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*'''Allative''' case indicates direction towards, e.g. the cat went '''to Anglia'''.
*'''Allative''' case indicates direction towards, e.g. the cat went '''to Anglia'''.


====Basic endings====
====Endings====
The endings of animate nouns are as follows, with ''hner'' "man, male person" as example:
The endings of anthematic, animate nouns are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!colspan="2"| Singular !!colspan="2"| Dual   !!colspan="2"| Plural
!  !! style="width:6em"| Singular !!style="width:6em"| Dual !!style="width:6em"| Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''hner'' || '''-s/-Ø''' ||rowspan="3"| ''hnera'' ||rowspan="3"| '''-a/-ʔ''' || ''hneres'' || '''-es'''
| '''-s/-Ø''' ||rowspan="3"| '''-ʔe''' || rowspan="2"| '''-es'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| ''hner'' || '''-Ø''' || ''hneres'' || '''-es'''
| '''-Ø'''  
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| ''hnerm̩'' || '''-m''' || ''hnerm̩s'' || '''-ms'''
| '''-m''' || '''-ms'''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| ''hneri'' || '''-i''' ||rowspan="3"| ''hnran'' ||rowspan="3"| '''-an''' ||  ''hnəra'' || '''-es/-as'''
| '''-Ø/-i''' || '''-ʔāw''' ||  '''-es'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''hnrey'' || '''-i/-ey''' || ''hnərmus'' || '''-mas'''
| '''-i/-ey''' || '''-mi''' || '''-mas'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''hnras'' || '''-s/-as''' || ''hnərus'' || '''-as'''
|rowspan="2"| '''-s/-as''' || '''-ʔas''' || '''-ʔam'''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| ''hnras'' ||colspan="5"| '''-s/-as'''
| '''-mi''' || '''-yas'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| ''hnra'' ||colspan="5"| '''-h/-a'''
| '''-t''' || '''-pi''' || '''-pyis'''
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| ''hnra'' ||colspan="5"| '''-a'''  
| '''-a''' || '''-a''' || '''-as'''
|}
|}


The endings of inanimate nouns are as follows, with ''wútər'' "water" as example:
The endings of athematic inanimate nouns:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!colspan="2"| Singular   !!colspan="2"| Plural
!  !!style="width:9em"| Singular !!style="width:9em"| Plural
|-
|-
! Absolutive
! Absolutive
| ''wétr̩'' || '''-Ø''' || ''wétr̩'' || '''-h/a/Ø'''
| '''-Ø''' || '''-a'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| ''wátər'' || colspan="3"| '''-Ø'''
| colspan="2"| '''-Ø'''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| ''uténi'' || '''-i''' || ''wétūri'' || '''-i'''  
| colspan="2"| '''-i'''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''utēn'' || '''-s'''  || ''utrés'' || '''-s'''  
| colspan="2"| '''-s'''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''uténi'' || '''-i''' || ''utréi'' || '''-i'''  
| colspan="2"| '''-i'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| ''uténta'' || '''-ta'''|| ''utréta'' || '''-ta'''  
| colspan="2"| '''-t'''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| ''utēn'' || '''-s'''|| ''utrés'' || '''-s'''  
| colspan="2"| '''-s'''
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| ''uténa'' || '''-a''' || ''utréa'' || '''-a'''  
| colspan="2"| '''-a'''
|}
 
The endings of thematic (a-stem) nouns of both the animate and inanimate genders:
{| class="wikitable"
!  !! style="width:6em" colspan="2"| Singular !!style="width:6em" rowspan="2"| Dual !!style="width:6em" colspan="2"| Plural
|-
!  !! Ani. !! Inani. !! Ani. !! Inani.
|-
! Nominative
| '''-as''' || '''-am''' ||rowspan="3"| '''-aʔ''' || rowspan="2"| '''-aes''' ||rowspan="3"| '''-ah'''
|-
! Vocative
|colspan="2"| '''-e'''
|-
! Accusative
|colspan="2"| '''-am''' || '''-ams'''
|-
! Locative
|colspan="2"| '''-ai''' || '''-aʔāw''' ||colspan="2"|  '''-aes'''
|-
! Dative
|colspan="2"| '''-aey''' || '''-ami''' ||colspan="2"| '''-amas'''
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2"| '''-as/-asya''' ||  '''-aʔas''' ||colspan="2"| '''-aʔam'''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" rowspan="2"| '''-at''' ||  '''-ami''' ||colspan="2"| '''-ayas'''
|-
! Instrumental
| '''-a''' ||colspan="2"| '''-ayis'''
|-
! Allative
|colspan="2"|  '''-a''' || '''-a''' ||colspan="2"| '''-as'''
|}
|}


Line 335: Line 369:


====-i/-u stems====
====-i/-u stems====
wawis/dyews
The ablauting stem in -ei- has the zero grade in the nominative singular, o-grade in the other strong forms, and e-grade in the locative.  Thus, the nominative singular typically has full-grade and stands in the zero-grade elsewhere.  ''wawis'' "ewe":
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| wawis<br>{{font color|grey|uauis}} ||rowspan="2"| wayʔe<br>{{font color|grey|uaiooe}}  || wayes<br>{{font color|grey|uaies}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| waym<br>{{font color|grey|uaim}}  || waym̩s<br>{{font color|grey|uaiomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| weyi<br>{{font color|grey|ueiei}} || weyʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|ueiooau}}  || weysi <br>{{font color|grey|ueisi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| awiey<br>{{font color|grey|awiei}} || awimā́<br>{{font color|grey|awimoa}} || awimás<br>{{font color|grey|awimas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| awias<br>{{font color|grey|awias}} || awiʔás<br>{{font color|grey|awiooas}} || awiʔám<br>{{font color|grey|awiooam}}
|}
|}
In contrast, the ablauting stem in -ew- often has zero-grade in the root everywhere and the full-grade forms in the suffix in the direct cases including locative.  Thus ''syews'' < PMC *dyews, "sky", with *d > s in front of a non-syllabic palatal glide, and the ending in the accusative may be old but also could be restored by analogy:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| syéws<br>{{font color|grey|sieus}} ||rowspan="2"| syéwʔe<br>{{font color|grey|sieuooe}}  || | syéwes<br>{{font color|grey|sieues}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| syéwm̩<br>{{font color|grey|siewom}}  || syéwm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|sieuomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| syéwi<br>{{font color|grey|siewi}} || syéwʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|sieuooau}}  || syéwsi <br>{{font color|grey|sieusi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| diwéy<br>{{font color|grey|diwei}} || diwmā́<br>{{font color|grey|diwmoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|diwmas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| diwás<br>{{font color|grey|diwas}} || diwʔás<br>{{font color|grey|diwooas}} || diwʔám<br>{{font color|grey|diwooam}}
|}
|}
====-ī/-ū stems====
====-ī/-ū stems====
ẉlkis/tenus (2)
The nouns of the type ''ẉlkis'' and ''tenus'' descend from PMC nouns in *-yeh₂- and *-weh₂- respectively.  Due to the inconsistent preservation of laryngeals in Antarian, the *h₂ causes various sound changes to their environments and only appear when directly preceded by *s- or followed by an *-s or other resonant.  The suffix has zero-grade in the nominative singular and the oblique cases but full-grade in the direct and locative cases.  There are alternative, zero-grade forms in the accusative.  ''ẉlkis'' "wolfess":
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| wl̩his<br>{{font color|grey|woloais}} ||rowspan="2"| wl̩hiʔe<br>{{font color|grey|woloaiooe}}  || wl̩hias<br>{{font color|grey|woloaias}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| wl̩kyam<br>{{font color|grey|wolokiam}}  || wl̩kyahm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|wolokiaaomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| wl̩kyai<br>{{font color|grey|wolokiai}} || wl̩kyaʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|wolokiaau}}  || wl̩kyahsi <br>{{font color|grey|woloiaasi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| wl̩kiay<br>{{font color|grey|wolokiai}} || wl̩kimā́<br>{{font color|grey|wolokima}} || wl̩kimás<br>{{font color|grey|wolokimas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| wl̩kias<br>{{font color|grey|wolokias}} || wl̩kiʔás<br>{{font color|grey|wolokiooas}} || wl̩kiʔám<br>{{font color|grey|wolokiooam}}
|}
|}
The stem from PMC *-weh₂- is typified here by the noun ''tenus'' "body".  The inflectional pattern of this noun is underlyingly identical to the one from *-yeh₂-, but *-nw- is assimilated to -nn-.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| ténus<br>{{font color|grey|tenus}} ||rowspan="2"| ténuʔe<br>{{font color|grey|tenuooe}}  || ténnaes<br>{{font color|grey|tennaes}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| ténnam <br>{{font color|grey|tennam}}  || ténnahm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|tennaaomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| tennai<br>{{font color|grey|tennai}} || ténnaʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|tennaooau}}  || ténnahsi <br>{{font color|grey|tennaasi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| tenuhay<br>{{font color|grey|tenuaaai}} || tenumā́<br>{{font color|grey|tenuma}} || tenumás<br>{{font color|grey|tenumas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| tenuhas<br>{{font color|grey|tenuaaas}} || tenuʔás<br>{{font color|grey|tenuooas}} || tenuʔám<br>{{font color|grey|tenuooam}}
|}
|}
pléh₁dʰh₁-uh₁-s
 
====-wʔ stem====
The noun ''pl̩lətstus'' < PMC *pléh₁dʰh₁-uh₁-s "people, crowd, multitude" exhibits stem-ablaut similar to the type above but from PMC *-weh₁-.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| pl̩lətstús<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstus}} ||rowspan="2"| pl̩lətstweʔe<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstwee}}  || pl̩lətstweʔes<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstwees}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| pl̩lətstweʔm̩<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstweoom}}  || pl̩lətstweʔm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstweoomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| pl̩lətstweʔi<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstweooi}} || pl̩lətstweʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || pl̩lətstweʔsi <br>{{font color|grey|pololotstweoosi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| pl̩lətstiwéy<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstiwei}} || pl̩lətstimmā́<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstimmoa}} || pl̩lətstiwmás<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstimmas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| pl̩lətstiwás<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstiwas}} || pl̩lətstiwʔás<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstiwooas}} || pl̩lətstiwʔám<br>{{font color|grey|pololotstiwooam}}
|}
|}
====-is/-us stems====
====-is/-us stems====
mentis/suqnus
The stems traditionally named ''mentis'' and ''suʔnus'' are distinct from the foregoing types by their oblique forms, where the accent falls on the suffix syllable and not on the ending; correspondingly, the endings always stand in zero-grade.  The root syllable has accent in the direct cases but ablauts to zero-grade where the accent shifts away from it.  ''mentis'' "thought":
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| méntis<br>{{font color|grey|mentis}} ||rowspan="2"| ménteyʔe<br>{{font color|grey|menteiooe}}  || ménteyes<br>{{font color|grey|menteies}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| méntim<br>{{font color|grey|mentim}}  || méntim̩s<br>{{font color|grey|mentims}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| ménti<br>{{font color|grey|menti}} || ménteyʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|menteyooau}}  || ménteysi <br>{{font color|grey|menteisi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| mn̩teyi<br>{{font color|grey|monoteiei}} || mn̩teymā́<br>{{font color|grey|monoteima}} || mn̩teymás<br>{{font color|grey|monoteimas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| mn̩teys<br>{{font color|grey|monoteis}} || mn̩teyʔás<br>{{font color|grey|monoteiooas}} || mn̩teyʔám<br>{{font color|grey|monoteiooam}}
|}
|}
The noun ''suʔnus'' "son" exhibits largely the same pattern:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| suʔnus<br>{{font color|grey|suoonus}} ||rowspan="2"| suʔnewʔe<br>{{font color|grey|suooneuooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|suooneues}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| suʔnum<br>{{font color|grey|suoonom}}  ||suʔnewm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|suoonewomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| suʔnew<br>{{font color|grey|suooneu}} || suʔnewʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|suooneuooau}}  || suʔnewsi <br>{{font color|grey|suooneusi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| suʔnewi<br>{{font color|grey|suooneui}} || suʔnewmā́<br>{{font color|grey|suooneuma}} || suʔnewmás<br>{{font color|grey|suooneumas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| suʔnews<br>{{font color|grey|suooneus}} || suʔnewʔás<br>{{font color|grey|suooneuooas}} || suʔnewʔám<br>{{font color|grey|suooneuooam}}
|}
|}
====-ih====
====-ih====
kennetrii
There exists a separate class of nouns in -i < PMC *-yeh₂ whose endings are perpetually in the zero-grade, e.g. ''kennətri'' "mother, genetrix":
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| kénnətri<br>{{font color|grey|kennotri}} ||rowspan="2"| kn̩nətr̩yaʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiaooe}}  || kn̩nətr̩yaes<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiaes}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| kn̩nətr̩yam<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiam}}  || kn̩nətr̩yams<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiams}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| kn̩nətr̩yah<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiaa}} || kn̩nətr̩yaʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiaooau}}  || kn̩nətr̩yahsi <br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiaasi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| kn̩nətr̩yay<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiai}} || kn̩nətr̩yamā́<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiama}} || kn̩nətr̩yamás<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiamas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| kn̩nətr̩yahs<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiaas}} || kn̩nətr̩yaʔás<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroyaooas}} || kn̩nətr̩yaʔám<br>{{font color|grey|kononotoroiaooam}}
|}
|}
====-nt stem====
====-nt stem====
tant/tnt/tent
The stems in -nt are the most notable as participles of present stems.  One class takes the e-grade in the direct cases and o-grade in the nominative singular, while another class takes the o-grade throughout the direct cases, other than the locative.  ''tants'' "tooth":
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| tants<br>{{font color|grey|tants}} ||rowspan="2"| tantʔe<br>{{font color|grey|tantooe}}  || tantes <br>{{font color|grey|tantes}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| tentm̩<br>{{font color|grey|tentom}}  || tentm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|tantomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| tenti<br>{{font color|grey|tenti}} || tentʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|tentooau}}  || tentsi <br>{{font color|grey|tentsi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| tn̩tey<br>{{font color|grey|tonotei}} || tn̩tmā́<br>{{font color|grey|tonotmoa}} || tn̩tmás<br>{{font color|grey|tonotmas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| tn̩tas<br>{{font color|grey|tonotas}} || tn̩tʔás<br>{{font color|grey|tonotooas}} || tn̩tʔám<br>{{font color|grey|tonotooam}}
|}
|}
qsant/qsnt/qsant
 
''ʔsants'' "being":
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| ʔsants<br>{{font color|grey|ssants}} ||rowspan="2"| ʔsantʔe<br>{{font color|grey|ssantooe}}  || ʔsantes<br>{{font color|grey|ssantes}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| ʔsantm̩<br>{{font color|grey|ssantom}}  || ʔsantm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|ssantomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| ʔsenti<br>{{font color|grey|ssenti}} || ʔsentʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|ssentooau}}  || ʔsentsi <br>{{font color|grey|ssentsi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| ʔsn̩tey <br>{{font color|grey|ssonotei}} || ʔsn̩tmā́<br>{{font color|grey|ssonotmoa}} || ʔsn̩tmás<br>{{font color|grey|ssonotmas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| ʔsn̩tas <br>{{font color|grey|ssonotas}} || ʔsn̩tʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ssonotooas}} || ʔsn̩tʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ssonotooam}}
|}
|}
====-wā́s stem====
====-wā́s stem====
perf. act. part.
The stem in -was < PMC *-wos forms the participle from the perfect stem. Both the root and suffix participate in ablaut: the root is in full-grade in the nominative singular and zero-grade elsewhere, while the suffix stands in full-grade in all direct cases including nominative singular, and zero-grade elsewhere. ''weyswas'' "the one who knows", n.b. *d > s in front of *y and *w when not vocalized:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| weyswā́s<br>{{font color|grey|weisuas}} ||rowspan="2"| wiswasʔe<br>{{font color|grey|wisuasooe}}  || wiswases<br>{{font color|grey|wisuases}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| wiswasm̩<br>{{font color|grey|wisuasom}}  || wiswasm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|wisuasomos}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| wiswas<br>{{font color|grey|wisuas}} || wiswasʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|wisuasooau}}  || wiswassi <br>{{font color|grey|wisuassi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| widusey<br>{{font color|grey|widusei}} || widusmā́<br>{{font color|grey|widusmoa}} || widusmás<br>{{font color|grey|widusmas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| widusas<br>{{font color|grey|widusas}} || widusʔás<br>{{font color|grey|widusooas}} || widusʔám<br>{{font color|grey|widusooam}}
|}
|}
====-h stem====
====-h stem====
kenh, knahs
The stem in -h is known from only one noun, ''kenh'' "woman".  The root and suffix participate in gradation.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
|-
! Nom.
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}  
| kenh<br>{{font color|grey|kenaa}} ||rowspan="2"| knaʔe<br>{{font color|grey|gnaooe}}  || knaes<br>{{font color|grey|gnaes}}  
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Acc.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}  
| knam<br>{{font color|grey|gnam}}  || knams<br>{{font color|grey|gnams}}  
|-
|-
! Loc.
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
| kna<br>{{font color|grey|gna}} || knaʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|gnaooau}}  || knahsi <br>{{font color|grey|gnaasi}}
|-
|-
! Dat.
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
| knay<br>{{font color|grey|gnai}} || knamā́<br>{{font color|grey|gnama}} || knamás<br>{{font color|grey|gnamas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| knahs<br>{{font color|grey|gnaas}} || knaʔás<br>{{font color|grey|gnaas}} || knaʔám<br>{{font color|grey|gnaam}}
|}
|}
====-r/n stem====
====-r/n stem====
wetr̩
These nouns have stems which show not vocalic gradation but different consonant between direct and oblique cases.  The most common pattern is -r- in the direct, and -n- in the oblique.  All nouns in this class are inanimate and possess a full-grade stem in the plural, which in morphology declines as singular.  ''wetr̩'' "water":
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
|-
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Abs.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}} || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}
| wetr̩<br>{{font color|grey|wetor}} || wetara <br>{{font color|grey|wetara}}  
|-
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
|-
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| utens<br>{{font color|grey|utens}} || utnes <br>{{font color|grey|udnas}}
|}
|}
====-l/n stem====
====-l/n stem====
sawl̩
The word ''sawl̩'' "sun" has a unique alternation l/n but is otherwise comparable to the r/n pattern.  As the Sun is considered a unique star, it has no attested plural.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing. !!style="width:6em"| Du.  !!style="width:6em"| Pl.
!  !!style="width:6em"| Sing.  
|-
! Nom.
| kesā́r<br>{{font color|grey|kesaor}} ||rowspan="2"| kserʔe<br>{{font color|grey|kserooe}}  || kséres<br>{{font color|grey|kseres}}
|-
|-
! Acc.
! Abs.
| ksérm̩<br>{{font color|grey|kserom}}  || ksérm̩s<br>{{font color|grey|kseromos}}
| sawl̩<br>{{font color|grey|sauol}}  
|-
! Loc.
| kséri<br>{{font color|grey|kseri}} || kserʔāw<br>{{font color|grey|kserooau}}  || ksérsi <br>{{font color|grey|ksersi}}
|-
! Dat.
| ksréy<br>{{font color|grey|kisrei}} || ksr̩mā́<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromoa}} || ksr̩más<br>{{font color|grey|ksoromas}}  
|-
|-
! Gen.
! Gen.
| ksrás<br>{{font color|grey|kisras}} || ksr̩ʔás<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooas}} || ksr̩ʔám<br>{{font color|grey|ksorooam}}
| shwens<br>{{font color|grey|sauens}}  
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 05:23, 11 October 2021

Antarian (wāk antarihas) is an independent branch of the Maverico-Casaterran family of languages, native to Antari and neighbouring regions in Vinya. Its sole surviving member, Antarian, is the native language of most Antarians and is co-official with Anglian in Antari. The family contains other extinct languages such as Marallic, Capeatic, Cadialic, and Meyianic. The language is also spoken by minorities in other Vinyan states, where it is mostly unrecognized.

Antarian has the longest written tradition of any living Maverico-Casaterran language, having been attested more-or-less continuously for about 4,000 years on Antarian syllabary script and then the Alphabet, introduced in the 7th century BCE. Knowledge of the Antarian syllabary having gone extinct after the Alphabet's introduction, the script was rediscovered in 1784 but remained undeciphered due to its small corpus of limited subject matter. Anglian antiquarian Sir Edward Keen led the academic effort towards its decipherment in the 1890s and 1900s and conclusively demonstrated it as an archaic form of the Antarian language in 1910. It is often described as the sister to all other Maverico-Casaterran branches in view of its many archaic features.

The first millennium of the attestation of Antarian consists almost exclusively of personal names, labels, inventories, and transaction accounts. Occasionally, longer texts reflecting directions for craftsmen are found. The written record of Antarian experienced a notable enrichment under the Old Antarian Kingdom, during which literature is first set in writing, it being assumed that an oral tradition was normal both at the royal court and in communities.

History

Under the Maverico-Antarian Hypothesis, first raised by Henry Hatter, the ancestor to all Antarian languages diverged from the Proto-Maverico-Casaterran about 6,000 years ago. Two methods have been accpeted to support this date: firstly, the shared vocabulary between Proto-Antarian and other Proto-Maverico-Casaterran languages reflects a neolithic society without the ability to fashion elaborate objects from metallurgy, and secondly, assuming a constant rate of attrition, the relatively few cognate remains within the core vocabulary.

The Antarian language is customarily divided into the following phases:

  • Proto-Antarian, the unattested ancestor to the Antarian family, spoken just after splitting from Proto-Maverico-Casaterran.
  • Syllabary Antarian, the language attested from about 2000 BCE to 500 BCE with the syllabary script; later phases of the language reflect many features of earlier Classical Antarian, but also present are archaic set phrases.
  • Classical Antarian, the lingua franca of the Old Antarian Kingdom, spoken from about 750 BCE to the start of the Common Era.
  • Late Antarian, the lingua franca of the New Antarian Kingdom, spoken from the 3rd centry CE to the 10th century. Late Antarian, though attested on media and forms close to their Classical counterparts, is not a direct evolution of the Classical language and shows influence from Caditic.
  • Medieval Antarian, spoken from the 10th century to the 14th century.
  • Early Modern Antarian
  • Modern Antarian

Geographic distribution

Grammar

The grammars of the Antarian languages are highly inflected and, owing to the family's early attestation, preserves a number of archaic Proto-Maverico-Casaterran features and correspondingly does not share in certain innovations, though common innovations are also attested. Due to this genetic position, Antarian has been influential in the reconstruction of Proto-Maverico-Casaterran grammar and syntax.

Word structure

Most Antarian words can be analyzed as a root, ending, and optionally a suffix between them. The root provides a basic meaning and can be used in all parts of speech. Endings in verbs provide the person, number, aspect, and voice, and in nouns the case and number. Suffixes modify the meaning of the root The tripartite word structure of Antarian is inherited from the PMC ancestral language and closely correlates to ablaut patterns.

Ablaut

A common feature in all Antarian languages is ablaut or apophony, where the form of the vowel in each syllable differs amongst zero-grade (noted in some texts as Ø), e-grade, and o-grade; ablaut is correlated but not completely determined by the position of accent, where the accented syllable is likely to have a full grade, i.e. e- or o-grade, and both are strongly related to syntax in both substantives and verbs.

The thematic vowel is present in Antarian in limited numbers. Whereas its presence or absence is a fundamental division in the conjugation and declensional paradigms in other MC langauges, the thematic vowel in Antarian is more akin to a suffix and cannot, in principle, be applied to other suffixes.

Nouns

Nouns in Syllabary Antarian decline for three numbers and nine cases, though not all permutations of number and case are morphologically distinct. Nouns are either animate or inanimate in gender, where animate nouns are generally cognate with masculine and feminine nouns in other MC languages, while inanimate nouns correspond to neuter nouns therein. The following sketches the basic semantics of each of the cases:

  • Nominative case is used for the animate subject of verbs, e.g. the cat drinks water.
  • Absolutive case is used for the inanimate subject of intransitive verbs and inanimate object of transitive verbs, e.g. the water drips, or the cat drinks water.
  • Accusative case is used for the animate subject of transitive verbs, e.g. the cat eats the dog.
  • Vocative case signifies direct address. In animate nouns, the vocative takes the full-grade stem without endings. In inanimate nouns, the vocative case always takes the singular stem and is identical to the absolutive form. In translation to Anglian, the interjection o is typically used to mark vocative use, e.g. o water, you drip.
  • Genitive case marks the possessor.
  • Dative case marks the indirect object of transitive verbs or beneficiary in intransitive verbs in some clauses, e.g. the man gave tuna to the cat, or the cat speaks.
  • Locative case marks locations, e.g. the cat slept in the bed.
  • Ablative case provides a variety of extra information or origin, e.g. the cat ate tuna from Anglia.
  • Allative case indicates direction towards, e.g. the cat went to Anglia.

Endings

The endings of anthematic, animate nouns are as follows:

Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -s/-Ø -ʔe -es
Vocative -Ø
Accusative -m -ms
Locative -Ø/-i -ʔāw -es
Dative -i/-ey -mi -mas
Genitive -s/-as -ʔas -ʔam
Ablative -mi -yas
Instrumental -t -pi -pyis
Allative -a -a -as

The endings of athematic inanimate nouns:

Singular Plural
Absolutive -Ø -a
Vocative -Ø
Locative -i
Genitive -s
Dative -i
Instrumental -t
Ablative -s
Allative -a

The endings of thematic (a-stem) nouns of both the animate and inanimate genders:

Singular Dual Plural
Ani. Inani. Ani. Inani.
Nominative -as -am -aʔ -aes -ah
Vocative -e
Accusative -am -ams
Locative -ai -aʔāw -aes
Dative -aey -ami -amas
Genitive -as/-asya -aʔas -aʔam
Ablative -at -ami -ayas
Instrumental -a -ayis
Allative -a -a -as

-r stem

There are four types of nouns with a stem in -r. These are traditionally named the "father", "mother", "parent", and "hand" types and are all animate nouns. With the exception of the fourth type, kesar "hand", all r-stem nouns are descended from PMC agentive nouns in *-ter and *-tor, the former especially denoting kinship terms. The first two patterns diverge in the place of their accent: the accent is mobile on "father" and shifts to the ending in the oblique cases, while they are static on the root syllable in "mother". The final pattern for kesar is infrequent but attested in a few common nouns.

1. The pattern of ptér "father":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. ptér
piter		 ptérʔe
piteroe		 ptéres
piteres
Acc. ptérm̩
piterom		 ptérm̩s
piteromos
Loc. ptéri
piteri		 ptérʔāw
piterooaou		 ptérsi
pitersi
Dat. ptréy
piterei		 ptr̩mā́
pitoromoa		 ptr̩más
pitoromas
Gen. ptrás
pitras		 ptr̩ʔás
pitorooas		 ptr̩ʔám
pitorooam

2. The pattern of mátar "mother":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. mátar
matar		 mátr̩ʔe
matorooe		 mátres
matres
Acc. mátr̩m
matorom		 mátr̩ms
matoroms
Loc. mátr̩i
matoroi		 mátr̩ʔāw
matorooaou		 mátr̩si
matorosi
Dat. mátr̩i
matoroi		 mátr̩mā
matoromoa		 mátr̩mas
matoromas
Gen. mátr̩s
matoros		 mátr̩ʔas
matorooas		 mátr̩ʔam
matorooam

3. The pattern of kennətār "parent":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. kénnətār
kennotoar		 kénnəterʔe
kennoterooe		 kénnəteres
kennoteres
Acc. kénnəterm̩
kennoterom		 kénnəterms
kennoteroms
Loc. kennətr̩i
kennotri		 kénnətr̩ʔāw
kennotorooaou		 kénnətersi
kennotersi
Dat. kn̩nətrei
kononotrei		 kn̩nətr̩mā
kononotoromoa		 kn̩nətr̩más
kononotoromas
Gen. kn̩nətrás
kononotras		 kn̩nətr̩ʔás
kononotorooas		 kn̩nətr̩ʔám
kononotorooam

4. The pattern of kesar "hand":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. kesā́r
kesaor		 kserʔe
kserooe		 kséres
kseres
Acc. ksérm̩
kserom		 ksérm̩s
kseromos
Loc. kséri
kseri		 kserʔāw
kserooau		 ksérsi
ksersi
Dat. ksréy
kisrei		 ksr̩mā́
ksoromoa		 ksr̩más
ksoromas
Gen. ksrás
kisras		 ksr̩ʔás
ksorooas		 ksr̩ʔám
ksorooam

-n stem

tkmman, "human, earthling":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. tkm̩mā́n
dgomomaon		 tkm̩menʔe
dgomomenooe		 tkm̩menes
dgomomenes
Acc. tkm̩menm̩
dgomomenom		 tkm̩menm̩s
dgomomenomos
Loc. tkm̩men
dgomomen		 tkm̩menʔāw
dgomomenooaou		 tkm̩mensi
dgomomensi
Dat. tkm̩mnéy
dgomomney		 tkm̩mnmā́
dgomomonomoa		 tkm̩mnmás
dgomomonomas
Gen. tkm̩mnás
dgomonas		 tkm̩mnʔás
dgomomonooas		 tkm̩mnʔám
dgomomonooam

uksḗn, "ox":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. uksḗn
uksean		 uksénʔe
uksenooe		 uksénes
uksenes
Acc. uksénm̩
uksenom		 uksénm̩s
uksenomos
Loc. ukséni
ukseni		 uksénʔāw
uksenooaou		 uksénsi
uksensi
Dat. uksnéy
uksnei		 uksnmā́
uksonomao		 uksnmás
uksonomas
Gen. uksnás
uksnas		 uksnʔás
uksonooas		 uksnʔám
uksonooam

-s stem

The suffix is -ses-. In the nominative singular, the suffix ablauts to -sas- < PMC *-sos-, but in direct cases remains -ses-. The animate nominative singular ending *-s is lost after -s of the suffix and causes compensatory lengthening to -sās. The same in oblique stem where the suffix is zero-grade -ss- and in the locative plural, where the -si ending triggers the same phenomenon to give -sēs- in the suffix.

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. héwsās
heusas		 husesʔe
husesooe		 huseses
huseses
Acc. husesm̩
husesom		 husesm̩s
husesomos
Loc. husesi
husesi		 husesʔāw
husesooau		 husēsi
husesi
Dat. hūséy
husei		 hūsmā́
husmoa		 hūsmás
husmas
Gen. hūsás
husas		 hūsʔás
husooas		 hūsʔám
husooam

-t stem

The suffix is -et-. The root takes full-grade in all forms. The suffix is in o-grade in the direct cases, e-grade in the locative, and zero-grade in the nominative singular and oblique cases. The zero-grade in the nominative is by analogy. hnept "nephew":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. hnept
anept		 hnepatʔe
anepatooe		 hnepates
anepates
Acc. hnepatm̩
anepatom		 hnepatm̩s
anepatomos
Loc. hnepeti
anepeti		 hnepetʔāw
anepetoau		 hnepetsi
anepetsi
Dat. hneptéy
aneptei		 hneptmā́
aneptmoa		 hneptmás
aneptmas
Gen. hneptás
aneptas		 hneptʔás
aneptooas		 hneptʔám
aneptooam

-l stem

This pattern is represented by the word sal "sea", whence also Anglian "salt". The strong stem of the word is from PMC *sh₂el- > shal-, contra nom. stem *seh₂l- > sal-.

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. sā́l
saol		 shalʔe
saalooe		 shales
saales
Acc. shalm̩
saalom		 shalm̩s
saalomos
Loc. shali
saali		 shalʔāw
saalooau		 shalsi
saalsi
Dat. sley
slei		 sl̩mā́
solomoa		 sl̩más
solomas
Gen. slás
slas		 sl̩ʔás
solooas		 sl̩ʔám
solooam

-ʔ stem

The stem in -ʔ is rare. It stands in full-grade in the strong cases and in the zero-grade in the nominative singular and elsewhere. Due to phonotactical constraints, *ʔ between consonants triggers the gemination of the preceding consonant and the epenthetic insertion of /ə/; the avoidance of *tt and *ss geminates may trigger further phonetic changes. In the dual, the underlying sequence *ʔʔ appears and is the cause of multiple alternative forms, e.g. **pantʔs > *panttəs > pantstəs "way":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. pantstəs
pantstos		 pantéʔʔe
panteooe		 pantéʔes
panteooes
Acc. pantéʔm̩
panteeom		 pantéʔm̩s
panteeomos
Loc. pantéʔi
panteei		 pantéʔʔāw
panteooaou		 pantéʔsi
panteoosi
Dat. pn̩tʔéy
ponotooei		 pn̩tstəmā́
ponotstomao		 pn̩tʔmás
ponotstomas
Gen. pn̩tʔás
ponotooas		 pn̩tʔʔás
ponotstoooas		 pn̩tʔʔám
ponotstoooam

-m stem

tekam, "earth":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. tekam
tekam		 tkemʔe
tkemooe		 tkemes
tkemes
Acc. tkemm̩
tkemom		 tkemm̩s
tkemomos
Loc. tkemi
tkemi		 tkemʔāw
tkemooau		 tkemsi
tkemsi
Dat. tkméy
dagomei		 tkm̩mā́
dgommoa		 tkm̩más
dgomomas
Gen. tkmás
dagomas		 tkm̩ʔás
dagomooas		 tkm̩ʔám
dgomooam

-i/-u stems

The ablauting stem in -ei- has the zero grade in the nominative singular, o-grade in the other strong forms, and e-grade in the locative. Thus, the nominative singular typically has full-grade and stands in the zero-grade elsewhere. wawis "ewe":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. wawis
uauis		 wayʔe
uaiooe		 wayes
uaies
Acc. waym
uaim		 waym̩s
uaiomos
Loc. weyi
ueiei		 weyʔāw
ueiooau		 weysi
ueisi
Dat. awiey
awiei		 awimā́
awimoa		 awimás
awimas
Gen. awias
awias		 awiʔás
awiooas		 awiʔám
awiooam

In contrast, the ablauting stem in -ew- often has zero-grade in the root everywhere and the full-grade forms in the suffix in the direct cases including locative. Thus syews < PMC *dyews, "sky", with *d > s in front of a non-syllabic palatal glide, and the ending in the accusative may be old but also could be restored by analogy:

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. syéws
sieus		 syéwʔe
sieuooe		 syéwes
sieues
Acc. syéwm̩
siewom		 syéwm̩s
sieuomos
Loc. syéwi
siewi		 syéwʔāw
sieuooau		 syéwsi
sieusi
Dat. diwéy
diwei		 diwmā́
diwmoa		 ksr̩más
diwmas
Gen. diwás
diwas		 diwʔás
diwooas		 diwʔám
diwooam

-ī/-ū stems

The nouns of the type ẉlkis and tenus descend from PMC nouns in *-yeh₂- and *-weh₂- respectively. Due to the inconsistent preservation of laryngeals in Antarian, the *h₂ causes various sound changes to their environments and only appear when directly preceded by *s- or followed by an *-s or other resonant. The suffix has zero-grade in the nominative singular and the oblique cases but full-grade in the direct and locative cases. There are alternative, zero-grade forms in the accusative. ẉlkis "wolfess":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. wl̩his
woloais		 wl̩hiʔe
woloaiooe		 wl̩hias
woloaias
Acc. wl̩kyam
wolokiam		 wl̩kyahm̩s
wolokiaaomos
Loc. wl̩kyai
wolokiai		 wl̩kyaʔāw
wolokiaau		 wl̩kyahsi
woloiaasi
Dat. wl̩kiay
wolokiai		 wl̩kimā́
wolokima		 wl̩kimás
wolokimas
Gen. wl̩kias
wolokias		 wl̩kiʔás
wolokiooas		 wl̩kiʔám
wolokiooam

The stem from PMC *-weh₂- is typified here by the noun tenus "body". The inflectional pattern of this noun is underlyingly identical to the one from *-yeh₂-, but *-nw- is assimilated to -nn-.

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. ténus
tenus		 ténuʔe
tenuooe		 ténnaes
tennaes
Acc. ténnam
tennam		 ténnahm̩s
tennaaomos
Loc. tennai
tennai		 ténnaʔāw
tennaooau		 ténnahsi
tennaasi
Dat. tenuhay
tenuaaai		 tenumā́
tenuma		 tenumás
tenumas
Gen. tenuhas
tenuaaas		 tenuʔás
tenuooas		 tenuʔám
tenuooam

-wʔ stem

The noun pl̩lətstus < PMC *pléh₁dʰh₁-uh₁-s "people, crowd, multitude" exhibits stem-ablaut similar to the type above but from PMC *-weh₁-.

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. pl̩lətstús
pololotstus		 pl̩lətstweʔe
pololotstwee		 pl̩lətstweʔes
pololotstwees
Acc. pl̩lətstweʔm̩
pololotstweoom		 pl̩lətstweʔm̩s
pololotstweoomos
Loc. pl̩lətstweʔi
pololotstweooi		 pl̩lətstweʔāw
kserooau		 pl̩lətstweʔsi
pololotstweoosi
Dat. pl̩lətstiwéy
pololotstiwei		 pl̩lətstimmā́
pololotstimmoa		 pl̩lətstiwmás
pololotstimmas
Gen. pl̩lətstiwás
pololotstiwas		 pl̩lətstiwʔás
pololotstiwooas		 pl̩lətstiwʔám
pololotstiwooam

-is/-us stems

The stems traditionally named mentis and suʔnus are distinct from the foregoing types by their oblique forms, where the accent falls on the suffix syllable and not on the ending; correspondingly, the endings always stand in zero-grade. The root syllable has accent in the direct cases but ablauts to zero-grade where the accent shifts away from it. mentis "thought":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. méntis
mentis		 ménteyʔe
menteiooe		 ménteyes
menteies
Acc. méntim
mentim		 méntim̩s
mentims
Loc. ménti
menti		 ménteyʔāw
menteyooau		 ménteysi
menteisi
Dat. mn̩teyi
monoteiei		 mn̩teymā́
monoteima		 mn̩teymás
monoteimas
Gen. mn̩teys
monoteis		 mn̩teyʔás
monoteiooas		 mn̩teyʔám
monoteiooam

The noun suʔnus "son" exhibits largely the same pattern:

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. suʔnus
suoonus		 suʔnewʔe
suooneuooe		 kséres
suooneues
Acc. suʔnum
suoonom		 suʔnewm̩s
suoonewomos
Loc. suʔnew
suooneu		 suʔnewʔāw
suooneuooau		 suʔnewsi
suooneusi
Dat. suʔnewi
suooneui		 suʔnewmā́
suooneuma		 suʔnewmás
suooneumas
Gen. suʔnews
suooneus		 suʔnewʔás
suooneuooas		 suʔnewʔám
suooneuooam

-ih

There exists a separate class of nouns in -i < PMC *-yeh₂ whose endings are perpetually in the zero-grade, e.g. kennətri "mother, genetrix":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. kénnətri
kennotri		 kn̩nətr̩yaʔe
kononotoroiaooe		 kn̩nətr̩yaes
kononotoroiaes
Acc. kn̩nətr̩yam
kononotoroiam		 kn̩nətr̩yams
kononotoroiams
Loc. kn̩nətr̩yah
kononotoroiaa		 kn̩nətr̩yaʔāw
kononotoroiaooau		 kn̩nətr̩yahsi
kononotoroiaasi
Dat. kn̩nətr̩yay
kononotoroiai		 kn̩nətr̩yamā́
kononotoroiama		 kn̩nətr̩yamás
kononotoroiamas
Gen. kn̩nətr̩yahs
kononotoroiaas		 kn̩nətr̩yaʔás
kononotoroyaooas		 kn̩nətr̩yaʔám
kononotoroiaooam

-nt stem

The stems in -nt are the most notable as participles of present stems. One class takes the e-grade in the direct cases and o-grade in the nominative singular, while another class takes the o-grade throughout the direct cases, other than the locative. tants "tooth":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. tants
tants		 tantʔe
tantooe		 tantes
tantes
Acc. tentm̩
tentom		 tentm̩s
tantomos
Loc. tenti
tenti		 tentʔāw
tentooau		 tentsi
tentsi
Dat. tn̩tey
tonotei		 tn̩tmā́
tonotmoa		 tn̩tmás
tonotmas
Gen. tn̩tas
tonotas		 tn̩tʔás
tonotooas		 tn̩tʔám
tonotooam

ʔsants "being":

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. ʔsants
ssants		 ʔsantʔe
ssantooe		 ʔsantes
ssantes
Acc. ʔsantm̩
ssantom		 ʔsantm̩s
ssantomos
Loc. ʔsenti
ssenti		 ʔsentʔāw
ssentooau		 ʔsentsi
ssentsi
Dat. ʔsn̩tey
ssonotei		 ʔsn̩tmā́
ssonotmoa		 ʔsn̩tmás
ssonotmas
Gen. ʔsn̩tas
ssonotas		 ʔsn̩tʔás
ssonotooas		 ʔsn̩tʔám
ssonotooam

-wā́s stem

The stem in -was < PMC *-wos forms the participle from the perfect stem. Both the root and suffix participate in ablaut: the root is in full-grade in the nominative singular and zero-grade elsewhere, while the suffix stands in full-grade in all direct cases including nominative singular, and zero-grade elsewhere. weyswas "the one who knows", n.b. *d > s in front of *y and *w when not vocalized:

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. weyswā́s
weisuas		 wiswasʔe
wisuasooe		 wiswases
wisuases
Acc. wiswasm̩
wisuasom		 wiswasm̩s
wisuasomos
Loc. wiswas
wisuas		 wiswasʔāw
wisuasooau		 wiswassi
wisuassi
Dat. widusey
widusei		 widusmā́
widusmoa		 widusmás
widusmas
Gen. widusas
widusas		 widusʔás
widusooas		 widusʔám
widusooam

-h stem

The stem in -h is known from only one noun, kenh "woman". The root and suffix participate in gradation.

Sing. Du. Pl.
Nom. kenh
kenaa		 knaʔe
gnaooe		 knaes
gnaes
Acc. knam
gnam		 knams
gnams
Loc. kna
gna		 knaʔāw
gnaooau		 knahsi
gnaasi
Dat. knay
gnai		 knamā́
gnama		 knamás
gnamas
Gen. knahs
gnaas		 knaʔás
gnaas		 knaʔám
gnaam

-r/n stem

These nouns have stems which show not vocalic gradation but different consonant between direct and oblique cases. The most common pattern is -r- in the direct, and -n- in the oblique. All nouns in this class are inanimate and possess a full-grade stem in the plural, which in morphology declines as singular. wetr̩ "water":

Sing. Pl.
Abs. wetr̩
wetor		 wetara
wetara
Gen. utens
utens		 utnes
udnas

-l/n stem

The word sawl̩ "sun" has a unique alternation l/n but is otherwise comparable to the r/n pattern. As the Sun is considered a unique star, it has no attested plural.

Sing.
Abs. sawl̩
sauol
Gen. shwens
sauens

Pronouns

Verbs

Verbs in Antarian are conjugated for three persons, three numbers, two voices, and four moods, agreeing with the subject of the sentence in person and number.

Unlike most other MC languages, Antarian does not morphologically distinguish tense, with primary endings (associated with the present tense in most languages) conspicuously absent. There are two kinds of roots, present and perfect, which take different endings directly; present roots tend to have transitive meanings, while prefect roots intransitive meanings, but this is by no means universal. Present roots may take personal endings directly or with affixes in derivation, while the perfect roots in general may only take perfect endings. New verbs are always created as presents and never as perfects.

Present roots and perfect roots differ notably by their accentuation patterns. Present roots display mobile accent, which is on the root or suffix syllables in the strong or singular forms and on the endings in the weak or dual and plural forms. Perfect roots display static accent, persisting on the root syllable. It should be noted that the accentuation pattern is a property of the root itself and not of the conjugation: a perfect stem derived from a present root will retain the accentuation pattern derived from the present.

Present

In the active voice of present verbs, there are two sets of endings called primary and secondary. The primary endings follow, with ’et- "to eat" as example:

Sing. Du. Pl.
1st ’édmi -mi dwési -wési dmési -mési
2nd ’éši -s štəwés -twés ’éšte -té
3rd ’édšti -t štés -tés ténti -ént

The secondary endings are as follows:

Sing. Du. Pl.
1st ’édəm[1] -m dwé -wé dmé -mé
2nd ’ḗts -s štúm -túm šté -té
3rd ’ḗtt -t štám -tám tént -ént
  1. ↑ *t > d before syllabic consonants; id for 1 du. and pl.

Present verbs may also take, from the root, the so-called "middle" endings, which are in early Antarian transparent as a synthesis of active and perfect endings:

Sing. Du. Pl.
1st ’édəmə < *’ét-m̩-h -m-h dwétə -wé-th dmétə -mé-th
2nd ’étstə* < *’ét-s-th -s-th štəmt.hé -təm-thé < *tm̩-dʰh₂é ’etstawé[1] < *’et-s-tawé
štăwé < *’t-s-tawé		 -t-təwé < *t-dʰh₂wé
3rd ’étsta -t-a štamt.hé -tam-thé < *th₂m-dʰh₂é téntər -nt-r
  1. ↑ From the strong stem and seems to be the original form

Optative

The optative endings are as follows:

Sing. Du. Pl.
1st ’étie’əm -ie’-əm ti’wé -i’-wé ti’mé -i’-mé
2nd ’ḗtiets -ie-ts < *-ie’-s tittúm -it-túm titté -it-té
3rd ’ḗtiet -ie-t tittám -it-tám ti’ént -i’-ént

Perfect

The endings of perfect verbs are as follows, with kei- "to lie down (oneself)" as example:

Sing. Du. Pl.
1st kéih -h/-ă kéiwa -wa kéitha -ta
2nd kéita -ta kéita -ta kéitawe -tawe
3rd kéia -é kéita -ta kéir -r

Classification

Writing systems

See also

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