Volyna

Federal Republic of Volyna Федеративна республіка Волинь
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Ціна свободи - це та, яка завжди запам'ятовується
Capital and largest city	Lutsk
Official languages	Volynian
Recognised national languages	Yasskiy Kamova Wielska Kip Kivitsch
Demonym(s)	Volynian
Government	Federal Semi-Presidential Republic
• President	Kseniya Taranenko
• Prime Minister	Tomasz Adamczyk
Area
• Total	1,442,492 km2 (556,949 sq mi)
Population
• 2020 census	83,558,102
• Density	57.93/km2 (150.0/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	estimate
• Total	NS$4.420 trillion
• Per capita	NS$52,900
Gini	29.7 low
HDI	.947 very high
Currency	Hryvnia
Driving side	right
Internet TLD	.vo

Volyna (Volynian: Волині), officially the Federal Republic of Volyna, is a country Easter Galica. It is the most populous country in the primary geographical area of Galica, and the most populous state in the Galician Organization of Nations. It covers an area of 1,442,492 square kilometers (sq miles), with a population of over 83 million within its 20 constituent states. Volyna borders X,X,X to the west and X,X,and X to the east. The nation's capital and largest city is Lutsk, and its financial centre is Ternopil.

Volyna is great power witha a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Galica, the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the third largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is the world's second largest exporter and the and importer of goods. As a developed country, which ranks very high on the Human Development Index, it offers social security and a unviersal health care system, envoronmental protections, and a tuition-free university education.

Geography

Climate

Southern Volyna has a mostly temperate climate, with the exception of the southern coast of Komera which has a subtropical climate. The climate is influenced by moderately warm, humid air coming from the Hontas Ocean. Average annual temperatures range from 5.5–7 °C (41.9–44.6 °F) in the north, to 11–13 °C (51.8–55.4 °F) in the south. Precipitation is disproportionately distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and southeast.[236] South-Western Volyna, particularly in the Hotzarian Mountains receive around 1,200 millimetres (47.2 in) of precipitation annually, while Komera and the coastal areas of the Domesk Sea receive around 400 millimetres (15.7 in).

The climate of central Volyna features mild to cold winters, with January minimum temperatures ranging from −4 °C (24.8 °F) in southwest to −8 °C (17.6 °F) in northeast, and cool and moist summers with an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F. Central Volyna has an average annual rainfall of 550 to 700 mm (21.7 to 27.6 in). The region is in the transitional zone between continental climates and maritime climates.

The Northern Coastal region of Volyna has a temperate climate that has been described in various sources as either humid continental (Köppen Dfb) or oceanic/maritime (Köppen Cfb). Western regions, especially the western coast of the Gourland Peninsula, possess a more maritime climate with cooler summers and milder winters, while eastern parts exhibit a more continental climate with warmer summers and harsher winters. Northern Volyna has four pronounced seasons of near-equal length. Winter starts in mid-December and lasts until mid-March. Winters have an average temperatures of -6 C (211 F) and are characterized by stable snow cover, bright sunshine, and short days. Severe spells of winter weather with cold winds, extreme temperatures around -30 C (-22 F) and heavy snowfalls are common. Summer starts in June and lasts until August. Summers are usually warm and sunny, with cool evenings and nights. Summers have average temperatures of around 19 C (66 F), with extremes of 3 C (95 F). Spring and autumn bring fairly mild weather.

Politics

Government

President Kseniya Taranenko

Volyna is representative democracy organised as a federal, semi-presidential republic.

President Tomasz Adamcsyk

The executive branch has two leaders. The President of the Republic, currently Kseniya Taranenko, is the head of state, elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a five-year term. The Prime Minister, currently Heorhij Kostenko, is the head of government, appointed by the President of the Republic to lead the Government of Volyna. The President has the power to dissolve Parliament or circumvent it by submitting referendums directly to the people; the President also appoints judges and civil servants, negotiates and ratifies international agreements, as well as serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister determines public policy and oversees the civil service, with an emphasis on domestic matters.

Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the National Assembly and Senate , which together form the legislative body. The National Assembly is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the Senate represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the National Assembly and the Senate; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.

The electorate is constitutionally empowered to vote on amendments passed by the Parliament and bills submitted by the president. Referendums have played a key role in shaping Volynian politics and even foreign policy; voters have decided on such matters as the election of the president by popular vote and the reduction of presidential term limits. Waning civic participation has been a matter of rigorous public debate, with a majority of the public reportedly supporting mandatory voting as a solution in 2019. However, at least as of 2017, voter turnout was 75 percent during recent elections, higher than the world average of 68 percent.

Constituent States

Volyna is a federal state and comprises 25 constituent states which are collectively referred to as Voivodeships. Each state has its own constitution, and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organization. As of 2019 Volyna is divided into 501 districts (Powiats) at a municipal level.

Military

A Volynian Air Force Burya during Operation Long Arm

The Volynian Armed Forces (Волинські збройні сили) are the military and paramilitary forces of Volyna, under the President of the Republic as supreme commander. They consist of the Volynian Army (волинське військо), Volynian Navy (Волинський флот), the Volynian Air (Волинські ВПС), and the Military Police called National Gendarmerie (національна жандармерія), which also fulfils civil police duties in the rural areas of Volyna. Together they are among the largest armed forces in the world and the largest in Galica. According to a 2018 study by World Economics, the Volynian Armed Forces are ranked as the world's second-most powerful military, and the most powerful in Galica.

While the Gendarmerie is an integral part of the Volynian armed forces (gendarmes are career soldiers), and therefore under the purview of the Ministry of the Armed Forces, it is operationally attached to the Ministry of the Interior as far as its civil police duties are concerned. When acting as general purpose police force, the Gendarmerie encompasses the counter terrorist units of the Parachute Intervention Squadron of the National Gendarmerie, the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group, the Search Sections of the National Gendarmerie , responsible for criminal enquiries, and the Mobile Brigades of the National Gendarmerie which have the task to maintain public order.

The following special units are also part of the Gendarmerie: the Republican Guard which protects public buildings hosting major Volynian institutions, the Maritime Gendarmerie serving as Coast Guard, the Provost Service, acting as the Military Police branch of the Gendarmerie. As far as the Volynian intelligence units are concerned, the Directorate-General for External Security is considered to be a component of the Armed Forces under the authority of the Ministry of Defense. The other, the Central Directorate for Interior Intelligence is a division of the National Police Force, and therefore reports directly to the Ministry of the Interior.

Volyna has consistently developed its cybersecurity capabilities, which are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation of the world.

Demographics

Education

Responsibility for educational supervision in Volyna is primarily organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue academic or vocational education. A system of apprenticeship called Dual-Education leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world. Most of the Volynian universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the Salon. According to an (international report) in 2018, Volyna is the world's third leading destination for international study. The established universities in Volyna include some of the oldest in the world, with Karkiv University (established in 1386) being the oldest. The Hryschenko University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Vira Hryshenko, became the academic model for many Galician universities.[235][236] In the contemporary era Volyna has developed thirty Universities of Excellence.