User:Native Qazh/Sandbox4: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = -
| name            = Maskey
| altname          = -
| altname          =  
| nativename      = -
| nativename      = Khaskalhk'aa
| acceptance      =  
| acceptance      =  
| image            =  
| image            =  
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| imagealt        =
| imagealt        =
| imagecaption    =  
| imagecaption    =  
| pronunciation    = /-/
| pronunciation    = /xas.kaɮ̊.k’aː/
| states          = {{flag|Mokhavia}}<!-- or state -->
| states          = {{flag|Mokhavia}}<!-- or state -->
| region          =  
| region          =  
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| created          =  
| created          =  
| setting          =  
| setting          =  
| ethnicity        = - people
| ethnicity        = 977,864 Maskies
| extinct          =  
| extinct          =  
| era              =  
| era              =  
| speakers        =  
| speakers        = 962,380 (98.4%)
| date            =  
| date            =  
| dateprefix      =  
| dateprefix      =  
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| agency          =  
| agency          =  
| development_body =  
| development_body =  
| iso1            = -
| iso1            = MSK
| iso1comment      =  
| iso1comment      =  
| iso2            = -
| iso2            = MSK
| iso2b            =  
| iso2b            =  
| iso2t            =  
| iso2t            =  
| iso2comment      =  
| iso2comment      =  
| iso3            = -
| iso3            = MSK
| iso3comment      =  
| iso3comment      =  
| lc1              =  
| lc1              =  
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| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{anglebracket|p}}
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{anglebracket|p}}
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{anglebracket|t}}
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{anglebracket|t}}
| {{IPAlink|tsʰ}} {{anglebracket|ts}}
| {{IPAlink|tsʰ}} {{anglebracket|c}}
| {{IPAlink|tɬʰ}} {{anglebracket|tlh}}
| {{IPAlink|tɬʰ}} {{anglebracket|tlh}}
| {{IPAlink|ts̝ʰ}}~{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}} {{anglebracket|ch}}
| {{IPAlink|ts̝ʰ}}~{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}} {{anglebracket|ch}}
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| {{IPAlink|pʼ}} {{anglebracket|pʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|pʼ}} {{anglebracket|pʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}} {{anglebracket|tʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}} {{anglebracket|tʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tsʼ}} {{anglebracket|tsʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tsʼ}} {{anglebracket|cʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tɬʼ}} {{anglebracket|tlhʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tɬʼ}} {{anglebracket|tlhʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|ts̝ʼ}}~{{IPAlink|tʃʼ}} {{anglebracket|chʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|ts̝ʼ}}~{{IPAlink|tʃʼ}} {{anglebracket|chʼ}}
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| {{IPAlink|kʼ}} {{anglebracket|kʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|kʼ}} {{anglebracket|kʼ}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Sonorants|Sonorants}}
! {{wp|Fricative}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
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| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |{{wp|Nasal consonant|Nasal}}
! {{wp|Nasal consonant|Nasal}}
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{anglebracket|m}}
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{anglebracket|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} {{anglebracket|n}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} {{anglebracket|n}}
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| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |{{wp|Approximant}} /<br>{{wp|Tap and flap consonants|Tap}}
! {{wp|Approximant}} /<br>{{wp|Tap and flap consonants|Tap}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}} {{anglebracket|r}}
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}} {{anglebracket|r}}
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| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|}
|}
*/m/ and /n/ can apear as syllabic


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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|}
|}
* short vowels raise up when unstressed (/ɛ/→/e̝~i/;/a/→/ɐ~ə/;/o/→/o̝~u/)
* short vowels raise up when unstressed (/ɛ/→/e̝~i/;/a/→/ɐ~ə/;/o/→/o̝~u/)
* the /o/ sound closer to /o̞/
* the /o/ is sound closer to /o̞/


==Writing system==
==Writing system==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| style="text-align: center;"
!Order
|'''Aa'''<br>/a/ || || || ||
! 1!! 2!! 3!! 4!! 5!! 6!! 7!! 8!! 9!! 10!! 11
|'''Bb'''<br>/b̥/ || || || ||
! 12!! 13!! 14!! 15!! 16!! 17!! 18!! 19!! 20
|'''Cc'''<br>/k~ts/{{efn|/ts/ before /i/, /ɛ/ or /j/}} || || || ||
! 21!! 22!! 23!! 24!! 25!! 26!! 27!! 28!! 29
|'''Dd'''<br>/d̥/ || || || ||
! 30!! 31!! 32!! 33!! 34!! 35!! 36!! 37!! 38!! 39
|'''Dz dz'''<br>/d̥z̥/ || || || ||
|'''Dlh dlh'''<br>/d̥ɮ̊/ || || || ||
|'''Ee'''<br>/ɛ/ || || || ||
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Ff}}'''<br>/f/ || || || ||
|'''Gg'''<br>/g̊/ || || || ||
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Hh}}'''{{efn|Letter used in multigraphs, and words of foreign origin}}<br>(/x/){{efn|In foreign words}} || || || ||
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
|'''Ii'''<br>/i/ || || || ||
|A ||B || style="background:#F0F0F0"|C ||D ||Dz ||Dlh ||E ||F ||G || style="background:#F0F0F0"|H{{efn|The letter is used in multigraphs, and words of foreign origin}}
|'''Jj'''<br>/d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊/ || || || ||
|I ||J ||K ||K' ||Kh ||L ||Lh ||M ||N ||O
|'''Kk'''<br>/kʰ/ || || || ||
|P ||P' || style="background:#F0F0F0"|Q ||R ||S ||Sh ||T ||T' ||Ts ||Ts'
|'''K' k''''<br>/kʼ/ || || || ||
|Tlh ||Tlh' ||U || style="background:#F0F0F0"|V ||W || style="background:#F0F0F0"|X ||Y || style="background:#F0F0F0"|Z ||'
|'''Kh kh'''<br>/x/ || || || ||
|'''Ll'''<br>/l/ || || || ||
|'''Lh lh'''<br>/ɮ̊/ || || || ||
|'''Mm'''<br>/m/ || || || ||
|'''Nn'''<br>/n/ || || || ||
|'''Oo'''<br>/o/ || || || ||
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
|'''Pp'''<br>/pʰ/ || || || ||
|a ||b || style="background:#F0F0F0"|c ||d ||dz ||dlh ||e ||f ||g || style="background:#F0F0F0"|h
|'''P' p''''<br>/pʼ/ || || || ||
|i ||j ||k ||k' ||kh ||l ||lh ||m ||n ||o
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Qq}}'''<br>/kʷ/ || || || ||
|p ||p' || style="background:#F0F0F0"|q ||r ||s ||sh ||t ||t' ||ts ||ts'
|'''Rr'''<br>/ɾ/ || || || ||
|tlh ||tlh' ||u || style="background:#F0F0F0"|v ||w || style="background:#F0F0F0"|x ||y || style="background:#F0F0F0"|z ||'
|'''Ss'''<br>/s/ || || || ||
|-
|'''Sh sh'''<br>/s̝~ʃ/ || || || ||
![[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA Sound]]
|'''Tt'''<br>/tʰ/ || || || ||
|{{IPA link|a}} ||{{IPA link|b̥}} || style="background:#F0F0F0"|{{IPA link|k}}~{{IPA link|ts}} ||{{IPA link|d̥}} ||{{IPA link|d̥z̥}} ||{{IPA link|d̥ɮ̊}} ||{{IPA link|ɛ}} ||{{IPA link|f}} ||{{IPA link|g̊}}
|'''T' t''''<br>/tʼ/ || || || ||
| style="background:#F0F0F0"|({{IPA link|x}}){{efn|In foreign words}} ||{{IPA link|i}} ||{{IPA link|d̥z̝̊}}~{{IPA link|d̥ʒ̊}} ||{{IPA link|kʰ}} ||{{IPA link|kʼ}} ||{{IPA link|x}} ||{{IPA link|l}}
|'''C c'''<br>/tsʰ/ || || || ||
|{{IPA link|ɮ̊}} ||{{IPA link|m}} ||{{IPA link|n}} ||{{IPA link|o}} ||{{IPA link|pʰ}} ||{{IPA link|pʼ}} || style="background:#F0F0F0"|{{IPA link|kʷ}} ||{{IPA link|ɾ}} ||{{IPA link|s}}
|'''C' c''''<br>/tsʼ/ || || || ||
|{{IPA link|s̝}}~{{IPA link|ʃ}} ||{{IPA link|tʰ}} ||{{IPA link|tʼ}} ||{{IPA link|tsʰ}} ||{{IPA link|tsʼ}} ||{{IPA link|tɬʰ}} ||{{IPA link|tɬʼ}} ||{{IPA link|u}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0"|{{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|ʋ}} ||{{IPA link|w}} || style="background:#F0F0F0"|ks ||{{IPA link|j}} || style="background:#F0F0F0"|{{IPA link|z̥}}~{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link| ʔ}}
|-
|-
|'''Tlh tlh'''<br>/tɬʰ/ || || || ||
|'''Tlh' tlh''''<br>/tɬʼ/ || || || ||
|'''Uu'''<br>/u/ || || || ||
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Vv}}'''<br>/w~ʋ/ || || || ||
|'''Ww'''<br>/w/ || || || ||
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Xx}}'''<br>/ks/ || || || ||
|'''Yy'''<br>/j/ || || || ||
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Zz}}'''<br>/z̥~s/ || || || ||
|''' ''''<br>/ʔ~ᵊ◌/{{efn|when {{anglebracket| ' }} is added between sonorants (except semivowels) and read as /ᵊ◌/ (also in some pronouns)}}|| || || ||
|}
|}
{{notelist}}
{{notelist}}


=Grammar=
=Grammar=
<br>{{color box|#0050FA}} - Vowel Harmony
<br>{{color box|#DC0000}} - Vowel Harmony, that apears if the word ends/begins in a plosive/stop consonant
<br>{{color box|#00B400}} - Apears if the word ends/begins in a vowel
==Syntax & Syllable structure==
==Syntax & Syllable structure==
SOV
==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Person & Number
! NOM
! GEN
! DAT
! ACC
! INS
! COMP
! INE
! ALL
! ABL
! PROL
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ga
| galh
| gu
| gi
| g'sa
| gadlha
| g'ma
| kaga
| taga
| g'ra
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| lhe
| welh
| lhu
| lhi
| lh'si
| lhedhli
| lh'mi
| kalhe
| talhe
| lh'ra
|-
! colspan="2" | 3d
| de
| delh
| du
| di
| d'si
| deglhi
| d'mi
| kade
| tade
| d'ra
|-
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
| gask
| gask'lh
| gasku
| gaski
| gask'si
| gaskadlha
| gask'mi
| kagask
| tagask
| gask'ra
|-
! Exclusive
| ga'ask
| ga'ask'lh
| ga'asku
| ga'aski
| ga'ask'si
| ga'askadlha
| ga'ask'mi
| kaga'ask
| taga'ask
| ga'ask'ra
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| lhesk
| wesk'lh
| lhesku
| lheski
| lhesk'si
| lheskidlhi
| lhesk'mi
| kalhesk
| talhesk
| lhesk'ri
|-
! colspan="2" | 3d
| desk
| desk'lh
| desku
| deski
| desk'si
| deskidlhi
| desk'mi
| kadesk
| tadesk
| desk'ri
|-
|}
===Possessive===
===Possessive===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Person & Number
! rowspan="2" | Affix
! Example: Variant 1
! Example: Variant 2
! Example: Variant 3
|-
| bewtuk (face)
| inu (food)
| meti (comb)
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''g{{color|#DC0000|i}}''-
| '''g{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (my face)
| '''g'''inu (my food)
| '''g''''meti (my comb)
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''lh{{color|#DC0000|i}}''-
| '''lh{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk ( face)
| '''lh'''inu ( food)
| '''lh''''meti ( comb)
|-
! colspan="2" |3d
| ''t{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''-
| '''t{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk ( face)
| '''t{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu ( food)
| '''t''''meti ( comb)
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
| ''sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''-
| '''sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (our face)
| '''sk{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu (our food)
| '''sk''''meti (our comb)
|-
! Exclusive
| ''ask{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''-
| '''ask{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (our face)
| '''ask{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu (our food)
| '''ask''''meti (our comb)
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''lh'sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''-
| '''lh'sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (your face)
| '''lh'sk{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu (your food)
| '''lh'sk''''meti (your comb)
|-
! colspan="2" |3d
| ''d'sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''-
| '''d'sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (their face)
| '''d'sk{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu (their food)
| '''d'sk''''meti (their comb)
|-
|}
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
===Number===
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! Number
! Affix
! Example: Variant 1
! Example: Variant 2
! Example: Variant 3
|-
! Singular
| -Ø
| dansi' (boat)
| thl'a (fish - {{H:title|singular|sin}})
| ch'wen (animal)
|-
! Plural
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}sk
| dansi''''{{color|#DC0000|i}}sk''' (boats)
| thl'a'''sk''' (fish - {{H:title|plural|plr}})
| ch'wen''''sk''' (animals)
|-
|}
===Cases===
===Cases===
{| class="wikitable  
{| class="wikitable  
|-
|-
! Case
! Case
! Suffix
! Affix
! Examlple: Stem-Consonant
! Examlple: Variant 1
! Examlple: Stem-Vowel
! Examlple: Variant 2
! Examlple: Variant 3
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -
| -Ø
|  
| ewak (canoe)
|  
| maske (dog)
| salh (bow)
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}lh
|  
| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lh''' (of a canoe)
|  
| maske'''lh''' (of a dog)
| salh''''lh''' (of a bow)
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -
| -u/w
|  
| ewak'''u''' (to a canoe)
|  
| maske'''w''' (to a dog)
| salh'''u''' (to a bow)
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -
| -i/y
|  
| ewak'''i''' (canoe)
|  
| maske'''y''' (dog)
| salh'''i''' (bow)
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}s{{color|#0050FA|a}}
|  
| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}s{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (with a canoe)
|  
| maske'''s{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (with a dog)
| salh''''s{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (with a bow)
|-
|-
! Comparative
! Comparative{{efn|When the Comparative case is used with the {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|comparative}} affix, the meaning shifts to "than"}}
| -
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}
|  
| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (as a canoe)
|  
| maske'''dlh{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (as a dog)
| salh'''dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (as a bow)
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}m{{color|#0050FA|aa}}
|  
| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}m{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (at/in a canoe)
|  
| maske'''m{{color|#0050FA|ii}}''' (at/in a dog)
| salh'''m{{color|#0050FA|aa}}''' (at/in a bow)
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -
| ka'''{{color|#00B400|'}}'''-
|  
| '''ka{{color|#00B400|'}}'''ewak (to/towards a canoe)
|  
| '''ka'''maske (to/towards a dog)
| '''ka'''salh (to/towards a bow)
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -
| ta'''{{color|#00B400|'}}'''-
|  
| ''' ta{{color|#00B400|'}}'''ewak (from a canoe)
|  
| '''ta'''maske (from a dog)
| '''ta'''salh (from a bow)
|-
|-
! Benefactial
! Benefactial
| -
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}r{{color|#0050FA|a}}
|  
| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}r{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a canoe)
|  
| maske'''r{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a rain)
| salh''''r{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a bow)
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| -
| -ee<br>-/oo
|  
| ewak'''ee''' (''canoe!'')
|  
| mask'''oo''' (''dog!'')
| salh'''ee''' (''bow!'')
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{notelist}}
{{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}}
*'''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
*'''Negative''' - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - '''yo'''saw
*'''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-{{color|#DC0000|'}}{{color|#0050FA|a}}lh) bigger - saw'''{{color|#0050FA|a}}lh'''
*'''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-{{color|#DC0000|'}}{{color|#0050FA|a}}lhk{{color|#0050FA|a}}) bigest - saw'''{{color|#0050FA|a}}lhk{{color|#0050FA|a}}'''


===Number===
===Articles===
{| class="wikitable  
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Type
! Word
! Аffix
! Example: Variant 1
! Example: Variant 2
! Example: Variant 3
|-
! indefinite
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| selk (salmon)
| dlhe (rain)
| baalh (milk)
|-
! definite
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}(t{{color|#0050FA|a}})''
| selk'''{{color|#DC0000|i}}''' (the salmon)
| dlhe'''t{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (the rain)
| baalh'''t{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (the milk)
|-
! Proximal-demonstrative
| ta (this)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| '''ta''' selk (this salmon)
| '''ta''' dlhe (this rain)
| '''ta''' baalh (this milk)
|-
! Distal-demonstrative
| ut (that)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| '''ut''' selk (that salmon)
| '''ut''' dlhe (that rain)
| '''ut''' baalh (that milk)
|-
|-
! Number
! Partitive
! Suffix
| ma (some)
! Examlple: Stem-Consonant
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! Examlple: Stem-Vowel
| '''ma''' selk (some salmon)
| '''ma''' dlhe (some rain)
| '''ma''' baalh (some milk)
|-
|-
! Singular
! Partitive-Collective
| -
| khaw (most)
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| '''khaw''' selk (most salmon)
| '''khaw''' dlhe (most rain)
| '''khaw''' baalh (most milk)
|-
|-
! Plural
! Non-Partitive
| -
| yoklha (no*)
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| '''yoklha''' selk (no salmon)
| '''yoklha''' dlhe (no rain)
| '''yoklha''' baalh (no milk)
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{notelist}}


===Articles===
==Adjective==
They agree with the number of the noun


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
==="be"===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
==Lexicon==
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mood
! colspan="3" | general past
! colspan="3" | unwitnessed past
! colspan="2" | present
! colspan="3" | future
|-
! {{H:title|imperfect|IMPF}}
! {{H:title|perfect|PF}}
! {{H:title|Inchoative|INCH}}
! {{H:title|imperfect|IMPF}}
! {{H:title|perfect, also acts as present perfect|PF*}}
! {{H:title|Inchoative|INCH}}
! {{H:title|imperfect|IMPF}}
! {{H:title|Inchoative|INCH}}
! {{H:title|imperfect|IMPF}}
! {{H:title|perfect|PF}}
! {{H:title|Inchoative|INCH}}
|-
! Indicative
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}s''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}m''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}'''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}'{{color|#0050FA|a}}s''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}'{{color|#0050FA|a}}m''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}m
| ''tlhi{{color|#00B400|'}}''-
| ''tlhi{{color|#00B400|'}}''- -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}s''
| ''tlhi{{color|#00B400|'}}''- -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}m''
|-
! Imperative
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}y''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}mi''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|}
In past-participle, the verb is made into an adjective, and the verb "be" is used as an auxiliary
{| class="wikitable"
|''khyagad tlh'e'' - "i ate (a) fish"
|→
|''khya'aw seg tlh'e'' - "i have eaten (a) fish"
|}
===Person and Direction===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Person & Number
! Subjective
! Objective
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}g''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}chi''
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lh''
| -''w{{color|#0050FA|a}}''
|-
! colspan="2" | 3d
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}p'{{color|#0050FA|a}}''
|-
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}g''
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}chi''
|-
! Exclusive
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}'{{color|#0050FA|a}}g''
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}'{{color|#0050FA|a}}chi''
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}lh''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}wsk''
|-
! colspan="2" | 3d
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}p'{{color|#0050FA|a}}sk''
|-
|}
 
===Copula===
Zero copula appears in the language, commonly copula is used when stressed, or in past participle verbs.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Person & Number
! general past {{H:title|was/were|(was)}}
! unwitnessed past {{H:title|was/were apparently|(was)}}
! present {{H:title|am/is/are|(be)}}
! future (will be)
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''chid''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''seg''
| ''tlhiseg''
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''lhid''
| ''lhidi'''
| ''selh''
| ''tlhiselh''
|-
! colspan="2" | 3d
| ''ed''
| ''edi'''
| ''se''
| ''tlhise''
|-
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Inclusive
| ''yichid''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''seyig''
| ''tlhiyig''
|-
! Exclusive
| ''yichi'id''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''seyi'ig''
| ''tlhiyi'ig''
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''yilhid''
| ''yilhidi'''
| ''seyilh''
| ''tlhiseyilh''
|-
! colspan="2" | 3d
| ''yid''
| ''yidi'''
| ''seyi''
| ''tlhiseyi''
|-
|}
 
==Questions==
===Particle===
affix -{{color|#DC0000|a}}ch-
{| class="wikitable"
|''ya inulug maskesk'' - "to feed(i) the dogs"
|→
|''ya inulug maskesk'''{{color|#DC0000|i}}ch''''' - "do i feed the ''dogs''?"
|''ya inulug'''{{color|#DC0000|u}}ch''' maskesk'' - "do i ''feed'' the dogs?"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|''shelhip'isk'' - "you took them"
|→
|''shelh'''{{color|#DC0000|i}}ch'''ip'isk'' - "did you ''take'' them"
|''shelhip'isk'''{{color|#DC0000|i}}ch''''' - "did you take ''them''"
|}
<br>
Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding -ma to a question word:
{| class="wikitable"
|''klho, klhe'e'' - "who, when"
|→
|''klho'''ch''', klhe'e'''ch''''' - "i wonder who, i wonder when"*
|}
 
==Derivation==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Suffix
!Affix
!Used to create...
!Used to create:
!Example(s)
!Example(s)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}kh''
|[[wikipedia:Agent noun|agents]] from verbs
|[[wikipedia:Agent noun|agents]] from verbs/nouns
|  
| tlh'e (fish) → tlh'e'''kh''' (fisherman)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}wc'{{color|#0050FA|a}}''
|[[wikipedia:collective noun|collective nouns]]
|[[wikipedia:collective noun|collective nouns]]
|  
| dansi'siw (ship) → dansi'si'''''w''c'{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (navy)
|-
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}c{{color|#0050FA|a}}''
|nouns from verbs
| sa'a (to grow) → sa'a'''c{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (plant)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}l''
|verbs from nouns
|verbs from nouns
|  
| k'aa (language) → k'aa'''l''' (to speak)
|-
| -'' ''
|verb or instruments
|
|-
| -'' ''
|passive form of the verb
|
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#00B400|'}}{{color|#0050FA|a}}w''
|nouns from verbs
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]/[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]] from nouns/verbs
|  
| twa (water) → twa'''{{color|#00B400|'}}{{color|#0050FA|a}}w''' (watery)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}wy{{color|#0050FA|a}}n''
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] indicating the lack of something
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] indicating the lack of something
|  
| khaylha (home) → khaylha'''wy{{color|#0050FA|a}}n''' (homeless)
|-
| -'' ''
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] from nouns/verbs
|
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ky{{color|#0050FA|a}}''
|[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]] from nouns/verbs
|nouns from adjectives
|  
| tlh'een (barren) → tlh'een'''ky{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (desert)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ch{{color|#0050FA|a}}''
|[[wikipedia:diminutive|diminutives]] of nouns
|[[wikipedia:diminutive|diminutives]] of nouns
|  
| mawca (cat) → mawca'''ch{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (kitty)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''s{{color|#0050FA|a}}w''
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
|  
| dansi' (boat) → dansi''''s{{color|#0050FA|i}}w''' (ship)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lsh{{color|#0050FA|a}}''
|locations (places related to the stem)
|locations (places related to the stem)
|  
| rekhici (trade) → rekhici'''lsh{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (shop, market)
|-
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}tlh'n''
|inhabitants (of places)
| Moshkal'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}tlh'n''' (resident of Moshkal)
|-
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ch{{color|#0050FA|a}}n''
|decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives)
| shem (bear) → shem'''ch{{color|#0050FA|i}}n''' (of the bear)
|-
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}dw{{color|#0050FA|a}}t''
|decendents (child of)
| Dames'''dw{{color|#0050FA|i}}t''' (child of Dames)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lhk'{{color|#0050FA|aa}}''
|inhabitants (of places), among others
|Languages
|
| Khask'''alhk'aa''' (People's language)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
|}
|language of noun
 
|
=Sample text=
UDHR article 1:
{| class="wikitable"
| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
|-
|-
| ''Wesc'a khask kha'atyap'ask imatask way pa'ask tlhegekyimi way tookh'skumu. Desk seyi walhalaw ne k'uu way satlh'a, way t'weyi ya shkeyi kad'skilhaywask ne ch'elhiw t'alh.''
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 09:26, 28 January 2022

Maskey
Khaskalhk'aa
Pronunciation/xas.kaɮ̊.k’aː/
Native to Mokhavia
Ethnicity977,864 Maskies
Native speakers
962,380 (98.4%)
Official status
Official language in
 Mokhavia
Language codes
ISO 639-1MSK
ISO 639-2MSK
ISO 639-3MSK
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain sibilant lateral
Plosive /
Affricate 		plain b̥ ⟨b⟩ d̥ ⟨d⟩ d̥z̥ ⟨dz⟩ d̥ɮ̊ ⟨dlh⟩ d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊ ⟨j⟩ g̊ ⟨g⟩ ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
aspirated pʰ ⟨p⟩ tʰ ⟨t⟩ tsʰ ⟨c⟩ tɬʰ ⟨tlh⟩ ts̝ʰ~tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩ kʰ ⟨k⟩
ejective pʼ ⟨pʼ⟩ tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ tsʼ ⟨cʼ⟩ tɬʼ ⟨tlhʼ⟩ ts̝ʼ~tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩
Sonorants Fricative s ⟨s⟩ ɮ̊ ⟨lh⟩ s̝~ʃ ⟨sh⟩ x ⟨kh⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Approximant /
Tap 		ɾ ⟨r⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
  • /m/ and /n/ can apear as syllabic
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ii⟩ u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨uu⟩
Mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ee⟩ o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨oo⟩
Low a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨aa⟩
Harmony i a u
  • short vowels raise up when unstressed (/ɛ/→/e̝~i/;/a/→/ɐ~ə/;/o/→/o̝~u/)
  • the /o/ is sound closer to /o̞/

Writing system

Aa
/a/		 Bb
/b̥/		 Cc
/k~ts/[a]		 Dd
/d̥/		 Dz dz
/d̥z̥/		 Dlh dlh
/d̥ɮ̊/		 Ee
/ɛ/		 Ff
/f/		 Gg
/g̊/		 Hh[b]
(/x/)[c]
Ii
/i/		 Jj
/d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊/		 Kk
/kʰ/		 K' k'
/kʼ/		 Kh kh
/x/		 Ll
/l/		 Lh lh
/ɮ̊/		 Mm
/m/		 Nn
/n/		 Oo
/o/
Pp
/pʰ/		 P' p'
/pʼ/		 Qq
/kʷ/		 Rr
/ɾ/		 Ss
/s/		 Sh sh
/s̝~ʃ/		 Tt
/tʰ/		 T' t'
/tʼ/		 C c
/tsʰ/		 C' c'
/tsʼ/
Tlh tlh
/tɬʰ/		 Tlh' tlh'
/tɬʼ/		 Uu
/u/		 Vv
/w~ʋ/		 Ww
/w/		 Xx
/ks/		 Yy
/j/		 Zz
/z̥~s/		 '
/ʔ~ᵊ◌/[d]
  1. ↑ /ts/ before /i/, /ɛ/ or /j/
  2. ↑ Letter used in multigraphs, and words of foreign origin
  3. ↑ In foreign words
  4. ↑ when ⟨ ' ⟩ is added between sonorants (except semivowels) and read as /ᵊ◌/ (also in some pronouns)

Grammar


  - Vowel Harmony
  - Vowel Harmony, that apears if the word ends/begins in a plosive/stop consonant
  - Apears if the word ends/begins in a vowel

Syntax & Syllable structure

SOV

Pronouns

Person & Number NOM GEN DAT ACC INS COMP INE ALL ABL PROL
Singular 1st ga galh gu gi g'sa gadlha g'ma kaga taga g'ra
2nd lhe welh lhu lhi lh'si lhedhli lh'mi kalhe talhe lh'ra
3d de delh du di d'si deglhi d'mi kade tade d'ra
Plural 1st Inclusive gask gask'lh gasku gaski gask'si gaskadlha gask'mi kagask tagask gask'ra
Exclusive ga'ask ga'ask'lh ga'asku ga'aski ga'ask'si ga'askadlha ga'ask'mi kaga'ask taga'ask ga'ask'ra
2nd lhesk wesk'lh lhesku lheski lhesk'si lheskidlhi lhesk'mi kalhesk talhesk lhesk'ri
3d desk desk'lh desku deski desk'si deskidlhi desk'mi kadesk tadesk desk'ri

Possessive

Person & Number Affix Example: Variant 1 Example: Variant 2 Example: Variant 3
bewtuk (face) inu (food) meti (comb)
Singular 1st gi- gibewtuk (my face) ginu (my food) g'meti (my comb)
2nd lhi- lhibewtuk ( face) lhinu ( food) lh'meti ( comb)
3d ti'- tibewtuk ( face) t'inu ( food) t'meti ( comb)
Plural 1st Inclusive ski'- skibewtuk (our face) sk'inu (our food) sk'meti (our comb)
Exclusive aski'- askibewtuk (our face) ask'inu (our food) ask'meti (our comb)
2nd lh'ski'- lh'skibewtuk (your face) lh'sk'inu (your food) lh'sk'meti (your comb)
3d d'ski'- d'skibewtuk (their face) d'sk'inu (their food) d'sk'meti (their comb)

Nouns

Number

Number Affix Example: Variant 1 Example: Variant 2 Example: Variant 3
Singular -Ø dansi' (boat) thl'a (fish - sin) ch'wen (animal)
Plural -ask dansi'isk (boats) thl'ask (fish - plr) ch'wen'sk (animals)

Cases

Case Affix Examlple: Variant 1 Examlple: Variant 2 Examlple: Variant 3
Nominative -Ø ewak (canoe) maske (dog) salh (bow)
Genitive -alh ewakalh (of a canoe) maskelh (of a dog) salh'lh (of a bow)
Dative -u/w ewaku (to a canoe) maskew (to a dog) salhu (to a bow)
Accusative -i/y ewaki (canoe) maskey (dog) salhi (bow)
Instrumental -asa ewakasa (with a canoe) maskesi (with a dog) salh'sa (with a bow)
Comparative[a] -adlha ewakadlha (as a canoe) maskedlhi (as a dog) salhdlha (as a bow)
Locative -amaa ewakama (at/in a canoe) maskemii (at/in a dog) salhmaa (at/in a bow)
Allative ka'- ka'ewak (to/towards a canoe) kamaske (to/towards a dog) kasalh (to/towards a bow)
Ablative ta'- ta'ewak (from a canoe) tamaske (from a dog) tasalh (from a bow)
Benefactial -ara ewakara (for a canoe) maskeri (for a rain) salh'ra (for a bow)
Vocative -ee
-/oo 		ewakee (canoe!) maskoo (dog!) salhee (bow!)
  1. ↑ When the Comparative case is used with the comparative affix, the meaning shifts to "than"

Comparison

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
  • Negative - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - yosaw
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-'alh) bigger - sawalh
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-'alhka) bigest - sawalhka

Articles

Type Word Аffix Example: Variant 1 Example: Variant 2 Example: Variant 3
indefinite selk (salmon) dlhe (rain) baalh (milk)
definite -a(ta) selki (the salmon) dlheti (the rain) baalhta (the milk)
Proximal-demonstrative ta (this) ta selk (this salmon) ta dlhe (this rain) ta baalh (this milk)
Distal-demonstrative ut (that) ut selk (that salmon) ut dlhe (that rain) ut baalh (that milk)
Partitive ma (some) ma selk (some salmon) ma dlhe (some rain) ma baalh (some milk)
Partitive-Collective khaw (most) khaw selk (most salmon) khaw dlhe (most rain) khaw baalh (most milk)
Non-Partitive yoklha (no*) yoklha selk (no salmon) yoklha dlhe (no rain) yoklha baalh (no milk)

Adjective

They agree with the number of the noun

Verbs

Mood general past unwitnessed past present future
IMPF PF INCH IMPF PF* INCH IMPF INCH IMPF PF INCH
Indicative -ad -adas -adam -ada' -ada'as -ada'am -am tlhi'- tlhi'- -as tlhi'- -am
Imperative -ay -ami

In past-participle, the verb is made into an adjective, and the verb "be" is used as an auxiliary

khyagad tlh'e - "i ate (a) fish" → khya'aw seg tlh'e - "i have eaten (a) fish"

Person and Direction

Person & Number Subjective Objective
Singular 1st -ag -achi
2nd -alh -wa
3d -ap'a
Plural 1st Inclusive -yag -yachi
Exclusive -ya'ag -ya'achi
2nd -yalh -awsk
3d -ya -ap'ask

Copula

Zero copula appears in the language, commonly copula is used when stressed, or in past participle verbs.

Person & Number general past (was) unwitnessed past (was) present (be) future (will be)
Singular 1st chid seg tlhiseg
2nd lhid lhidi' selh tlhiselh
3d ed edi' se tlhise
Plural 1st Inclusive yichid seyig tlhiyig
Exclusive yichi'id seyi'ig tlhiyi'ig
2nd yilhid yilhidi' seyilh tlhiseyilh
3d yid yidi' seyi tlhiseyi

Questions

Particle

affix -ach-

ya inulug maskesk - "to feed(i) the dogs" → ya inulug maskeskich - "do i feed the dogs?" ya inuluguch maskesk - "do i feed the dogs?"
shelhip'isk - "you took them" → shelhichip'isk - "did you take them" shelhip'iskich - "did you take them"


Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding -ma to a question word:

klho, klhe'e - "who, when" → klhoch, klhe'ech - "i wonder who, i wonder when"*

Derivation

Affix Used to create: Example(s)
-akh agents from verbs/nouns tlh'e (fish) → tlh'ekh (fisherman)
-awc'a collective nouns dansi'siw (ship) → dansi'siwc'i (navy)
-aca nouns from verbs sa'a (to grow) → sa'aca (plant)
-al verbs from nouns k'aa (language) → k'aal (to speak)
-'aw adjectives/adverbs from nouns/verbs twa (water) → twa'aw (watery)
-awyan adjectives indicating the lack of something khaylha (home) → khaylhawyan (homeless)
-akya nouns from adjectives tlh'een (barren) → tlh'eenkyi (desert)
-acha diminutives of nouns mawca (cat) → mawcacha (kitty)
-saw augmentatives of nouns dansi' (boat) → dansi'siw (ship)
-alsha locations (places related to the stem) rekhici (trade) → rekhicilshi (shop, market)
-atlh'n inhabitants (of places) Moshkalatlh'n (resident of Moshkal)
-achan decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives) shem (bear) → shemchin (of the bear)
-adwat decendents (child of) Damesdwit (child of Dames)
-alhk'aa Languages Khaskalhk'aa (People's language)

Sample text

UDHR article 1:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Wesc'a khask kha'atyap'ask imatask way pa'ask tlhegekyimi way tookh'skumu. Desk seyi walhalaw ne k'uu way satlh'a, way t'weyi ya shkeyi kad'skilhaywask ne ch'elhiw t'alh.
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