠et'''ävi''' (going in/side a man)
|-
! Elative
| -x
| mytä'''x''' (out of a woman)
| -(v)x
| k̠et'''äx''' (out of a man)
|-
! Benefactial
| -w(v)
| mytä'''wä''' (for a woman)
| -w(v)
| k̠et'''wä''' (for a man)
|-
! Prolative
| -n(v)
| mytä'''nä''' (via a woman)
| -(v)n(v)
| k̠et'''änä''' (via a man)
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan="5" | Inanimate
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | end-vowel
! colspan="2" | end-consonant
|-
! Affix
! Example
! Affix
! Example
|-
! Nominative
| -Ø
| saaqa (snow -NOM)
| -Ø
| qaat (rock -NOM)
|-
! Dative
| -q
| saaqa'''q''' (to snow)
| -(v)q
| qaat'''aq''' (to a rock)
|-
! Genative
| -s
| saaqa'''s''' (of snow)
| -(v)s
| qaat'''as''' (of a rock)
|-
! Accusitive
| -ły
| saaqa'''ły''' (snow -ACC)
| -(v)ły
| qaat'''ały''' (rock -ACC)
|-
! Instrumental
| -p
| saaqa'''p''' (using snow)
| -(v)p
| qaat'''ap''' (using a rock)
|-
! Comitative
| -ty
| saaqa'''ty''' (with snow)
| -(v)ty
| qaat'''aty''' (with a rock)
|-
! Comparative
| -l
| saaqa'''l''' (than/as snow)
| -(v)l
| qaat'''al''' (than/as a rock)
|-
! Inessive
| -vy
| saaqa'''vy''' (in/side snow)
| -(v)vy
| qaat'''avy''' (in/side a rock)
|-
! Adessive
| -ly
| saaqa'''ly''' (neer snow)
| -(ä)ly
| qaat'''aly''' (neer a rock)
|-
! Postessive
| -xs
| saaqa'''xs''' (behind snow)
| -(v)xs
| qaat'''axs''' (behind a rock)
|-
! Superessive
| -v(v)r
| saaqa'''var''' (on top of/above snow)
| -(v)v(v)r
| qaat'''avar''' (on top of/above a rock)
|-
! Subessive
| -t(v)r
| saaqa'''tar''' (under snow)
| -(a)t(v)r
| qaat'''atar''' (under a rock)
|-
! Allative
| -my
| saaqa'''my''' (to/towards snow)
| -(v)my
| qaat'''amy''' (to/towards a rock)
|-
! Ablative
| -jo
| saaqa'''jo''' (from snow)
| -(v)jo
| qaat'''ajo''' (from a rock)
|-
! Lative
| -wn(v)
| saaqa'''wna''' (going in/side snow)
| -(v)wn(v)
| qaat'''awna''' (going in/side a rock)
|-
! Elative
| -xy
| saaqa'''xy''' (out of snow)
| -(v)xy
| qaat'''axy''' (out of a rock)
|-
! Benefactial
| -wa
| saaqa'''wa''' (for snow)
| -wa
| qaat'''wa''' (for a rock)
|-
! Prolative
| -n
| saaqa'''n''' (via snow)
| -(v)n
| qaat'''an''' (via a rock)
|-
|}

Note: When the [[wikipedia:Comparative case|Comparative case]] is used with the comparative [[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|Comparison]] affix, the meaning is "than", in other use the case means "as":
: ''sappen äs̠s̠el'''äl''''' - cold as ice
: ''sappen'''laj''' äs̠s̠el'''äl''''' - colder than ice

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Mokha by default come before the noun, but they can go after if needed, nouns and verbs can be turned into adjectives via a suffix:
: suffix after a consonant -(v)n: ''k̠et'' (man) → ''k̠et'''än''''' (manly)
: suffix after a vowel -n: ''xanäjme'' (tribe/clan) → ''xanäjme'''n''''' (tribal)

: example with verb-to-adjective: ''ässä'' (to freeze) → ''ässä'''n''''' (freezing)

Adjectives agree with the number and article of the noun its effecting:
: ''ataw mytä'' (pretty woman) → ''ataw'''at''' mytä'''jt''''' (pretty women) → ''ataw'''atak''' mytä'''jtak''''' (the pretty women) 
: ''arun vajnax'' (bloody battle axe)  → ''arun'''na''' vajnax'''ita''''' (bloody battle axes) → ''arun'''nak''' vajnax'''itak''''' (the bloody battle axes)

===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="3" | Person & Number
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="2" | 3d
! rowspan="2" | Self
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="2" | 3d
! rowspan="2" | Self
|-
! Animate
! Inanimate
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! NOM
|Kol
|Ets̠i
|Äj
|Ym
|Tajtuj
|Kootä
|Ets̠iitä
|Äjiitä
|Yntä
|Tajtwiitä
|-
! DAT
|Kolaj
|Ets̠ij
|Äjäj
|Ymäj
|Tajtujaj
|Kootäj
|Ets̠iitäj
|Äjiitäj
|Yntäj
|Tajtwiitäj
|-
! GEN
|Kolas̠
|Ets̠is̠
|Äjäs̠
|Ymäs̠
|Tajtujas̠
|Kootäs̠
|Ets̠iitäs̠
|Äjiitäs̠
|Yntäs̠
|Tajtwiitäs̠
|-
! ACC
|Kolat
|Ets̠it
|Äjät
|Ymät
|Tajtujat
|Kootät
|Ets̠iität
|Äjiität
|Yntät
|Tajtwiität
|-
! INS
|Kolap
|Ets̠ip
|Äjäp
|Ymäp
|Tajtujap
|Kootäp
|Ets̠iitäp
|Äjiitäp
|Yntäp
|Tajtwiitäp
|-
! COM
|Kolats̠
|Ets̠its̠
|Äjäts̠
|Ymäts̠
|Tajtujats̠
|Kootäts̠
|Ets̠iitäts̠
|Äjiitäts̠
|Yntäts̠
|Tajtwiitäts̠
|-
! COMP
|Kolal
|Ets̠il
|Äjäl
|Ymäl
|Tajtujal
|Kootäl
|Ets̠iitäl
|Äjiitäl
|Yntäl
|Tajtwiitäl
|-
! INE
|Kolav
|Ets̠iv
|Äjäv
|Ymäv
|Tajtujav
|Kootäv
|Ets̠iitäv
|Äjiitäv
|Yntäv
|Tajtwiitäv
|-
! ADE
|Kolar
|Ets̠ir
|Äjär
|Ymär
|Tajtujar
|Kootär
|Ets̠iitär
|Äjiitär
|Yntär
|Tajtwiitär
|-
! POSTE
|Kolaks
|Ets̠iks
|Äjäks
|Ymäks
|Tajtujaks
|Kootäks
|Ets̠iitäks
|Äjiitäks
|Yntäks
|Tajtwiitäks
|-
! SUPE
|Kolavar
|Ets̠ivär
|Äjävär
|Ymävär
|Tajtujavar
|Kootävär
|Ets̠iitävär
|Äjiitävär
|Yntävär
|Tajtwiitävär
|-
! SUBE
|Kolak̠i
|Ets̠ik̠i
|Äjäk̠i
|Ymäk̠i
|Tajtujak̠i
|Kootäk̠i
|Ets̠iitäk̠i
|Äjiitäk̠i
|Yntäk̠i
|Tajtwiitäk̠i
|-
! ALL
|Koläm
|Ets̠im
|Äjäm
|Ymäm
|Tajtujam
|Kootäm
|Ets̠iitäm
|Äjiitäm
|Yntäm
|Tajtwiitäm
|-
! ABL
|Kolajo
|Ets̠ijo
|Äjäjo
|Ymäjo
|Tajtujajo
|Kootäjo
|Ets̠iitäjo
|Äjiitäjo
|Yntäjo
|Tajtwiitäjo
|-
! LAT
|Kolavi
|Ets̠ivi
|Äjävi
|Ymävi
|Tajtujavi
|Kootävi
|Ets̠iitävi
|Äjiitävi
|Yntävi
|Tajtwiitävi
|-
! ELA
|Kolax
|Ets̠ix
|Äjäx
|Ymäx
|Tajtujax
|Kootäx
|Ets̠iitäx
|Äjiitäx
|Yntäx
|Tajtwiitäx
|-
! BENE
|Kowa
|Ets̠iwä
|Äjwä
|Ymwä
|Tajtujwa
|Kootäwä
|Ets̠iitäwä
|Äjiitäwä
|Yntäwä
|Tajtwiitäwä
|-
! PROL
|Kolana
|Ets̠inä
|Äjänä
|Ymänä
|Tajtujana
|Kootänä
|Ets̠iitänä
|Äjiitänä
|Yntänä
|Tajtwiitänä
|-
|}

====Possession====
Mokha has possessive proclitic and enclitic affixes, the Genetive case pronouns can be used to add emphasis:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" | Person & Number
! colspan="2" | Proclitic form
! colspan="2" | Enclitic form
|-
! start/end<br>consonant
! start/end<br>vowel
! start/end<br>consonant
! start/end<br>vowel
|-
! Affix
! Affix
! Affix
! Affix
|-
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ju-
| juj-
| -(v)ju
| -ju
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| s̠u-
| s̠uj-
| colspan="2" | -s̠u
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| itu-
| ituj-
| -itu
| -jtu
|-
! Inanimate
| ymu-
| ymuj-
| -ymu
| -jmu
|-
! colspan="2" | Self{{efn|Used when one is talking about their property, unless using coppula, in which case the 1st person singular suffix is used}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| -(v<sub>2</sub>){{efn|No vowel when the last consonant is a nasal}}ts̠u
| -ts̠u
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st
| nu-
| nuj-
| -(v)nu
| -nu
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| s̠tu-
| s̠tuj-
| -(v)s̠tu
| -s̠tu
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| ittu-
| ittuj-
| -ittu
| -jttu
|-
! Inanimate
| ymmu-
| ymmuj-
| -ymmy
| -jmmu
|-
|}
{{notelist}}
Note: for the -j(c) suffixes, if the word ends in short ⟨e⟩ the suffixes become -/y(c):
: ''lavitte'' (home) → ''lavitt'''ytu''''' (his/her home)
: ''qaane'' (country) → ''qaab'''yttu''''' (their country)

Examples:
: Proclitic: '''''ju'''kuna'' (my knife)<br>Enclitic: ''kojäjpa'''ts̠u''' kuna'' (i use my knife)
: Proclitic: '''''s̠uj'''oqoj'' (your dog)<br>Enclitic: ''kok̠itan'''s̠u''' oqoj'' (i like your dog)
: Proclitic: '''''itu'''biły'' (his/her car)<br>Enclitic: ''kosas̠an'''itu''' biły'' (i will drive his/her car)

===Verbs===
====Tenses/Aspect/Moods====
:<type-1> - verbs ending in consonants
:<type-2> - verbs ending in vowels
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center; font-size:0.95em" 
|-
!rowspan="2"|Mood
!colspan="2"|Unwitnessed Past
!colspan="2"|Witnessed Past
!{{H:title|Present tense also acts as Infinitive|Present}}
!colspan="2"|Future
!colspan="2"|Future in the past
|-
!Simple
!{{H:title|Past perfect also acts as present perfect|Perfect}}
!Simple
!{{H:title|Past perfect also acts as present perfect|Perfect}}
!Simple
!Simple
!Perfect
!Simple
!Perfect
|-
! Indicative
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)t'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''t
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)t(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''t(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)t(v)r'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''t(v)r
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)t(v)r(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''t(v)r(v)p
| <small><type-1></small><br><small><type-2></small>
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)n'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''n
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)n(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''n(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)mm(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''mm(v)
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)mm(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''mm(v)p
|-
! {{H:title|Only occures in the 2nd person|Imperative}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)x'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''x'''
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)xn(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''(v)xn(v)
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! Capabilty
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ts'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ts
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ts(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ts(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ts(v)r'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ts(v)r
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ts(v)r(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ts(v)r(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)s'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''s'''
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ns'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ns
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ns(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ns(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)mm(v)s(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''mm(v)s(v)
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)mm(v)s(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''mm(v)s(v)p
|-
! Desiderative
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)t'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)t
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)t(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)t(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)t(v)r'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)t(v)r
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)t(v)r(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)t(v)r(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k(v)j'''<br><small><type-2>'''k(v)j'''</small>
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)n'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)n
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)n(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)n(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)mm(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)mm(v)
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)mm(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)mm(v)p
|-
! {{H:title|Only occures in the 1st person|Assertive}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)l'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)l
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! Hortative
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)t'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)t
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)t(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)t(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)t(v)r'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)t(v)r
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)t(v)r(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)t(v)r(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v'''
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)n'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)n
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)n(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)n(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)mm(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)mm(v)
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)mm(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)mm(v)p
|-
! Dehortative
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvät'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvät
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvätäp'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvätäp
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvätär'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvätär
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvätäräp'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvätäräp
| <small><type-1></small>'''yv'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyv'''
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvän'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvän
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvänäp'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvänäp
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvämä)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvämmä
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvämmäp'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvämmäp
|-
|}
The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
: k → k̠e
: t → ts̠e
: s → s̠e
: l → łe


====="To"=====
the prefix ''sy(j)-'' is added infront of the word, before the person affix, with the aproximant meaning of "to":
* '''sy'''kojorosanma? - should i eat? (lit: to i-eat ?)
* ekolka '''sy'''kojejymä? - you want me to take it?

====Person & Direction====
The language has affixes that signal who is doing and receaving the action of the verb:
note: when no subject prefix is added, the verb is in 3d person singular
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" | Person & Number
! colspan="2" | start/end-consonant
! colspan="2" | start/end-vowel
|-
! colspan="2" | Affix
! colspan="2" | Affix
|-
! Subjective
! Objective
! Subjective
! Objective
|-
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ko-
| -k(v){{efn|when clustered as ⟨pk⟩ → long k}}
| koj-
| -k(v)
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| e-
| -wa
| et-
| -wa
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -j(v){{efn|when in clusters ⟨kj, tj, sj, lj⟩ they ongo mutation → ⟨k̠, ts̠, s̠, ł⟩}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -j(v)
|-
! Inanimate
| y-
| -y
| ym-
| -my
|-
! colspan="2" | Self
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -tuj{{efn|when clustered as ⟨pt⟩ → long t}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -tuj
|-
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st
| kotä-
| -kot{{efn|when clustered as ⟨pk⟩ → long k}}
| kot-
| -kot
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ets̠i-
| -wat
| et-{{efn|when followed by ⟨i⟩ it ongoes mutation → ⟨ts̠⟩}}
| -wat
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| tä-
| -jät
| t-
| -jät
|-
! Inanimate
| ytä-
| -yt
| yt-
| -myt
|-
! colspan="2" | Self
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -twiit{{efn|when clustered as ⟨pt⟩ → long t}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -twiit
|-
|}
{{notelist}}
The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
: k → k̠e
: t → ts̠e
: s → s̠e
: l → łe

Examples:
: '''''koj'''orosan kaajt'' - i will eat berries<br>1SG.SUBJ-eat-FUT berry-PL
: '''''ko'''qajalkyqä'''wa''''' - i *will* kick your a*s<br>1SG.SUBJ-AUG.beat-ASRT-2SG.OBJ

Person affixes can be dropped when one uses the pronoun to add emphasis:
: '''''Ko'''naanap niive'' - i will cook a fish<br>1SG.SUBJ.cook-FUT.IMP fish
: '''''Kol''' naanap niive'' - '''i''' will cook a fish<br>1SG.NOM cook-FUT.IMP fish

====Copula====
Mokha has incorporated copula, but it can be separated to add emphasis, due to the language being pro-dorp, when a pronoun-copula is dropped, the copula moves behind the noun.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Person & Number
! rowspan="2" | Word
! end-consonant
! end-vowel
|-
! Affix
! Affix
|-
! rowspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| vär
| -(v)r
| -r
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ts̠eve
| -(v)j(v)
| -j(v)
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| äs̠s̠er
| -(v)s
| -s
|-
! Inanimate
| ytav
| -yv
| -jyv
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st
| värtä
| -(v)r(v)j
| -r(v)j
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ts̠evytä
| -(v)jt(v)
| -jt(v)
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| äs̠s̠ertä
| -(v)rs(v)
| -rs(v)
|-
! Inanimate
| ytavtä
| -yvv(v)
| -jvv(v)
|-
|}

Pronoun are commonly inflected:
:''kol vär'' → ''kolar'' (i am → i'm)
:''ets̠i ts̠eve'' → ''ets̠ijä'' (you are → you're)
:''äj äs̠s̠er'' → ''äjäs'' (he/she/it is → he/she/it's)
:''ym ytav'' → ''ymyv'' (it → it's)

===Negation===
Negation is achieved by attaching the word ''ej'' (no) infront of the word, in case of verbs, the affix ''nej'' (''ny'' when between consonants) is put before the verb stem and/or affix:

: ''mojas̠s̠ejyk'' (the living) → '''''ej'''mojas̠s̠ejyk'' (the nonliving)
: ''kok̠itanwa'' (i like you) → ''ko'''ny'''k̠itanwa'' (i don't like you)
: ''łejyväju biły'' (that's my car) → ''łe'''nej'''yväju biły'' (that isn't my car)

The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
: k → k̠e
: t → ts̠e
: s → s̠e
: l → łe

===Adverbs===
Adverbs are derived via the affix ''-(v)ts''

: ''kots̠ysäp istajla'''ts''''' (i went willingly)
: ''esuruwa ajtixä'''ts''''' (she/he glared angrily at her/him)
: ''ets̠imojas̠s̠e lotta'''ts''''' (they lived happily)

===Questions===
Questions in the Mokha language are indicated via a question particle, which comes in the form of an affix.

The particle after words ending in both consonants and vowels is -m(v)<br>
Depending on what part of the sentance it follows, it conveys difererent meaning and/or add emphasis.
: ''(kol) kojen'''mä''''' - will i run/i will run?
: ''kol'''ma''' kojen'' - will '''i''' run?
: ''kovittä'''mä'''wa'' - do i see you?
: ''kovittäwa'''ma''''' - do i see '''you'''?
One can add more emphasis on "you" by using the pronoun itself instead of the direction affix:
: ''kovittä ets̠i'''mä''''' - do i see {{underline|'''you'''}}?

Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding ''-ma'' to a question word
: ''ano'' - who
: ''ano'''ma''''' - i wonder who

===Numerals===
Mokha is a base 10 language.


{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan="4" | Cardinal numbers' table
|-
! rowspan="2" | 
! colspan="2" | Mokha
! Seykel
|-
! Literary
! Colloqual
! ''Literary''
|-
| 1
| tyts̠i
| tyts̠
| tis̠i
|-
| 2
| mits̠i
| mits̠
| mis̠i
|-
| 3
| rets̠i
| rets̠
| les̠i
|-
| 4
| juts̠i
| juts̠
| jus̠i
|-
| 5
| kats̠i
| kats̠
| kas̠i
|-
| 6
| jywants̠i
| jywants̠
| jiwans̠i
|-
| 7
| nurts̠i
| nurts̠
| nuls̠i
|-
| 8
| mits̠ipyrts̠a
| mits̠pyrts̠a
| mis̠ipirs̠a
|-
| 9
| tyts̠ipyrts̠a
| tyts̠pyrts̠a
| tis̠ipirs̠a
|-
| 10
| ts̠a
| ts̠a
| s̠a
|-
| 11
| tytts̠aly
| tytts̠al'
| tis̠is̠awar
|-
| 12
| mitts̠aly
| mitts̠al'
| mis̠is̠awar
|-
| 13
| retts̠aly
| retts̠al'
| les̠is̠awar
|-
| 14
| jutts̠aly
| jutts̠al'
| jus̠is̠awar
|-
| 15
| katts̠aly
| katts̠al'
| kas̠is̠awar
|-
| 16
| jywantts̠aly
| jywantts̠al'
| jiwans̠is̠awar
|-
| 17
| nurtts̠aly
| nurtts̠al'
| nuls̠is̠awar
|-
| 18
| mits̠ipyrmitts̠a
| mits̠pyrmitts̠a
| mis̠ipirmiz̠a
|-
| 19
| tyts̠ipyrts̠a
| tyts̠pyrts̠a
| tis̠ipirmiz̠a
|-
| 20
| mitts̠a
| mitts̠a
| miz̠a
|-
| 21
| mitts̠ajtyts̠i
| mitts̠ajtyts̠
| miz̠atis̠i
|-
| 30
| retts̠a
| retts̠a
| lez̠a
|-
| 40
| jutts̠a
| jutts̠a
| juz̠a
|-
| 50
| katts̠a
| katts̠a
| kaz̠a
|-
| 60
| jywantts̠a
| jywantts̠a
| jiwans̠a
|-
| 70
| nurtts̠a
| nurtts̠a
| nurs̠a
|-
| 80
| mitts̠apyrajly
| mitts̠aprajy
| miz̠apiraali
|-
| 90
| ts̠apyrajly
| ts̠aprajy
| s̠apiraali
|-
| 100
| ajly
| ajy
| aali
|-
| 101
| ajlyjtyts̠i
| ajyjtyts̠
| aaliitis̠i
|-
| 110
| ajlyjts̠a
| ajyjts̠a
| aaliis̠a
|-
| 111
| ajlyjtytts̠avar
| ajyjtytts̠a'ar
| aaliis̠aatis̠i
|-
| 200
| mits̠ajly
| mits̠ajy
| miz̠aali
|-
| 500
| kats̠ajly
| kats̠ajy
| kaz̠aali
|-
| 800
| mits̠ajlypyrakkäjpa
| mits̠ajyprakkäjpa
| miz̠aalipiragaapa
|-
| 900
| ajlypyrakkäjpa
| ajyprakkäjpa
| aalipiragaapa
|-
| 1 000
| akkäjpa
| akkäjpa
| agaapa
|-
| 1 999
| style="text-align: left"|akkäjpaj-<br>ajlypyrakkäjpaj-<br>ts̠apyrajlyj-<br>tyts̠ipyrts̠a
| style="text-align: left"|akkäjpaj-<br>ajyprakkäjpaj-<br>ts̠aprajyj-<br>tyts̠iprts̠a
| style="text-align: left"|agaapaa-<br>aalipiragaabaa-<br>s̠apiraalii-<br>tis̠ipirs̠a
|-
| 2 000
| mits̠akkäjpa
| mits̠akkäjpa
| miz̠agaapa
|-
| 1 000 000
| ts̠otats̠i
| ts̠otats̠
| s̠otas̠i
|-
|}

=Proto-Unduk=
===Syntax===
*SVO (SOV)
*possessee - possessor
*noun like adjectives
*noun - adjective
*postpositions
*Verb - Auxiliary

===Phonology & Orthography===
====Consonants====
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|+ 
! colspan=2 | 
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2| Nasal
| m {{IPA link|m|[m]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| n {{IPA link|n|[n]}}
| ň {{IPA link|ŋ|[ŋ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! colspan=2| Plosive
| p {{IPA link|p|[p]}}
| t {{IPA link|t|[t]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| k {{IPA link|k|[k]}}
| q {{IPA link|q|[q]}}
| ' {{IPA link|ʔ|[ʔ]}}
|- 
! colspan=2| Sibilant Affricate
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | 
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ts {{IPA link|t͡s|[t͡s]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|- 
! colspan=2| Lateral Affricate
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | 
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| tł {{IPA link|t͡ɬ|[t͡ɬ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! colspan=2| Fricative
| f {{IPA link|f|[f]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| s {{IPA link|s|[s]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| x {{IPA link|x|[x]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| h {{IPA link|h|[h]}}
|-
! rowspan=2| Aproximant
! <small>voiced</small> 
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| l {{IPA link|l|[l]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|- 
! <small>voiceless</small> 
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ł {{IPA link|ɬ|[ɬ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! colspan=2| Tap & Trill 
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| r {{IPA link|ɾ|[ɾ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|- 
|}
{{notelist}}

====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
! {{small|R-}}
! {{small|R+}}
! {{small|R-}}
! {{small|R+}}
|-
! Close
| i {{IPA link|i|[i]}}
| y {{IPA link|y|[y]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| u {{IPA link|u|[u]}}
|-
! Mid
| e {{IPA link|ɛ|[ɛ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| o {{IPA link|ɔ|[ɔ]}}
|-
! Open
| ä {{IPA link|æ|[æ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| a {{IPA link|ɑ|[ɑ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="8"| (Allowed) Diphthongs
|-
!
! [æ]
! [ɑ]
! [ɛ]
! [i]
! [y]
! [ɔ]
! [u]
|-
! [æ]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| äe [æɛ̯]
| äi [æɪ̯]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| äo [æɔ̯]
| äu [æʊ̯]
|-
! [ɑ]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ae [aɛ̯]
| ai [ɑɪ̯]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ao [ɑɔ̯]
| au [ɑʊ̯]
|-
! [ɛ]
| eä [ɛæ̯]
| ea [ɛɐ̯]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ei [ɛɪ̯]
| ey [ɛy̆]
| eo [ɛɔ̯]
| eu [ɛʊ̯]
|-
! [i]
| iä [ɪ̯æ]
| ia [ɪ̯a]
| ie [ɪ̯ɛ]
| ii [iɪ̯]
| iy [ɪ̯y]
| io [ɪ̯ɔ]
| iu [ɪ̯u]
|-
! [y]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| yi [yɪ̯]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| yu [yʊ̯]
|-
! [ɔ]
| oä [ɔæ̯]
| oa [ɔɐ̯]
| oe [ɔɛ̯]
| oi [ɔɪ̯]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ou [ɔʊ̯]
|-
! [u]
| uä [uæ̯]
| ua [uɐ̯]
| ue [uɛ̯]
| ui [uɪ̯]
| uy [uy̆]
| uo [uɔ̯]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|}
====Vowels -long====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | 
! colspan="3" |Short
! colspan="3" |Long
|-
! Front
! Central
! Back
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Close
| i {{IPA link|i|[i]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| u {{IPA link|u|[u]}}
| ii {{IPA link|iː|[iː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| uu {{IPA link|uː|[uː]}}
|-
! Close-mid
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| y {{IPA link|ɘ|[ɘ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! Open-Mid
| e {{IPA link|ɛ|[ɛ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| o {{IPA link|ɔ|[ɔ]}}
| ee {{IPA link|ɛː|[ɛː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| oo {{IPA link|ɔː|[ɔː]}}
|-
! Open
| ä {{IPA link|æ|[æ]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| a {{IPA link|ɑ|[ɑ]}}
| ää {{IPA link|æː|[æː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| aa {{IPA link|ɑː|[ɑː]}}
|-
|}

===Stress===
 Fixed stress on the first syllable

===Syllable structure & Phonotactics===
  (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
  C - consonant<br>V - vowel
 
  C<sub>1</sub> - no [ʔ]
  V - all vowel/diphthong
  C<sub>2</sub> - no [t͡ɬ] or [ʔ]
  
  First sound in a word cannot be [ŋ]
  No consonant clusters
  [p] appears between vowel clusters that aren't allowed

===Grammar===
  Plurality:
  
  Singular - ''no affix''
  Plural - -itä
  
  Only animate objects receave plurality

  Augmentative - qa-
  diminutive -łoh
  
  Noun -> Verb - -(p)ä (p when the vowel+ä diphthongs dosen't exist)
  Noun -> Adj - -(ä)n
  Verb -> Adj - -(ä)ň
  Verb -> Noun - -(ä)he
  Noun/Verb -> Adverb - -(ä)ts
  Adj -> Noun -> (y)ł
  
  when two words one subject to the other via case, are case-d, they conbine:
    Untukkas̠ Qaanejk -> Untukkas̠qaanejkänt
  
  Conbinational interfix: -i-
    dosent appear if its (/n/m/)-(c/v)
  
  Adjectives are contracted to nouns as suffixes
    Contractions use infix -e- to avoid consonant clusters
    Contractions use infix -p- to avoid unpermitted vowel clusters
    note: contracted words relating to religious/mythological creaters evolve as single words
    
  Diminutive suffix - -(y)łoh

====Nouns====
=====Cases=====
Cases: Proto-Unduk is yet to have developed a complex case system and a split of the INS-COM case:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! Affix
! Queastion
! Example
|-
! Nominative
| -Ø
| tene (what -NOM)<br>ano (who -NOM)
| qa'at (rock -NOM)
|-
! Dative
| -(e)q
| tenexä (to what)<br>anoxä (to whom)
| qa'at'''eq''' (to a rock)
|-
! Genative
| -(e)ł
| teneqä (of what)<br>anoqä (whose)
| qa'at'''eł''' (of a rock)
|-
! Accusitive
| -(e)t
| tenek (what -ACC)<br>anok (who-ACC)
| qa'at'''et''' (rock -ACC)
|-
! Instrumental<br>/Comitative
| -(e)p
| tenepä (using/ with what)<br>anopä (using/ withwho)
| qa'at'''ep''' (using/with a rock)
|-
|}

=====Articles=====
Defenite article hasn't evolved yet
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Type
! Word
! Аffix
! Example
|-
! Proximal-demonstrative
| kao
| k(a)-
| '''ka'''ka'aitä ('''this''' berries)
|-
! Distal-demonstrative
| xie
| x(e)-
| '''xe'''ka'aitä ('''that''' berries)
|-
! Partitive
| nyłoh
| ło(h)-
| '''ło'''ka'aitä ('''some''' berries)
|-
! Partitive-Collective
| itäitä
| itäi(t)-
| '''itäi'''ka'aitä ('''most''' berries)
|-
! Non-Partitive
| eineitä
| ei(n)-
| '''ei'''ka'aitä ('''no''' berries)
|-
|}

====Pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Person & Number
! NOM
! DAT
! GEN
! ACC
! INS-COM
|-
! rowspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="2" | First
| ko'o
| ko'oq
| ko'os
| ko'ot
| ko'op
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| eti
| etiq
| etis
| etit
| etip
|-
! rowspan="2" | Third
! Animate
| äi
| äiq
| äis
| äit
| äip
|-
! Inanimate
| ym
| ymeq
| ymes
| ymet
| ymep
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | First
| ko'oitä
| ko'oqitä
| ko'ositä
| ko'otitä
| ko'opitä
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| etiitä
| etiqitä
| etisitä
| etititä
| etipitä
|-
! rowspan="2" | Third
! Animate
| äipitä
| äiqitä
| äisitä
| äititä
| äipitä
|-
! Inanimate
| ymitä
| ymeqitä
| ymesitä
| ymekitä
| ymepitä
|-
|}

====Verbs====

*he'et - sit
*äipa - use
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Mood
!rowspan="2"|Infinite
!colspan="2"|Past
!Present
!colspan="2"|Future
!colspan="2"|Future in the past
|-
!Simple
!{{H:title|Past perfect also acts as present perfect|Perfect}}
!Simple
!Simple
!Perfect
!Simple
!Perfect
|-
! Indicative
| he'et'''i'''<br>äipa'''i
| he'et'''es'''<br>äipa'''s
| he'et'''esäp'''<br>äipa'''säp
| he'et<br>äipa
| he'et'''eň'''<br>äipa'''ň
| he'et'''eňäp'''<br>äipa'''ňäp
| he'et'''eme'''<br>äipa'''me
| he'et'''emep'''<br>äipa'''mep
|-
! {{H:title|Only occures in the 2nd person|Imperative}}
| he'et'''ie'''<br>äipa'''ie
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| he'et'''es'''<br>äipa'''s'''
| he'et'''eňe'''<br>äipa'''ňe
| he'et'''eňep'''<br>äipa'''ňep
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! Capabilty
| he'et'''äe'''<br>äipa'''säe
| he'et'''äes'''<br>äipa'''säes
| he'et'''äesäp'''<br>äipa'''säesäp
| he'et'''äe'''<br>äipa'''säe
| he'et'''äeň'''<br>äipa'''säeň
| he'et'''äeňäp'''<br>äipa'''säeňäp
| he'et'''äeme'''<br>äipa'''säeme
| he'et'''äemep'''<br>äipa'''säemep
|-
! {{H:title|Only occures in the 1st person|Assurtive}}
| he'et'''eqi'''<br>äipa'''qi
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| he'et'''eq'''<br>äipa'''q
| he'et'''eqäň'''<br>äipa'''qäň
| he'et'''eqäňäp'''<br>äipa'''qäňäp
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|}
=====Person and direction=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Person & Number
! colspan="2" | Affix
|-
! Subjective
! Objective
|-
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| k(o)-
| -(k)o
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| e(t)-
| -(p)ua
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -(p)iä
|-
! Inanimate
| y(m)-
| -(m)y
|-
! colspan="2" | Self
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -(e)tui
|-
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st
| kot(ä)-
| -(k)otä
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| et(i)-
| -(p)uatä
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| t(ä)-
| -(p)iätä
|-
! Inanimate
| yt(ä)-
| -(m)ytä
|-
! colspan="2" | Self
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -(e)tuitä
|-
|}

==Proto-Northern==
Cases develope:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Question
! colspan="2" | Inanimate
! colspan="2" | Animate
|-
! Affix
! Example
! Affix
! Example
|-
! Nominative
| tene (what -NOM)<br>ano (who -NOM)
| -Ø
| qaat (rock -NOM)
| -Ø
| ket (man -NOM)
|-
! Dative
| tenexä (to what)<br>anoxä (to whom)
| -(e)j
| qaat'''ej''' (to a rock)
| -(e)j
| ket'''ej''' (to a man)
|-
! Genative
| teneqä (of what)<br>anoqä (whose)
| -(e)s̠
| qaat'''es̠''' (of a rock)
| -(e)s̠
| ket'''es̠''' (of a man)
|-
! Accusitive
| tenek (what -ACC)<br>anok (who-ACC)
| -(e)t
| qaat'''et''' (rock -ACC)
| -(e)t
| ket'''et''' (man -ACC)
|-
! Instrumental
| tenepä (using what)<br>anopä (using who)
| -(e)p
| qaat'''ep''' (using a rock)
| -(e)p
| ket'''ep''' (using a man)
|-
! Comitative
| tenepä (with what)<br>anopä (with who)
| -(e)ts̠
| qaat'''ets̠''' (with a rock)
| -(e)ts̠
| ket'''ets̠''' (with a man)
|-
! Comparative
| tenepä (as what)<br>anopä (as who)
| -(ä)l
| qaat'''äl''' (as a rock)
| -(ä)l
| ket'''äl''' (as a man)
|-
! Inessive
| tenepä (in/side what)<br>anopä (on who)<ref>"who has it/the item"</ref>
| -(e)fy
| qaat'''efy''' (in/side a rock)
| -(e)
| ket'''efy''' (in/side a man)
|-
! Adessive
| tenepä (neer what)<br>anopä (neer who)
| -(ä)te
| qaat'''äty''' (neer a rock)
| -(ä)te
| ket'''äty''' (neer a man)
|-
! Postessive
| tenepä (behind what)<br>anopä (behind who)
| -(e)kis
| qaat'''ekis''' (behind a rock)
| -(e)kis
| ket'''ekis''' (behind a man)
|-
! Superessive
| tenepä (under what)<br>anopä (under who)
| -(a)ki
| qaat'''aki''' (under a rock)
| -(a)ki
| ket'''aki''' (under a man)
|-
! Subessive
| tenepä (on top of/above what)<br>anopä (on top of/above who)
| -(e)ken
| qaat'''eken''' (on top of/above a rock)
| -(e)ken
| ket'''eken''' (on top of/above a man)
|-
! Allative
| tenepä (towards what)<br>anopä (towards who)
| -(e)ry
| qaat'''ery''' (towards a rock)
| -(e)
| ket'''ery''' (towards a man)
|-
! Ablative
| tenepä (from what)<br>anopä (from who)
| -(e)lus
| qaat'''elus''' (from a rock)
| -(e)lus
| ket'''elus''' (from a man)
|-
! Lative
| tenepä (going in/side what)<br>anopä (going in/side who)
| -(e)fifin
| qaat'''efifin''' (going in/side a rock)
| -(e)
| ket'''efifin''' (going in/side a man)
|-
! Elative
| tenepä (out of what)<br>anopä (out of who)
| -(e)kepi
| qaat'''kepi''' (out of a rock)
| -(e)kepi
| ket'''kepi''' (out of a man)
|-
! Benefactial
| tenepä (for what)<br>anopä (for who)
| -ua
| qaat'''ua''' (for a rock)
| -ua
| ket'''ua''' (for a man)
|-
! Prolative
| tenepä (via what)<br>anopä (via who)
| -(e)nä
| qaat'''nä''' (via a rock)
| -(e)nä
| ket'''nä''' (via a man)
|-
|}

===Northern===
*SVO (SOV)
*possessee - possessor
*noun like adjectives
*adjective - noun
*postpositions
*Verb - Auxiliary

  vowel harmony developes
  defenite article defelopes: -(v)k
  
  [ʔ] disapears -> long vowels/diphthongs
  initial ⟨h⟩ / (v1)h(v2) -> ⟨x̠⟩ /χ/
  /h/ disapears, after/between vowels -> long vowel
  vowel disapears between ⟨k⟩ and ⟨s⟩ in polysyllabic words
  final long ⟨o⟩ -> ow
  ⟨ň⟩ -> ⟨n⟩
  ⟨ł⟩ -> /s̙/ (⟨s̠⟩) / ⟨tł⟩ -> /t͡ʃ/ (⟨ts̠⟩)
  ⟨li/e⟩ -> ⟨łi/e⟩
  ⟨f⟩ -> /v/ (⟨v⟩)

====Nanaic (Mokha)====
  unstressed short vowels between consonants in medial syllables disapaer, between long consonant and other consonant they stay
  long consonant clusters arent allowed
  stop consonant clusters become long consonants, taking the onset consonant (kt -> tt)
  vowel disapears between consonant-⟨t⟩ unless in a cluster or first syllable
  
  suffix irregularity assimilation
  
  ⟨x⟩ -> ⟨h⟩ (no sound change)
  diphthong ⟨ii⟩ -> long i
  diphthongs begining or ending in ⟨i⟩ become ⟨j⟩ (/j/), (v)ii -> (v)jii
  diphthongs begining or ending in ⟨u⟩ become ⟨w⟩ (/w/), except with fricatives
  ⟨sts⟩ -> ⟨ss⟩
  /y/ -> /ɪ̈/
  final ⟨w⟩ -> ⟨l⟩
  ⟨xi⟩ -> ⟨łi⟩
  ⟨lw⟩ -> ⟨w⟩
  ⟨xj⟩ -> ⟨ł⟩  
  ⟨lu/o⟩ -> ⟨łu/o⟩
  
  palatalization
    ⟨ki/e⟩ -> ⟨k̠i/e⟩ (k̠ - /c/) /also long k
    ⟨kj(v)⟩ -> ⟨k̠(v)⟩ /also long k
    ⟨ti/e⟩ -> ⟨ts̠i/e⟩ /also long t
    ⟨tj(v)⟩ -> ⟨ts̠(v)⟩ /also long t
    ⟨si/e⟩ -> ⟨s̠i/e⟩ /also long s
    ⟨sj(v)⟩ -> ⟨š(v)⟩ /also long s
    ⟨hj(v)⟩ -> ⟨j(v)⟩
    
    ''palatal'' consonent - j -> deletion of j
    
  nasal assimilation
    ⟨mt/s⟩ -> ⟨nt/s⟩
    ⟨np⟩ -> ⟨mp⟩
  
  consonant clusters including a long consonant -> short consonant
  y -> /ɘ/
  
  after seykel split:
  
  (c)ej(c) -> ⟨y⟩
  x̠ -> j / jj -> jw

=====Seykel=====
  ⟨k̠⟩ -> ⟨ts̠⟩ (/t͡ʃ/)
  ⟨ts̠⟩ -> ⟨s̠⟩
  ⟨ts⟩ -> ⟨s⟩
  ⟨y⟩ -> ⟨i⟩ (/i/)
  long consonant -> voiced short consonant
  ⟨(v)j⟩ -> long vowel
  long vowel - long vowel -> short vowel - short vowel
  i -> j with vowels
  ä and a merdge -> a
  ḡ -> dz̠
  x̠ disapears
  r -> l
  (v)o -> (V)w / o(v) -> w(v) ((v)oo -> (v)wo)
  ł -> x
  (v)l(v) -> (v)w(v)
  ae/ea -> e
  g -> j
  ⟨dz̠⟩ -> ⟨ts̠⟩ 
  ⟨dz⟩ -> ⟨ts⟩
  v -> w

====Monaic (Aarnuaq†)====
  unstressed short vowels between consonants in medial syllables disapaer, between long consonant and other consonant they stay
  long consonant clusters arent allowed
  stop consonant clusters become long consonants, taking the onset consonant (kt -> tt)
  
  consonants between vowels -> voiced (except /x/ or /ɬ/)
  loss of consonant lenght distinction
  ⟨y⟩ -> ⟨i⟩ (/i/)
  /ɢ/ -> /χ/ (⟨x̠⟩)
  q(c) -> h̠(c)
  qi/e -> h̠i/e
  qj -> h̠
  o and u merge -> u /o/
  (v)u/i -> (v)w/j 
  (v)w -> long vowel
  ä -> e
  (v)n -> nasal vowel / long vowels included 
  (v)u -> (v)w
  
  loss of nasal vowels
  ae - aje / ea -> eja
  (v)i(v) -> (v)j(v)
  m/nt/d/p -> loss of t/d/p
  long u (uu) -> ö /ø/
  uw -> ö
  long e (ee) -> ė /e/
  final ė -> i
  i(v) -> j(v)
  i(v) -> (v)j

  no distinction between nouns and adjectives as resault of phonological evolution

==Southern†==
====Yakrow†====
====Duwat†====

=Unduk writing systems=

Unduk Alphabet:
{| style="font-family:'Times new roman'; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dz dz
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dz̠ dz̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ė ė
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G̠ ḡ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H̠ h̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K̠ k̠
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ł ł
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N̠ n̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Q q
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S̠ s̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ts ts
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ts̠ ts̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | W w
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X̠ x̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z̠ z̠
|-
|}

=Aspects in mokha verbs=

  repetitive: (neetaax) entax-