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The '''Third Asemese Civil War''' was an Internal Conflict within [[Upper Asema]] from 1993 until 2002. The conflict killed roughly 500,000 people and saw intense international peacekeeping efforts in an attempt to stop large scale {{wp|crimes against humanity}}. The conflict ended with the [[Nelson Peace Accords]] in 2002, however many scholars see the [[2003 Asemese Remobilization Crisis]] and the [[2003 Asemese Coup d'état]] as continuations of the war. | The '''Third Asemese Civil War''' was an Internal Conflict within [[Upper Asema]] from 1993 until 2002. The conflict killed roughly 500,000 people and saw intense international peacekeeping efforts in an attempt to stop large scale {{wp|crimes against humanity}}. The conflict ended with the [[Nelson Peace Accords]] in 2002, however many scholars see the [[2003 Asemese Remobilization Crisis]] and the [[2003 Asemese Coup d'état]] as continuations of the war. | ||
After the end of the [[Second Asemese Civil War]] President [[Sylvester Alyhé]] would preside over a period of relative peace, [[ALINU]] would reform into the [[Upper Asemese National Army]] and continue Counter- | After the end of the [[Second Asemese Civil War]] President [[Sylvester Alyhé]] would preside over a period of relative peace, [[ALINU]] would reform into the [[Upper Asemese National Army]] and continue Counter-Insurgency operations in the countries far east. Rebel forces who were allied to the former President [[Blaise Jeannot Blé]] would reform in the Far-East where Blé's political base was strongest. This loose coalition of armed rebels would broadly support [[Timothé N'zwou]], former Army Chief of the Upper Asemese Army under Blé. These various forces would mobilize in response to the [[Bohobohé Massacres]] which saw several thousand ethnic Minga, Kinsà, and Gregbasa killed by Government forces under the auspice of Alyhé's anti-Rebel Policy. | ||
Between 1993 and 1995 Rebel forces would sweep through much of the eastern and southern departments. Placing the capital [[Jacqueville]] | Between 1993 and 1995 Rebel forces would sweep through much of the eastern and southern departments. Placing the capital [[Jacqueville]] under siege. But an Army victory at Jacqueville in late 1996 would break the siege and diminish the rebels tactical position. One of the deciding factors in the Siege of Jacqueville was the use of [[Mai-Mai]]. Initially used to describe independent community defense forces. The term came to be used more broadly to describe militant forces which acted at the local level, broadly apolitical and chose sides based on tribal, community, or economic interests. Many Mai-Mai were in urban areas formed from local criminal gangs, while in rural areas the term Mai-Mai could be used to describe bandits and hyperlocal community defense forces. Mai-Mai forces would be utilized by all sides in the conflict and would also act independently. | ||
In 1995 Rebels | In 1995 Rebels affiliated with the Mosquito Squad would assault a government convoy transporting President Alyhé. The Mai-Mai would dismember him with machetes, a local media team who had been allowed to film with the Mosquito Boys caught the event on film, smuggling it out of the country where it would make international headlines. With the death of Alyhé, his Vice President [[Jean-Pierre Dweh]] would assume the presidency and continue to fight the rebels. | ||
[[Operation Lionne]] would see government forces make ground deep into rebel held territory, attempting to liberate the city of [[Symphoreville]], However the governments elite troops, the [[100th Air Cavalry Brigade]] would defect, doing so because | [[Operation Lionne]] would see government forces make ground deep into rebel held territory, attempting to liberate the city of [[Symphoreville]], However the governments elite troops, the [[100th Air Cavalry Brigade]] would defect, doing so because soldiers had not been paid in nearly a year. This mutiny was led by Colonel [[Jean-Évangéliste Belehyi]]. The soldiers would rename themselves the [[Kobra Kommandos]] and would switch sides to support N'zwou. This stalled the operation. Rebels would counter attack in 1997 and would reverse most government gains in the east during [[Operation Coup de Marteau]]. | ||
Belehyi's forces would prove important for changing the tide of the war. the Kobra Kommando's would help push government forces closer to Jacqueville, leading to the [[5th Siege of Jacqueville]] in 1998. In the North, N'zwou's [[NULT]] forces would strike, forming an alliance with the [[NCAPDGb]], as well as establishing the [[Bataillon du Petit Peuple]] to take over the city of [[Sinké-Pacifique]]. This led to the [[Purification Campaign]], a series of mass killing which depopulated the city of much of its non-Gbenende population, one of the largest cases of {{wp|genocide}} during the war. | Belehyi's forces would prove important for changing the tide of the war. the Kobra Kommando's would help push government forces closer to Jacqueville, leading to the [[5th Siege of Jacqueville]] in 1998. In the North, N'zwou's [[NULT]] forces would strike, forming an alliance with the [[NCAPDGb]], as well as establishing the [[Bataillon du Petit Peuple]] to take over the city of [[Sinké-Pacifique]]. This led to the [[Purification Campaign]], a series of mass killing which depopulated the city of much of its non-Gbenende population, one of the largest cases of {{wp|genocide}} during the war. | ||
a large peacekeeping presence would be sent to Upper Asema in the aftermath of the Purification Campaign in Sinké-Pacifique, with N'zwou using {{wp|child soldier}}'s to combat Peacekeeping forces. However N'zwou would be killed in fighting near [[Gnaka]] later that year. Belehyi would take over as the dominant rebel force. Dweh and Belehyi would meet for | a large peacekeeping presence would be sent to Upper Asema in the aftermath of the Purification Campaign in Sinké-Pacifique, with N'zwou using {{wp|child soldier}}'s to combat Peacekeeping forces. However N'zwou would be killed in fighting near [[Gnaka]] later that year. Belehyi would take over as the dominant rebel force. Dweh and Belehyi would meet for Peace talks in [[Nelson]], [[Thalassic Federation]] sponsored by President TBD. These Talks would lead to the signing of the Nelson Peace Accords in 2002, which would establish a power sharing agreement between the rebels and government and set a framework for demobilization of the Mai-Mai as well as setting a road map for elections and transitioning former rebel groups into political parties. | ||
This would be the last | This would be the last large scale conflict in the country, however unresolved issues like Gbaysian Autonomy, Neo-Mai-Mai rebels in the hinterlands, and socio-economic grievances in the Dzogonda Department would lead to a series of smaller conflict's. Dweh would remain President and Belehyi High Commissioner until Belehyi would oust Dweh in a Coup d'état following the [[2003 Asemese Remobilization Crisis]]. The conflict saw major human rights abuses up to and including genocide. nearly 50,000 children between the ages of 7 and 15 would participate in the war as child soldiers, The conflict also saw institutionalized sexual violence used as a weapon of war. Mutilations were common with nearly 75,000 people having their hands, feet, or other body parts cut off as a way to prevent them from continuing to fight. anthropologists and historians have described it as "one of the most devastating conflict in recent history" for the level of society wide destruction it brough. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
===Alyhé takes power and aftermath of the Second Civil War=== | ===Alyhé takes power and aftermath of the Second Civil War=== | ||
[[File:Nigerian ECOMOG soldier Liberia.jpg|250px|thumb|left|ALINU soldier in the Northern Tsitowodzi Massif Region 1989]]Alyhé's ALINU forces would take control of the national government in 1989, | [[File:Nigerian ECOMOG soldier Liberia.jpg|250px|thumb|left|ALINU soldier in the Northern Tsitowodzi Massif Region 1989]]Alyhé's ALINU forces would take control of the national government in 1989, deposing [[Blaise Jeannot Blé]] and his [[Authenticity Front of Asemese Democracy]] led government. Alyhé would take up the title as president and inaugurated a new unity government made up of high ranking ALINU members and what were called "reformed tyrants", former administrators in the Blé government who had in some way reconciled with the new government. This was done to maintain important administrative bureaucrats as well as to dampen any pro-Blé uprisings. The figurehead of this group of politicians was [[Perceval Tancrède Sorokonè]], who served as Chairman of the National Assembly. The political balance struck by Alyhé would last unopposed in the south-west and north of the country. Important figures like [[Cléas Twe]] and [[Dieudonné "Didi" Oupamfo]] would be instrumental in keeping political violence down in the rebellious east. | ||
Early in his administration tension mounted between so called | Early in his administration tension mounted between so-called ‘’Originalist’’, who felt that Alyhé's pragmatic governing style had drifted away from the stated goals of ALINU and invalidated much of the sacrifice made during the war. This was opposed by [[Alyhistes]] who were government loyalists, particularly from ethnic groups who had suffered under the previous administration and saw Alyhé as the best political option for their security. These tensions would come to a head in late 1990 when elements of the National Assembly and Armed Forces would conduct the [[1990 Upper Asemese Coup Attempt]]. Led by Assemblyman [[Jean-Zénobe Macca]] the forces would attempt to secure key infrastructure, using unarmed tanks in an attempt to scare off police as the main force marched to the Presidential Palace. The tank would drive off the [[Raphaël Ngwamba Bridge]], drowning its crew of 4. The others would continue to march but would be fought back by policemen. The coup would be labeled a disaster and Macca would be arrested. | ||
In the east, the coup was viewed | In the east, the coup was viewed positively and with enthusiasm. Macca was an ethnic {{wp|Akan people|Dwèmè}} just like Blé and his coup was seen as a sign of disloyalty amongst the Dwèmè people. Alyhé would go through and establish the [[Anti-Terror Units]], who would be used to attack Dwèmè communities suspected of supporting militant activity. These forces would be used to conduct raids on suspected militants, but in practice served as "Ethnic Death Squads" according to anthropologist and journalist Jean-Luc Bellemy. | ||
===Ethnic Tension in the East=== | ===Ethnic Tension in the East=== | ||
[[File:Dweme Rebel.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Ethnic Dwèmè Mai-Mai Rebel near Ludolpheville]]Tensions had been growing in the [[Tsitowodzi Massif Region]] between ethnic {{wp|Akan People|Dwèmè}} and {{Wp|Kpelle people|Gbenende}}, {{wp|Susu people|Sorhoro}}, and {{wp|Dyula people|Yamende}} people | [[File:Dweme Rebel.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Ethnic Dwèmè Mai-Mai Rebel near Ludolpheville]]Tensions had been growing in the [[Tsitowodzi Massif Region]] between ethnic {{wp|Akan People|Dwèmè}} and {{Wp|Kpelle people|Gbenende}}, {{wp|Susu people|Sorhoro}}, and {{wp|Dyula people|Yamende}} people. This conflict having been the result of the [[Second Asemese Civil War|previous civil war]] where the Gbenende, Sorhoro, and Yamende formed various civil defense forces to help [[ALINU]] in its war against the Blé Government. One aspect of the conflict was ALINU allied Sorhoro forces going in and attacking Dwèmè communities, using hand mutilation to prevent local Dwèmè men from joining local government forces. The Gbenende, Sorhoro, and Yamende would form the Montagnard Mai-Mai in 1989 in the aftermath of ALINU's victory. Dwèmè communities in the region would follow, forming several Mai-Mai's, the largesting being the Forces Nouvelles. | ||
The | The Forces Nouvelles would attack several {{wp|Mandé peoples|Yesohro}} villages, killing several hundred villagers as the Montagnards attempted to mobilize in response. The villages of Baulo, Zaguer, and Solon would be razed and burned by Montagnard forces, with little to no resistance. This would cause a reciprocal cycle of violence between these two groups, the national army would be sent in to try and maintain peace. However in many cases the National Army would not intervene in instances of violence against Dwèmè communities while violently suppressing Dwèmè militants. In August of 1990 the national army was pushed out of the Bingué Department by Dwèmè Mai-Mai forces. The army would attempt to retake the Department by force. | ||
From November to early December The national army would get | From November to early December The national army would get explicit orders from President Alyhé to use extreme force to regain control of the Department. This would lead to the [[Battle of Ludolpheville]] where Mai-Mai forces would be forced out of the Departmental Capital of [[Ludolpheville]] and would see the National Army purge the city of its Dwèmè population. The army would however be stopped by Mai-Mai forces north of the city along the [[Fùlùnè Forest]]. President Alyhé would order General [[Louis-Auguste Bêléa]] to pull his forces away from the forest. | ||
===Anti-Rebel Operations=== | ===Anti-Rebel Operations=== | ||
[[File:Anti-Terrror Unit Upper Asema.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Government Anti-Terror Unit fighting in Gnadawlah, 1991]] In the aftermath of | [[File:Anti-Terrror Unit Upper Asema.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Government Anti-Terror Unit fighting in Gnadawlah, 1991]] In the aftermath of the Battle of Ludolpheville the Alyhé Government would formulate a new strategy in more effectively dealing with the rebellious east. The pro-Government tribal militias would be reformed into the [[Anti-Terror Units]], led by High Commissioner [[Cléas Twe]]. The goal of the Anti-Terror Units was to form localized anti-militia formations based on loyal ethno-tribal people's. Twe would form the Anti-Terror Unit around his personal militia based in the eastern City of [[Dengubé]]. | ||
The ATU's would strike at anti- | The ATU's would strike at anti-government Mai-Mai forces near the Fùlùnè Forest. The [[Battles in the Forest]] would see the ATU push back Mai-Mai forces out of the forest and into the urban centers of [[Yémngè]], [[Gnadawlah]], [[Wuhôro]], and [[Bohobohé]]. On the 3rd of January 1991 ATU forces under the command of Twe would assault Yémngè and Gnadawlah. The ATU's would force their way into the south of Yémngè, while another unit would wedge themselves in between Yémngè and Gnadawlah before entering both towns from the north and south respectively. | ||
ATU forces would clear the towns within a few weeks, again with the ATU killing or forcing out ethnic Dwèmè people from the towns. With {{wp|Villagization|Secure Villages}} being established to house intentionally displaced people during the campaign. The Secure Villages served as large scale civilian prison camps, where {{wp|Malnutrition}} and {{wp|Forced Labor}} were common. The largest of these Secure Villages being the diamond mining colony of [[Mfuturosika]], where ATU forces would guard and force captured civilians to mine for diamonds, which would be sold and used to enrich Twe (already one of the wealthiest men in the country) but would also be used to pay soldiers wages. | |||
The Anti-Terror Operations would see nearly 10,000 people internally displaced and thousands killed. Anti-Government forces would retreat into the [[Borotéré National Forest]]. The last strongholds being the city of [[Péler]] right on the border. The rebel and government forces would stabilize along the boundary of the forest, with its difficult and hilly geography, as well as its remoteness and underdeveloped infrastructure making it a difficult obstacle to overcome. | |||
=== Timothé N'zwou and NULT=== | === Timothé N'zwou and NULT=== | ||
| Line 117: | Line 121: | ||
==Rebel Offensive 1993-1995== | ==Rebel Offensive 1993-1995== | ||
===Battle of Gola=== | ===Battle of Gola=== | ||
===FRONALIDEM Formation=== | ===FRONALIDEM Formation=== | ||
===Dzonganda Rebelion=== | ===Dzonganda Rebelion=== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:51, 18 July 2023
The Third Asemese Civil War was an Internal Conflict within Upper Asema from 1993 until 2002. The conflict killed roughly 500,000 people and saw intense international peacekeeping efforts in an attempt to stop large scale crimes against humanity. The conflict ended with the Nelson Peace Accords in 2002, however many scholars see the 2003 Asemese Remobilization Crisis and the 2003 Asemese Coup d'état as continuations of the war.
After the end of the Second Asemese Civil War President Sylvester Alyhé would preside over a period of relative peace, ALINU would reform into the Upper Asemese National Army and continue Counter-Insurgency operations in the countries far east. Rebel forces who were allied to the former President Blaise Jeannot Blé would reform in the Far-East where Blé's political base was strongest. This loose coalition of armed rebels would broadly support Timothé N'zwou, former Army Chief of the Upper Asemese Army under Blé. These various forces would mobilize in response to the Bohobohé Massacres which saw several thousand ethnic Minga, Kinsà, and Gregbasa killed by Government forces under the auspice of Alyhé's anti-Rebel Policy.
Between 1993 and 1995 Rebel forces would sweep through much of the eastern and southern departments. Placing the capital Jacqueville under siege. But an Army victory at Jacqueville in late 1996 would break the siege and diminish the rebels tactical position. One of the deciding factors in the Siege of Jacqueville was the use of Mai-Mai. Initially used to describe independent community defense forces. The term came to be used more broadly to describe militant forces which acted at the local level, broadly apolitical and chose sides based on tribal, community, or economic interests. Many Mai-Mai were in urban areas formed from local criminal gangs, while in rural areas the term Mai-Mai could be used to describe bandits and hyperlocal community defense forces. Mai-Mai forces would be utilized by all sides in the conflict and would also act independently.
In 1995 Rebels affiliated with the Mosquito Squad would assault a government convoy transporting President Alyhé. The Mai-Mai would dismember him with machetes, a local media team who had been allowed to film with the Mosquito Boys caught the event on film, smuggling it out of the country where it would make international headlines. With the death of Alyhé, his Vice President Jean-Pierre Dweh would assume the presidency and continue to fight the rebels.
Operation Lionne would see government forces make ground deep into rebel held territory, attempting to liberate the city of Symphoreville, However the governments elite troops, the 100th Air Cavalry Brigade would defect, doing so because soldiers had not been paid in nearly a year. This mutiny was led by Colonel Jean-Évangéliste Belehyi. The soldiers would rename themselves the Kobra Kommandos and would switch sides to support N'zwou. This stalled the operation. Rebels would counter attack in 1997 and would reverse most government gains in the east during Operation Coup de Marteau.
Belehyi's forces would prove important for changing the tide of the war. the Kobra Kommando's would help push government forces closer to Jacqueville, leading to the 5th Siege of Jacqueville in 1998. In the North, N'zwou's NULT forces would strike, forming an alliance with the NCAPDGb, as well as establishing the Bataillon du Petit Peuple to take over the city of Sinké-Pacifique. This led to the Purification Campaign, a series of mass killing which depopulated the city of much of its non-Gbenende population, one of the largest cases of genocide during the war.
a large peacekeeping presence would be sent to Upper Asema in the aftermath of the Purification Campaign in Sinké-Pacifique, with N'zwou using child soldier's to combat Peacekeeping forces. However N'zwou would be killed in fighting near Gnaka later that year. Belehyi would take over as the dominant rebel force. Dweh and Belehyi would meet for Peace talks in Nelson, Thalassic Federation sponsored by President TBD. These Talks would lead to the signing of the Nelson Peace Accords in 2002, which would establish a power sharing agreement between the rebels and government and set a framework for demobilization of the Mai-Mai as well as setting a road map for elections and transitioning former rebel groups into political parties.
This would be the last large scale conflict in the country, however unresolved issues like Gbaysian Autonomy, Neo-Mai-Mai rebels in the hinterlands, and socio-economic grievances in the Dzogonda Department would lead to a series of smaller conflict's. Dweh would remain President and Belehyi High Commissioner until Belehyi would oust Dweh in a Coup d'état following the 2003 Asemese Remobilization Crisis. The conflict saw major human rights abuses up to and including genocide. nearly 50,000 children between the ages of 7 and 15 would participate in the war as child soldiers, The conflict also saw institutionalized sexual violence used as a weapon of war. Mutilations were common with nearly 75,000 people having their hands, feet, or other body parts cut off as a way to prevent them from continuing to fight. anthropologists and historians have described it as "one of the most devastating conflict in recent history" for the level of society wide destruction it brough.
Background
Alyhé takes power and aftermath of the Second Civil War
Alyhé's ALINU forces would take control of the national government in 1989, deposing Blaise Jeannot Blé and his Authenticity Front of Asemese Democracy led government. Alyhé would take up the title as president and inaugurated a new unity government made up of high ranking ALINU members and what were called "reformed tyrants", former administrators in the Blé government who had in some way reconciled with the new government. This was done to maintain important administrative bureaucrats as well as to dampen any pro-Blé uprisings. The figurehead of this group of politicians was Perceval Tancrède Sorokonè, who served as Chairman of the National Assembly. The political balance struck by Alyhé would last unopposed in the south-west and north of the country. Important figures like Cléas Twe and Dieudonné "Didi" Oupamfo would be instrumental in keeping political violence down in the rebellious east.
Early in his administration tension mounted between so-called ‘’Originalist’’, who felt that Alyhé's pragmatic governing style had drifted away from the stated goals of ALINU and invalidated much of the sacrifice made during the war. This was opposed by Alyhistes who were government loyalists, particularly from ethnic groups who had suffered under the previous administration and saw Alyhé as the best political option for their security. These tensions would come to a head in late 1990 when elements of the National Assembly and Armed Forces would conduct the 1990 Upper Asemese Coup Attempt. Led by Assemblyman Jean-Zénobe Macca the forces would attempt to secure key infrastructure, using unarmed tanks in an attempt to scare off police as the main force marched to the Presidential Palace. The tank would drive off the Raphaël Ngwamba Bridge, drowning its crew of 4. The others would continue to march but would be fought back by policemen. The coup would be labeled a disaster and Macca would be arrested.
In the east, the coup was viewed positively and with enthusiasm. Macca was an ethnic Dwèmè just like Blé and his coup was seen as a sign of disloyalty amongst the Dwèmè people. Alyhé would go through and establish the Anti-Terror Units, who would be used to attack Dwèmè communities suspected of supporting militant activity. These forces would be used to conduct raids on suspected militants, but in practice served as "Ethnic Death Squads" according to anthropologist and journalist Jean-Luc Bellemy.
Ethnic Tension in the East
Tensions had been growing in the Tsitowodzi Massif Region between ethnic Dwèmè and Gbenende, Sorhoro, and Yamende people. This conflict having been the result of the previous civil war where the Gbenende, Sorhoro, and Yamende formed various civil defense forces to help ALINU in its war against the Blé Government. One aspect of the conflict was ALINU allied Sorhoro forces going in and attacking Dwèmè communities, using hand mutilation to prevent local Dwèmè men from joining local government forces. The Gbenende, Sorhoro, and Yamende would form the Montagnard Mai-Mai in 1989 in the aftermath of ALINU's victory. Dwèmè communities in the region would follow, forming several Mai-Mai's, the largesting being the Forces Nouvelles.
The Forces Nouvelles would attack several Yesohro villages, killing several hundred villagers as the Montagnards attempted to mobilize in response. The villages of Baulo, Zaguer, and Solon would be razed and burned by Montagnard forces, with little to no resistance. This would cause a reciprocal cycle of violence between these two groups, the national army would be sent in to try and maintain peace. However in many cases the National Army would not intervene in instances of violence against Dwèmè communities while violently suppressing Dwèmè militants. In August of 1990 the national army was pushed out of the Bingué Department by Dwèmè Mai-Mai forces. The army would attempt to retake the Department by force.
From November to early December The national army would get explicit orders from President Alyhé to use extreme force to regain control of the Department. This would lead to the Battle of Ludolpheville where Mai-Mai forces would be forced out of the Departmental Capital of Ludolpheville and would see the National Army purge the city of its Dwèmè population. The army would however be stopped by Mai-Mai forces north of the city along the Fùlùnè Forest. President Alyhé would order General Louis-Auguste Bêléa to pull his forces away from the forest.
Anti-Rebel Operations
In the aftermath of the Battle of Ludolpheville the Alyhé Government would formulate a new strategy in more effectively dealing with the rebellious east. The pro-Government tribal militias would be reformed into the Anti-Terror Units, led by High Commissioner Cléas Twe. The goal of the Anti-Terror Units was to form localized anti-militia formations based on loyal ethno-tribal people's. Twe would form the Anti-Terror Unit around his personal militia based in the eastern City of Dengubé.
The ATU's would strike at anti-government Mai-Mai forces near the Fùlùnè Forest. The Battles in the Forest would see the ATU push back Mai-Mai forces out of the forest and into the urban centers of Yémngè, Gnadawlah, Wuhôro, and Bohobohé. On the 3rd of January 1991 ATU forces under the command of Twe would assault Yémngè and Gnadawlah. The ATU's would force their way into the south of Yémngè, while another unit would wedge themselves in between Yémngè and Gnadawlah before entering both towns from the north and south respectively.
ATU forces would clear the towns within a few weeks, again with the ATU killing or forcing out ethnic Dwèmè people from the towns. With Secure Villages being established to house intentionally displaced people during the campaign. The Secure Villages served as large scale civilian prison camps, where Malnutrition and Forced Labor were common. The largest of these Secure Villages being the diamond mining colony of Mfuturosika, where ATU forces would guard and force captured civilians to mine for diamonds, which would be sold and used to enrich Twe (already one of the wealthiest men in the country) but would also be used to pay soldiers wages.
The Anti-Terror Operations would see nearly 10,000 people internally displaced and thousands killed. Anti-Government forces would retreat into the Borotéré National Forest. The last strongholds being the city of Péler right on the border. The rebel and government forces would stabilize along the boundary of the forest, with its difficult and hilly geography, as well as its remoteness and underdeveloped infrastructure making it a difficult obstacle to overcome.
Timothé N'zwou and NULT
Bohobohé Massacres and Rebel Mobilization
Rebel Offensive 1993-1995
Battle of Gola
FRONALIDEM Formation
Dzonganda Rebelion
Southern Offensive
Siege of Jacqueville
Mai-Mai Normalization
Rebel Defeat at Jacqueville
Assassination of Alyhé
1995-1997 Government Offensive
Operation Lionne
Battle of Symphoreville
Defection and Belehyi's Kobra Kommandos
1997 Rebel Counter Offensive
Conflict from 1997-1998
Belehyi's Southern Offensive
5th Siege of Jacqueville
Mai-Mai Internal Conflict in Jacqueville
Opperation Guerrier Volant and the Battle of Éphraïm Wreh International Airport
N'zwou's Northern Offensive
NCAPDGb Participation
Battle of Sinké-Pacifique
The Purification Campaign and Genocide
International Peacekeeping Efforts
Gnaka and Death of N'zwou
Peace Talks
1998-2002
Battle of Mané
Establishment of the Womans Force for Peace and Stability
Establishment of Safe Zones
Retreat from Jacqueville
Stalemate in the South
Nelson Peace Accord
End of the Conflict and Demobilization
