Emnian language: Difference between revisions

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{{WIP}}


{{Infobox language
| name            = Emnian
| altname          =
| nativename      = ''Eaimhnidht''
| acceptance      =
| image            =
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagealt        =
| imagecaption    =
| pronunciation    = [ˈavʲɾʲiːtʲ]
| states          = [[Emnia]]
| region          =
| creator          =
| created          =
| setting          =
| ethnicity        = [[Emnian people|Emnians]]
| extinct          =
| era              =
| speakers        = 5.32 million
| date            = 2020
| dateprefix      =
| ref              = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' -->
| refname          =
| speakers2        =
| revived          =
| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat -->
| familycolor      = Afro-Asiatic
| family          = {{wpl|Semitic languages|Emnitic}}
| fam1            =
| fam2            =
| fam3            = <!-- up to fam15 -->
| protoname        =
| ancestor        = {{wpl|Biblical Hebrew|Primitive Emnian}}
| ancestor2        = {{wpl|Biblical Hebrew|Primitive Emnian}}
| ancestor3        = [[Old Emnian]]
| ancestor4        = [[Middle Emnian]]
| standards        =
| stand1          =
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| dialects        =
| listclass        =
| dia1            =
| dia2            = <!-- up to dia20 -->
| script          = {{wpl|Latin script|Equatoric}} ([[Emnian alphabet]])<br/>
                    [[Emnian Braille]]
| sign            = [[Emnian Sign Language]]
| posteriori      =
| nation          = [[Emnia]]
| minority        =
| agency          =
| development_body =
| iso1            =
| iso1comment      =
| iso2            =
| iso2b            =
| iso2t            =
| iso2comment      =
| iso3            =
| iso3comment      =
| lc1              =
| ld1              =
| lc2              = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| ld2              = <!-- up to ld30 -->
| iso6            =
| isoexception    =
| linglist        =
| lingname        =
| linglist2        = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
| glotto          =
| glottorefname      =
| glotto2          = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| glottorefname2      = <!-- up to glottorefname5 -->
| aiatsis          =
| aiatsisname      =
| aiatsis2        = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| aiatsisname2    = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| guthrie          =
| ELP              =
| ELPname          =
| ELP2            = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
| ELPname2        = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
| glottopedia      =
| lingua          =
| lingua_ref      =
| ietf            =
| map              =
| mapsize          =
| mapalt          =
| mapcaption      =
| map2            =
| mapalt2          =
| mapcaption2      =
| pushpin_map      =
| pushpin_image    =
| pushpin_map_alt  =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize  =
| pushpin_label          =
| pushpin_label_position  =
| coordinates      = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
| module          =
| notice          = IPA
}}
'''Emnian''' (Emnian: ''Eaimhnidht'' [ˈavʲɾʲiːtʲ]) is a {{wpl|Semitic languages|West Emnitic language}} spoken by about 5.32 million people, principally in [[Emnia]], where it is an official language.
Until the 16th century, Emnian was a continuum of dialects spoken from the Lower Delta to the [[Far East (Emnian region)|Far East]] without a standard variety or spelling conventions. With the advent of [[Autocephalist Temple (Emnian lore)|Autocephalism]] and the introduction of the printing press, a standard language was developed based on the speech of the Lower Delta region. It spread through use in the education system, trade, and administration. During the romantic nationalist movements of the 19th century, the language itself was promoted as a token of Emnian national identity, and experienced a surge in use and popularity as major works of literature were produced. Today, the traditional dialects have almost disappeared except for the [[Thárann Valley dialect]].
==History==
Emnitic languages may have arrived in Emnia between 2,500 BC and 2,000 BC with the spread of the [[High Lake Culture]]. The language spoken by the High Lake Culture has been suggested as a candidate for the {{wpl|Proto-Semitic language|Proto-Emnitic}}, or, specifically, the direct ancestral language to Primitive Emnian.
===Primitive Emnian===
The earliest written form of the Emnian language is known to linguists as Primitive Emnian. Primitive Emnian is known only from fragments — mostly personal names — inscribed on stone in {{wpl|Phoenician alphabet|Emnian runes}}. These inscriptions are mostly found in the south of the country as well as in northern [[Southerland (Emnian lore)|Southerland]], where it was brought by settlers from Emnia.
===Old Emnian===
{{main|Old Emnian}}
Old Emnian first appears in the margins of {{wpl|Latin|Equatoric}} manuscripts as early as the 6th century. A large number of early Emnian literary texts, despite having been recorded as manuscripts during the Middle Emnian period (such as the ''[[Seaphair Mudoire]]''), are written in Old Emnian.
===Middle Emnian===
{{main|Middle Emnian}}
Middle Emnian refers most narrowly to the form of the language used from the 10th to the 12th centuries; it's therefore a contemporary of late {{wpl|Old English|Old Sudric}} and early {{wpl|Middle English|Middle Sudric}}. It is the language of a large amount of literature, including the entire ''[[Angaoide t-an Éile]]''.
===Modern Emnian===
Early Modern Emnian began to take shape between the 13th and 18th centuries, when numerous {{wpl|Tract (literature)|tracts}} were written in order to teach the most cultivated form of the language to student bards, lawyers, doctors, administrators, monks, and so on in Emnia. Despite being a ''cultivated'' language, the standards were largely based on vernacular usage and allowed a number of dialectal forms which had already existed at the time.
==Dialects==
==Phonology==
One of the most notable aspects of Emnian phonology is that nearly all consonants are paired — with one having a "broad" pronunciation and one having a "slender" one. Broad consonants are either {{wpl|Velarization|velarised}} (that is, the back of the tongue is pulled back and slightly up in the direction of the soft palate while the consonant is articulated) or simply velar. Slender consonants are {{wpl|Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised}}, which means the tongue is pushed up towards the hard palate during articulation. The contrast between broad and slender consonants is crucial in Emnian as it not only plays a critical role in distinguishing the individual consonants themselves, but also in the pronunciation of the surrounding vowels, in the determination of which consonants can form clusters, and in the behaviour of words that begin with a vowel. The broad/slender distinction is similar to the hard/soft distinction of many languages such as {{wpl|Russian language|Slavonian}}.
===History===
===Vowels===
===Consonants===
===Regional variations===
==Grammar==
===Nouns and adjectives===
Emnian nouns (''séimh'', plural ''séimhimh'') and adjectives are declined according to the following properties:
* ''State'' (indefinite, definite, or construct)
* ''Gender'' (feminine or masculine); this is an inherent characteristic of nouns but part of the declension of adjectives
* ''Number'' (singular, plural, or dual)
Nouns are generally related to verbs via their shared verbal roots, but the formation of some nouns is not systematic due to loanwords and influence from foreign languages.
===Pronouns===
===="Free" pronouns====
In Emnian, "free" personal pronouns have 14 distinct forms. In the singular and plural, 2nd and 3rd person pronouns have separate masculine and feminine forms, while the 1st person does not. Traditionally, there exists a formality distinction in the first-person pronouns, although this is exceedingly rare even in the most formal of modern speech.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Person
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! <small>informal</small>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aoine''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''anuách''
|-
! <small>formal</small>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''anaoiche''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''anú''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! <small>masculine</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''tá''
| style="text-align: center;" |''tim''
|-
! <small>feminine</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''át''
| style="text-align: center;" |''tin''
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! <small>masculine</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''thú''
| style="text-align: center;" |''them''
|-
! <small>feminine</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''thaoi''
| style="text-align: center;" |''then''
|-
! <small>impersonal</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''dhe''
| style="text-align: center;" |''dheile''
|}
====Bound pronouns====
The enclitic forms of the personal pronouns (or "bound" pronouns) are used:
* After the construct state of nouns, where they have the meaning of possessive determiners, e.g. "my, your, his, her", etc.
* After prepositions, where they construe the objects of prepositions, e.g. "to me, to you, to him, to her", etc.
* After verbs, where they have the meaning of direct object pronouns
Unlike in the free pronouns, there exists no traditional formality distinction in the 1st person in bound pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Person
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
| style="text-align: center;" | ''í''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aonú''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! <small>masculine</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''chá''
| style="text-align: center;" |''chim''
|-
! <small>feminine</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''ách''
| style="text-align: center;" |''chin''
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! <small>masculine</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''ó''
| style="text-align: center;" |''ám''
|-
! <small>feminine</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''á''
| style="text-align: center;" |''án''
|-
! <small>impersonal</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |''dhe''
| style="text-align: center;" |''dheile''
|}
====Demonstratives====
===Numerals===
===Verbs===
{{main|Emnian verbs}}
===Prepositions===
===Syntax===
====Genitive construction====
A noun may be more precisely defined by adding another noun immediately afterwards. In Emnian grammar, this is known as an ''adapha'' (lit. "addendum") or the "genitive construct". The first noun (the possessed) must be in the construct state, while the subsequent noun or bound pronoun (the possessor) can be either definite or indefinite. Following a feminine noun ending in a vowel or the plural suffix -''(a/e)oth'', nouns or bound pronouns beginning with vowels undergo T-prothesis. This construction is typically equivalent to the construction "(noun) of (noun)".
Simple examples include:
* ''beáth Príoma'' — "the daughter of Príoma/Príoma's daughter"
* ''beáth t-Annraoi'' — "the daughter of Annraoi/Annraoi's daughter"
* ''béinn Annraoi'' — "the son of Annraoi/Annraoi's son"
* ''baight aoinse'' — "the house of a woman/a woman's house"
* ''baight an aoinse'' — "the house of the woman/the woman's house"
Nothing except a demonstrative can intervene between the two nouns in an ''adapha''. If an adjective modifies the first noun, it appears at the end of the ''adapha'' without a definite article ''regardless of whether the term it modifies is semantically definite''. An ajdective modifying the second noun will appear directly after the second noun, and will match the definiteness of that noun.
* ''máilce t-an eirias chadhaise'' — "The new queen of the country"
* ''máilce t-an eirias an chadhaise'' — "The queen of the new country"
====Word order====
====Definite article====
==Orthography==
==See also==
[[category:Emnia]][[category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 05:18, 18 January 2024

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