Hyderabad Deccan

Hyderabad Deccan (Urdu: حیدرآباد دکن), officially the Islamic State of Hyderabad Deccan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریہ حیدرآباد دکن) is the fifth smallest country in the world, at only 46km2 (29 sq mi) and a South Asian microstate enclaved by the Telugu People's Republic. As well as being one of three doubly landlocked countries in the world, Hyderabad Deccan is also the only doubly enclaved country. Hyderabad Deccan is located in the southern part of the Hyderabad metropolitan area, and has a population of 542,000.

Formerly, Hyderabad Deccan was the location of the historic capital of the Hyderabad State under the British paramountcy then a Princely State of India until the independence of the British dominions in South Asia in 1947. Following the Telangana Uprising and Subsequent Revolution, Hyderabad Deccan was established as a Muslim majority state as opposed to the Telugu People's Republic which is majority Hindu and primarily Telugu speaking. This was agreed in 1950 and is known as the Hyderabad Agreement. Hyderabad is therefore the largest city split between two different countries.

Islamic State of Hyderabad Deccan اسلامی جمہوریہ حیدرآباد دکن Islāmī Jumhūriyah Haiderābād Dekhan
[[ |thumb|right|220px]] Flag [[ |thumb|right|220px]] Coat of arms
Motto:  "خدا کے نیچے وطن" (Urdu) "Homeland under God"
[[ [[ |thumb]] |thumb|right|220px]]
Capital	Hyderabad
Official languages	Urdu
Recognised languages	Telugu
Ethnic groups	75% Deccani   18% Telugu   2% Kannada 1% Marathi   1% Pakistani 3% Other
Demonym(s)	Hyderabad Deccani, Mulkhi
Government	Republic
• Prime Minister	Syed Bakhash Muhammad
Legislature	National Council
Formation
• Independence from the UK (As Hyderabad State)	15 August 1947
• Telangana Uprising	1 October 1947
• Hyderabad Agreement	4 October 1950
Area
• Total	46 km2 (18 sq mi) (192nd)
• Water (%)	4
Population
• July 2021 estimate	542,000 (168th)
• 2020 census	540,000
• Density	11,782/km2 (30,515.2/sq mi) (3rd)
GDP (PPP)	2017 estimate
• Total	$9.24 billion
• Per capita	$17,052 (90th)
Gini (2018)	37.4medium medium (91st)
HDI	0.775high high (76th)
Currency	Hyderabadi Rupee, Telugu Rupee (₹) (DCR)
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+5:30 (not observed)
Driving side	left
Calling code	+94
Internet TLD	.hd

Etymology

The name 'Hyderabad' means 'Haydar's City' or "lion city", from haydar 'lion' and ābād 'city', after Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.

'Deccan' refers to the Deccani People, who are an ethnoreligious community of Urdu-speaking Muslims inhabiting the Deccan region of Southern and Central South Asia. Hyderabad Deccan's citizens are mostly Deccani and the nation is a cultural centre for Deccanis, who are a minority group in India and the TPR.

The word Deccani (Persian: دکنی from Prakrit dakkhin "south") was derived in the court of Bahmani rulers in 1487 AD during Sultan Mahmood Shah Bahmani II.

History

Early and Medieval History

There is evidence that the area around Hyderabad Deccan has been inhabited since as early as the Stone Age. Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE. The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda (now part of Hyderabad) came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158. Following this in 1325, the area of Hyderabad Deccan was brought under the Tughluq Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. In 1347, the Bahmani Sultanate was established in the region, which ruled until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.

In 1518, Sultan Quli revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty. The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad as a capital city on the banks of the Musi River in 1591. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. Mir Momin Astarabadi, the prime minister in the Qutb Shahi period, developed the plan of the city of Hyderabad, including the location of the Charminar and Char Kaman.

Modern and Colonial History

On 21 September 1687, the Qutb Shahi Dynasty came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War), whereas its state 'Golconda' was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province). In 1713, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he fortified the city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats. In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm) and subsequently in 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire.

Asaf Jah I established autonomy over the Deccan, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of Asaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam—by which the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect taxes.

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams. In response to regular threats from outside forces, the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British. When the English East India Company achieved paramountcy over the Indian subcontinent, they allowed the Nizams to continue to retain internal power over Hyderabad State.