Manjugurun: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Manjugurun | |conventional_long_name = Republic of Manjugurun | ||
|native_name = Манҗу Гурун | |native_name = Манҗу Гурун | ||
|common_name = Manjugurun | |common_name = Manjugurun | ||
|image_flag = Flag of Manchukuo.svg | |image_flag = Flag of Manchukuo.svg | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
|official_languages = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] (official and national), [[Kyowa-go]], [[Mandarin]], [[Russian]], [[Korean]], [[Japanese]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] | |official_languages = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] (official and national), [[Kyowa-go]], [[Mandarin]], [[Russian]], [[Korean]], [[Japanese]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] | ||
|languages_type = [[Official script]]s | |languages_type = [[Official script]]s | ||
|languages = | |languages = {{W|Xibe language|Manchu Cyrillic}}<br />{{W|Manchu script}} | ||
|ethnic_groups = | |ethnic_groups = | ||
{{unbulleted list | {{unbulleted list | ||
| 44% | | 44% {{W|Manchus}} | ||
| 38% | | 38% {{W|Chinese|Nikan}} | ||
| 9% | | 9% {{W|Koreans}} | ||
| 3% | | 3% {{W|Mongols}} | ||
| 2% | | 2% {{W|Russians}} | ||
|1.7% | |1.7% {{W|Japanese}} | ||
|2.3% | |2.3% {{W|others}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
|ethnic_groups_year = 2010 | |ethnic_groups_year = 2010 | ||
|demonym = {{hlist | | |demonym = {{hlist |{{W|Manchu|Manju}} {{Ref label|b|b}} }} | ||
|capital = | |capital = {{W|Changchun|Cacungga}} | ||
| | |largest_city = {{W|Mukden}} | ||
|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|parliamentary]]}} [[state]] | |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|parliamentary]]}} [[state]] | ||
|leader_title1 = [[President]] | |leader_title1 = [[President]] | ||
| Line 69: | Line 68: | ||
|established_event3 = [[Manchukuo]] | |established_event3 = [[Manchukuo]] | ||
|established_date3 = 1932 | |established_date3 = 1932 | ||
|established_event4 = [[Mongolian People's Republic| | |established_event4 = [[Mongolian People's Republic|Manju People's Republic]] was established | ||
|established_date4 = February 1, 1946 | |established_date4 = February 1, 1946 | ||
|established_event5 = Sorghum Revolution | |established_event5 = Sorghum Revolution | ||
|established_date5 = October 3, 1990 | |established_date5 = October 3, 1990 | ||
|established_event6 = | |established_event6 = Current Constitution | ||
|established_date6 = March 1, 1991 | |established_date6 = March 1, 1991 | ||
|currency = [[Manchukuo yuan|Muheren]] | |currency = [[Manchukuo yuan|Muheren]] | ||
|currency_code = MNM | |currency_code = MNM | ||
|time_zone = <!-- [[Asia/Seoul||KST]] ( | |time_zone = <!-- [[Asia/Seoul||KST]] (Manju Standard Time) --> | ||
|utc_offset = +9 | |utc_offset = +9 | ||
|time_zone_DST = | |time_zone_DST = | ||
| Line 86: | Line 85: | ||
|iso3166code = MN | |iso3166code = MN | ||
|cctld = [[.mn|.mj]], [[.мон|.ман]] | |cctld = [[.mn|.mj]], [[.мон|.ман]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
Manjugurun is an independent state located in East Asia. It is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by Mongolia, on the southwest by China, and on the southeast by Korea. Cacungga is the capital, and Mukden, the former capital, is the largest city. It has one of the world's largest populations, with 121,204,300 people. Manjugurun is a country formed by numerous ethnic groups such as the {{W|Xianbei|Sarpi}}, the Khitans, and the Jurchen which became the Manchus. After invading China in the 1600s, it established the Qing Dynasty until 1911. It fell under Japanese domination in 1932 and a puppet state was established there. After the Second World War, it became a Soviet satellite and after the fall of communism in 1991, it adopted representative democracy | Manjugurun is an independent state located in East Asia. It is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by Mongolia, on the southwest by China, and on the southeast by Korea. Cacungga is the capital, and Mukden, the former capital, is the largest city. It has one of the world's largest populations, with 121,204,300 people. Manjugurun is a country formed by numerous ethnic groups such as the {{W|Xianbei|Sarpi}}, the Khitans, and the Jurchen which became the Manchus. After invading China in the 1600s, it established the Qing Dynasty until 1911. It fell under Japanese domination in 1932 and a puppet state was established there. After the Second World War, it became a Soviet satellite and after the fall of communism in 1991, it adopted representative democracy amid a tumultous end to the 20th century. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Prehistoric and ancient eras=== | ===Prehistoric and ancient eras=== | ||
Several ethnic groups, including the Evenki, the Nanai, the Ulchs, the Khitans, and the Jurchens, inhabited today's Manjugurun in ancient times. Several Chinese dynasties ruled over parts of Manjugurun at various times throughout the history of the | Several ethnic groups, including the Evenki, the Nanai, the Ulchs, the Khitans, and the Jurchens, inhabited today's Manjugurun in ancient times. Several Chinese dynasties ruled over parts of Manjugurun at various times throughout the history of the Manjus, usually along the coasts. The Chinese also established tributary relationships with the tribes. | ||
Manjus was also ruled by the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Gojoseon, and Buyeo. The Korean kingdoms may feature sizable Tungusic-speaking minorities and perhaps a Tungusic aristocracy, according to Finnish scientist Juha Janhunen. The ancestors of the Jurchens were made to serve as tributaries when the Khitans of Inner Mongolia and Manjugurun created the Liao empire, which included Northern China and Manjugurun, between the tenth and eleventh centuries. | |||
The ancestors of the Jurchens were made to serve as tributaries when the Khitans of Inner Mongolia and | |||
By the early 12th century, the Jurchens, a tributary people of the Khitans, had revolted against Liao rule and been replaced by the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchen were able to capture territory in northern China thanks to numerous campaigns against the Song. The Mongolian Yuan Dynasty eventually conquered the Jurchens. Manjugurun, along with Northern Korea, was known as Liaoyang during Mongolian rule. Naghachu, a Mongolian Yuan official in Liaoyang, attempted to conquer the rest of the Ming-held Liaodong peninsula in 1375, but his forces were defeated and surrendered. The Nurgan Regional Military Commission was established by Ming Emperor Yongle to consolidate control of the Manju lands. | |||
Chafing from Ming control, the Jianzhou Jurchens, led by Nurhaci, began to consolidate their control of the region in the 1580s. They had to deal with the Evenki-Daur alliance led by Bombogor, who was eventually killed in 1640 and his remaining troops incorporated into the Eight Banners, a new Jurchen military organisation. During this time, Chinese cultural influence permeated the Manjurian region. | |||
===Qing era=== | ===Qing era=== | ||
=== | ===early 20th century=== | ||
In 1903, Russia established the Viceroyalty of the Far East in Port Arthur, and the Russian government considered the project of securing Manjugurun as " Zheltorossiya", the basis of which was to be the Kwantung Region established in 1899 in the right-of-way of the CER, and the formation of a new Cossack army and settlement by Russian colonists. | |||
Japan's claims to Manchuria and Korea and the refusal of the Russian Empire to withdraw Russian troops from Manchuria and Korea in violation of the allied treaty led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was fought in southern Manchuria up to Mukden. | |||
According to the Treaty of Portsmouth, the Liaodong Peninsula with the Kwantung region and the Chinese Eastern to Port Arthur went to Japan. Between 1905 and 1925, Japan further strengthened its influence in Inner Manchuria, relying on economic levers like the South Manchurian Railway. | |||
In 1910-1911, the last major outbreak of bubonic plague occurred in Manjugurun. | |||
After the Xinhai Revolution and the collapse of the Qing Empire from 1912 to 1932, the territory of Manchuria was controlled by the Fengtian clique, a northeastern grouping of Chinese warlords. By the end of the 1920s, the Chinese government of the Kuomintang established formal control over this territory. In 1929, the Chinese Nationalists attempted to seize the CER, but were defeated by Soviet troops. In 1929-1931, in some areas of eastern Manjugurun, inhabited by Koreans, established an anarchist territory called Korean People's Association until defeated by Chinese and Japanese authorities. | |||
===Manchukuo=== | |||
===Communist era=== | ===Communist era=== | ||
===Modern Era=== | ===Modern Era=== | ||
Manjugurun was struck by the {{W|Covid-19 Pandemic}}, and was criticized for strict lockdowns. However, the Manjurian government also criticized the Chinese government for failing to stop the spread of the virus. | |||
==Geography== | |||
The climate of Manjugurun spans the mid-temperate zone and the cold-temperate zone from south to north. There are four distinct seasons, with hot weather in summer and cool weather in winter. Precipitation drops from 1000mm down to below 300mm annually as you go northwestward across this humid area, semi-humid area, arid region, and high forest coverage rate region. This contributes to agricultural development (due to prolonged melting time on ice) as well as forestry ( due to storage capacity of trees). | |||
==Government== | |||
Manjugurun is a unitary semi-presidential republic. Manchuria is classified as partially free by the non-governmental organisation Freedom House. | |||
The President (Beile) is the country's recognised head of state; he is elected by the people for a five-year term that can be renewed only once in a re-election. He chooses the Prime Minister (Ejen) who is the head cabinet minister. The President's personal residence is the so-called "Joogiya's Mansion," the former Kwantung Army commander's mansion during the Manchukuo era. | |||
==Economy== | |||
==Agriculture== | |||
==Industry== | |||
Latest revision as of 01:23, 18 December 2022
Republic of Manjugurun Манҗу Гурун | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Emblem
| |
Anthem:
| |
 location of Manchuria in green | |
| Capital | Cacungga |
| Largest city | Mukden |
| Official languages | Manchu (official and national), Kyowa-go, Mandarin, Russian, Korean, Japanese, Mongolian |
| Official scripts | Manchu Cyrillic Manchu script |
| Ethnic groups (2010) | |
| Demonym(s) | |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary state |
| Baigiya Dorolon | |
| Citela Sucun | |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Formation | |
| formed 1115 | |
| formed 1636 | |
| 1932 | |
• Manju People's Republic was established | February 1, 1946 |
• Sorghum Revolution | October 3, 1990 |
• Current Constitution | March 1, 1991 |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,260,000 km2 (490,000 sq mi) (18th) |
• Water (%) | 5.4 |
| Population | |
• 2017 estimate | 121,163,770 (134th) |
• Density | 96.1/km2 (248.9/sq mi) (67th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $4.50 trillion |
• Per capita | $37,084 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $4.06 trillion |
• Per capita | $33,493 |
| Gini (2013) | 36.5 medium |
| HDI (2015) |  0.765high |
| Currency | Muheren (MNM) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 |
| Date format | yyyy.mm.dd (CE) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +976 |
| ISO 3166 code | MN |
| Internet TLD | .mj, .ман |
Manjugurun is an independent state located in East Asia. It is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by Mongolia, on the southwest by China, and on the southeast by Korea. Cacungga is the capital, and Mukden, the former capital, is the largest city. It has one of the world's largest populations, with 121,204,300 people. Manjugurun is a country formed by numerous ethnic groups such as the Sarpi, the Khitans, and the Jurchen which became the Manchus. After invading China in the 1600s, it established the Qing Dynasty until 1911. It fell under Japanese domination in 1932 and a puppet state was established there. After the Second World War, it became a Soviet satellite and after the fall of communism in 1991, it adopted representative democracy amid a tumultous end to the 20th century.
History
Prehistoric and ancient eras
Several ethnic groups, including the Evenki, the Nanai, the Ulchs, the Khitans, and the Jurchens, inhabited today's Manjugurun in ancient times. Several Chinese dynasties ruled over parts of Manjugurun at various times throughout the history of the Manjus, usually along the coasts. The Chinese also established tributary relationships with the tribes.
Manjus was also ruled by the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Gojoseon, and Buyeo. The Korean kingdoms may feature sizable Tungusic-speaking minorities and perhaps a Tungusic aristocracy, according to Finnish scientist Juha Janhunen. The ancestors of the Jurchens were made to serve as tributaries when the Khitans of Inner Mongolia and Manjugurun created the Liao empire, which included Northern China and Manjugurun, between the tenth and eleventh centuries.
By the early 12th century, the Jurchens, a tributary people of the Khitans, had revolted against Liao rule and been replaced by the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchen were able to capture territory in northern China thanks to numerous campaigns against the Song. The Mongolian Yuan Dynasty eventually conquered the Jurchens. Manjugurun, along with Northern Korea, was known as Liaoyang during Mongolian rule. Naghachu, a Mongolian Yuan official in Liaoyang, attempted to conquer the rest of the Ming-held Liaodong peninsula in 1375, but his forces were defeated and surrendered. The Nurgan Regional Military Commission was established by Ming Emperor Yongle to consolidate control of the Manju lands.
Chafing from Ming control, the Jianzhou Jurchens, led by Nurhaci, began to consolidate their control of the region in the 1580s. They had to deal with the Evenki-Daur alliance led by Bombogor, who was eventually killed in 1640 and his remaining troops incorporated into the Eight Banners, a new Jurchen military organisation. During this time, Chinese cultural influence permeated the Manjurian region.
Qing era
early 20th century
In 1903, Russia established the Viceroyalty of the Far East in Port Arthur, and the Russian government considered the project of securing Manjugurun as " Zheltorossiya", the basis of which was to be the Kwantung Region established in 1899 in the right-of-way of the CER, and the formation of a new Cossack army and settlement by Russian colonists.
Japan's claims to Manchuria and Korea and the refusal of the Russian Empire to withdraw Russian troops from Manchuria and Korea in violation of the allied treaty led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was fought in southern Manchuria up to Mukden.
According to the Treaty of Portsmouth, the Liaodong Peninsula with the Kwantung region and the Chinese Eastern to Port Arthur went to Japan. Between 1905 and 1925, Japan further strengthened its influence in Inner Manchuria, relying on economic levers like the South Manchurian Railway.
In 1910-1911, the last major outbreak of bubonic plague occurred in Manjugurun.
After the Xinhai Revolution and the collapse of the Qing Empire from 1912 to 1932, the territory of Manchuria was controlled by the Fengtian clique, a northeastern grouping of Chinese warlords. By the end of the 1920s, the Chinese government of the Kuomintang established formal control over this territory. In 1929, the Chinese Nationalists attempted to seize the CER, but were defeated by Soviet troops. In 1929-1931, in some areas of eastern Manjugurun, inhabited by Koreans, established an anarchist territory called Korean People's Association until defeated by Chinese and Japanese authorities.
Manchukuo
Communist era
Modern Era
Manjugurun was struck by the Covid-19 Pandemic, and was criticized for strict lockdowns. However, the Manjurian government also criticized the Chinese government for failing to stop the spread of the virus.
Geography
The climate of Manjugurun spans the mid-temperate zone and the cold-temperate zone from south to north. There are four distinct seasons, with hot weather in summer and cool weather in winter. Precipitation drops from 1000mm down to below 300mm annually as you go northwestward across this humid area, semi-humid area, arid region, and high forest coverage rate region. This contributes to agricultural development (due to prolonged melting time on ice) as well as forestry ( due to storage capacity of trees).
Government
Manjugurun is a unitary semi-presidential republic. Manchuria is classified as partially free by the non-governmental organisation Freedom House. The President (Beile) is the country's recognised head of state; he is elected by the people for a five-year term that can be renewed only once in a re-election. He chooses the Prime Minister (Ejen) who is the head cabinet minister. The President's personal residence is the so-called "Joogiya's Mansion," the former Kwantung Army commander's mansion during the Manchukuo era.