Esperantio

Esperantio Respubliko Esperantio Republic of Esperantio
Flag National Seal
Motto:  "Espero, Libereco kaj Paco." "Hope, Freedom, and Peace."
Anthem:  "The Hope" La Espero
Map of Esperantio
Capital and largest city	Haveno 22°10′N 108°18′W
Official languages	Esperanto
Recognised national languages	Hebrew English German Russian
Ethnic groups	66.5% European 15.1% Jewish 10.2% Asian 8.2% Others
Demonym(s)	Esperantano
Government	Unitary Presidential Representative Democratic Republic
• President	Esa Rapaporto
• Assistant President	Sofia Pinto
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Altakomitato
• Lower house	Liberkonsilio
Formation
• National Foundation Day (legendary)	June 15, 1911 CE
• Constitution	April 2, 1929 CE
Area
• Total	2,040 km2 (790 sq mi)
• Water (%)	3.39
Population
• 2024 estimate	1,421,500
• Density	696.8/km2 (1,804.7/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2023 estimate
• Total	$105.411 billion
• Per capita	$74,155
GDP (nominal)	2023 estimate
• Total	$97.271 billion
• Per capita	$68,500
Gini (2023)	36.4 medium
HDI (2023)	0.888 very high
Currency	Dolaro ($) (ESO)
Time zone	UTC-8 / -7
Date format	yyyy-mm-dd (CE−2022)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+909
ISO 3166 code	ESO
Internet TLD	.ep

Esperantio, officially known as the Republic of Esperantio (Esperanto: Respubliko Esperantio) is a country on the southern coast of Central America. It is bordered by NATION to the north, the UNNAMED Sea to the south, and NATION to the east. It also shares a water boundary with NATION to the west. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres (8,867 sq mi) and a population of 1,421,500 (2023). Its extensive land reclamation projects have increased the combined area by approximately 10% since the country's independence, reflecting its long history of geographic development. Today, the mainland is approximately 290 km (180 mi) long and 110 km (68 mi) wide. About 42 per cent of the population lives in the capital and largest city, Haveno. Formerly one of the region's poorest countries—with a GDP per capita of about US $1,354 per year in the late 1920s—it has since transformed itself into a highly developed country, with one of the world's fastest-growing economies.

The country is heavily urbanized, with most people living in Esperantio's four major cities. The lush vegetation of these cities – even in urban areas – has earned Esperantio the nickname “forest republic”. This abundance of greenery is largely due to the country's equatorial climate, which is uniformly hot and stormy throughout the year.

Esperantio is frequently presented as an example of rapid and extraordinary economic success. After independence from NATION in 1911, annexation to NATION in 1921, then independence in 1929, Esperantio was able to become, with very few natural resources and significant socio-economic setbacks (race riots, unemployment massive, housing difficulties and access to water), one of the most developed and prosperous countries in the area, in terms of economy, education, health, security and urban planning. This prosperity, however, is based on the exploitation of short-term immigrant labor (20-30% of the active population) who generally do not benefit in any way from these living conditions.

Esperantio's history is rich and distinct, dating back more than five-hundred years. As a maritime emporium known as NAME, it served as a key trading post for several mercantile empires. Its modern era began in 1822, when Reginald Whitney established it as a shipping hub for the Western Star Line. After 89 years as a shipping colony, Esperantio gained self-governance in 1911 and became part of the NAME OF FEDERATION in 1912. However, ideological differences caused Esperantio to be expelled from the federation in 1921, and it emerged as a sovereign country.

Despite its geographic limitations, such as its small size and lack of natural ore reserves, Esperantio is home to significant offshore oil reserves, which the country has been leveraging since the 1960s. Its rapid development is based heavily on international trade and trans-continental economic agreements, with a strong emphasis on free trade, export-oriented industrialization and the accumulation of foreign direct investments, reserves and assets. Its relatively high gross national income per capita (by some estimates the largest in local economic zone) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and a respectable Human Development Index which has been increasing steadily for over 20 years.

History

Early History & Colonisation

The island of Esperantio was uninhabited before its first recorded visit by Emerstarian explorers in the end of the 18th century. The 1776 arrival of Emerstarian explorer Captain Ravel Karlsson marked the first documented contact by an explorer with Esperantio; early Emerstarian influence can be seen in the architecture of Haveno's "Renaissance Quarter", which borrows heavily from the Emerstarian Renaissance Revival style. Karlsson named the island "Sandborg" in honor of his sponsor Ingemar Sandborg, attaché to King Karl IV Lorens of Emerstari, publishing the islands' location and rendering hundreds of detailed geographic reports. The form "Sandborg" or "Sandburgo" is preserved in the names of certain locations in the Esperantano Canary Mountains, among them being Monto Sandburgo, named after three Emerstarians of a trapping party who went missing in the area during the 18th century.

The 1799 arrival of Emerstarian governor Wilhelm Frisk coincided with development of a prosperous economy based on sugar production. Frisk established Haveno (Then called Sigismund) as a naval base and a shipbuilding centre. Under his governorship, numerous buildings were erected, a number of which are still standing. These include part of Government Manor, the Stadshuset, and the Line Barracks, the headquarters of the police force. The island was under the administration of the Emerstarian South Sea Company, which maintained its presence until 1867. After 3 years of governership, Frisk returned to Emerstari in 1802, leaving Major Gustaf Linderolf as the Resident and Commandant of the new settlement, supported initially by some artillery and a single regiment of soldiers. Establishing a trading port from scratch was in itself a daunting prospect, but Linderolf's administration was, in addition, practically unfunded, as Frisk did not wish his superiors to view the island, which lacked ore and minerals, as a waste of financial resources. In addition, it was forbidden from earning revenue by imposing port duties, Frisk having decided from the outset that Esperantio would be a free port.

In spite of these difficulties, the new colony rapidly proved to be a spectacular success. As news of the free port spread across the region, European, Chinese, and African traders flocked to the island, seeking to circumvent trading restrictions. During the first year of operation, 400,000 Emerstarian Skilles worth of trade passed through Esperantio. It has been estimated that when Frisk arrived in 1799, the total population of the whole of Esperantio was around a thousand, mostly made up of fishermen. By 1811, the island's population had increased to around five thousand, and the trade volume was 8 million skilles. By 1825, the population had passed the ten thousand mark, with a trade volume of S 22 million.

Frisk returned to Esperantio in 1822. Although Linderolf had successfully led the settlement through its difficult early years, Frisk was critical of many of the decisions he had made. For instance, in order to generate much-needed revenue for the government, Linderolf had resorted to selling licenses for gambling and the sale of opium, which Frisk saw as social evils. Frisk was also appalled by the slave trade tolerated by Linderolf. Frisk arranged for the dismissal of Linderolf, who was replaced by Sone Bruun. Frisk took over the administration himself, and set about drafting a set of new policies for the settlement.

In 1824, Frisk banned slavery, closed all gambling dens, prohibited the carrying of weapons, and imposed heavy taxation to discourage what he considered vices such as drunkenness and opium smoking. Frisk, dismayed at the disarray of the colony, also arranged to organise it into functional and ethnic subdivisions under the drafted Frisk's Plan of Sandborg.

Growth & Disorganisation

During the subsequent decades of the 19th century, Esperantio (Still called Sandborg at this point) grew to become an important port in the region. Its success was due to several reasons including the opening of trading markets, the advent of ocean-going steamships, the dramatic reduction in the time and cost of shipping goods across the region after the opening of several canals, and the production of rubber and sugar on the island. Ling Shou had not featured significantly in Esperantio's trade until the 1840s, when the tin-mining and gambier-pepper cultivation industries grew in the Ling Empire.

Its status as a free port provided a crucial advantage over other colonial port cities in Zhonghou and Miantou where tariffs were levied, and it drew many East-Asian traders operating in the region to Esperantio. Steamships had to frequently bunker and therefore take the route along the Ilaryan coast line which also preferred Esperantio over Miantou. The later opening of the Bainbridge Canal in 1871 would further boost trade in Esperantio. By 1880, over 1.5 million tons of goods were passing through the port of Sigismund each year, with around 80% of the cargo transported by steamships. The main commercial activity was entrepôt trade which flourished under no taxation and little restriction. Many merchant houses were set up on the island mainly by European trading firms, but also by Jewish, Chinese, Arab, Armenian, and Indian merchants. There were also many Chinese middlemen who handled most of the trade between the European and Asian merchants.

By 1827, Europeans had become the largest ethnic group in Sigismund and by 1845 formed more than half of its population. They consisted of Gröners, who were descendants of early Emerstarian settlers, and Koopish farmers who flocked to the colony to escape economic hardship in southern Kooplieden. Their numbers were swelled by those fleeing the turmoil caused by the Spice Wars (1839–1860). Many arrived in Sigismund as impoverished indentured laborers. The Chinese were the second largest ethnic group until the 1860s and they worked as fishermen, craftsmen, or as wage earners while continued to live mostly in Pagodas. By 1860, the Indians had become the second-largest ethnic group. They consisted of unskilled labourers, traders, and convicts who were sent to carry out public works projects such as clearing jungles and laying out roads. There were also Indian troops garrisoned on the island by the Emerstarians.

Despite Sandborg's growing importance, the administration governing the island was understaffed, ineffectual, and unconcerned with the welfare of the populace. Administrators were usually posted from overseas and were unfamiliar with local culture and languages. While the population had quadrupled from 1830 to 1867, the size of the civil service had remained unchanged. Most people had no access to public health services and diseases such as cholera and smallpox caused severe health problems, especially in overcrowded working-class areas. As a result of the administration's ineffectiveness and the predominantly male, transient, and uneducated nature of the population, the society was lawless and chaotic. In 1850 there were only twenty-one sworn constables in the city of nearly 60,000 people. Prostitution, gambling, and drug abuse (particularly of opium) were widespread. European criminal secret societies (analogous to modern-day mobs) were extremely powerful, and some had tens of thousands of members. Turf wars between rival societies occasionally led to hundreds of deaths and attempts to suppress them had limited success.

Esperanto Movement

In 1891, Tobias Davidsson, a leader in the independence movement and a former student of Polish physician Ludovic Zamenhof, sought to introduce Esperanto, a simple, easy-to-learn planned language as the national language in an effort to unify the colony's residents. With dozens of ethnic groups comprising the cultural fabric of the island, Davidsson deemed it imperitive to the independence movement for islanders to have a means of communicating freely and easily. His goal was to erase communication barriers between ethnic groups by providing them with a politically neutral, culturally free standard language that would allow the country the opportunity to preserve its complex cultural identity. Davidsson's Esperanto movement grew in popularity amongst the colony's inhabitants, and the goal of uniting the country under a common language became a symbol of hope and ambition.

By the turn of the century, Esperanto educational material was being distributed daily, and in 1902, over 100,000 people were communicating in the language. In some instances, people were reported to have learnt a working-level of the language in just 4 weeks. The rudimentary components proposed by Zamenhof, and by extension Davidsson, soon evolved into a blossoming language that seemed destined to become the country's lingua franca. Tron Hammarström, the colony's governor at the time, considered the Esperanto Movement a seditionist plot and, in 1905, banned all materials written in Esperanto. Despite opposition, Esperanto was more popular than ever, with newspapers even publishing full articles in Esperanto out of protest.

As early as 1911, Gröner communists, with strong ties to the trade unions and Gröner schools, waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the Sigismund Emergency. The 1914 National Service riots, Friberg Train Station riots, and normal school riots in Sandborg were all linked to these events. Davidsson, now the pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won the country's first general election in 1915. He led a delegation to Kronbø, and Emerstari rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by Wan Wei Zhi in 1916, and after further negotiations Emerstari agreed to grant the colony full internal self-government on 1 November 1917, with William Ceder West and Wan Wei Zhi as the first prime minister and president respectively.

Geography

Topographic map of Esperantio

Rugged, young volcanic terrain is a distinguishing feature of Esperantio.

Esperantio is the only known habitat of the endangered harlequin tini.

Esperantio, has a landmass of 2,040 km² (790 sq mi) and is located directly in the pathway of the notorious "Tropic Whip" wind that encircles the globe. It is the 177th largest nation in the world by size. The Republic of Esperantio comprises "Big Esperantio" and several outlying islands. The nation's exclusive economic zone covers about 2.3 million km² (890,000 sq mi) of the Middle Ocean, including approximately 400,000 km² (150,000 sq mi) jointly managed with nearby countries.

Esperantio is 2,000 km (1,200 mi) off the southeast coast of of the nearest continent, between latitudes 19°58.8'S and 20°31.7'S and longitudes 57°18.0'E and 57°46.5'E. It is 65 km (40 mi) long and 45 km (30 mi) wide. Its land area is 1,864.8 km2 (720.0 sq mi). The island is surrounded by more than 150 km (100 mi) of white sandy beaches, and the lagoons are protected from the open sea by the world's third-largest coral reef, which surrounds the island. Just off the Esperantano coast lie some 49 uninhabited islands and islets, several of which have been declared natural reserves for endangered species.

Most of the country's land is relatively young geologically, having been created by volcanic activity some 8 million years ago. Together with Esperantio, Tropiko, and Roko, the island is part of the Esperantio archipelago. These islands emerged as a result of gigantic underwater volcanic eruptions that happened thousands of kilometres to the east of the continental block made up of the nearby continents. They are no longer volcanically active and the hotspot now rests under Tropiko Island. Esperantio is encircled by a broken ring of mountain ranges, varying in height from 300 to 800 metres (1,000 to 2,600 ft) above sea level. The land rises from coastal plains to a central plateau where it reaches a height of 670 m (2,200 ft); the highest peak is in the south-west, La Pinto de la Fondinto at 828 metres (2,717 ft). Streams and rivers speckle the island, many formed in the cracks created by lava flows.

Climate

Esperantio's climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year-round, although weather phenomena and infrequent storms have caused instances of extreme weather. At the lower elevations, the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 130 cm on the windward (northeastern) shore to less than 51 cm on the (southwestern) leeward side of the island. The average temperature in Haveno, the capitol and largest city, ranges from 19 °C in June to 23 °C in September and October. The central plateau is much cooler than the surrounding coastal areas and can experience as much as twice the rainfall. The prevailing trade winds keep the east side of the island cooler and bring more rain. Occasional tropical cyclones generally occur between January and March and tend to disrupt the weather for about three days, bringing heavy rain.

Rainfall is more concentrated towards the central and southern parts of the island, and lessens towards the coast in the north. The northern and western parts of the island are both slightly drier and warmer than the southern and eastern. There is no specific rainy season, although the summer months tend to be wetter, with the wettest months often being February and March. This coincides with the cyclonic season in the region. The coastal areas also experience greater lengths of sunshine across the seasons with an average of 7.5-8 hours, compared to an average of 6.5 in the interior.

Geology

The geology of Esperantio is comparatively recent. The oldest rocks on Esperantio are only 10 million years old and 1.54 million years old on outlying islands. The mafic basalts of the country's islands were formed in relation to the hotspot that generated the Nayalayan Trenches and coral reefs, which themselves were built on volcanoes forming non-volcanic sediments.

Esperantio is the centre of a line of three islands — Tropiko, Esperantio, and Roko — some hundreds of kilometers apart; they are all volcanic, and in reality quite unconnected, except in so far as they are on a line of volcanic action. The main island of Esperantio consists essentially of a mass of volcanic debris thrown up from craters now extinct. A central ridge, which is the main watershed of the island, and in which are situated all the more recent craters, commences at the south, where it has an elevation of about 600 m, and runs northwards, gradually curving to north-east. The gentle slopes on each side are stopped, round the greater part of the circumference, by ranges of mountains up to nearly 900 m in height, so thin and steep as to resemble walls. From the outer precipices of these, comparatively level plains of variable width stretch to the sea. There are three wide gaps in these mountains, through which the slopes from the main watershed fall gently to the sea. The northern part of the island — the pointed end of the pear — is cut off from the rest by these mountain-walls, but the general direction of the watershed continues across it at a much lower level, and is even prolonged under water by a bank extending 20 or 30 kilometers before it sinks to 100 fathoms below the sea.

Natural Resources

Natural resources on the island includes small deposits of gold, copper, coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos. The island is 55% forest and woodland (mostly on the mountains) and 24% arable land (mostly on the plains), with 15% going to other purposes. 5% is permanent pasture and 1% is permanent crops.

Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Esperantio's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (e.g. coal, gold, marble), as well as wild animal reserves (e.g. pandas), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of Esperantio's forestry resources, especially firs were harvested during early island development for the construction of housing and have only recovered slightly since then. To this day, forests do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations.

Climate data for Haveno (Northern Esperantio) (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	32.6 (90.7)	32.0 (89.6)	32.1 (89.8)	31.6 (88.9)	31.6 (88.9)	31.6 (88.9)	30.8 (87.4)	33.0 (91.4)	35.7 (96.3)	36.4 (97.5)	34.5 (94.1)	33.7 (92.7)	36.4 (97.5)
Average high °C (°F)	26.9 (80.4)	27.2 (81.0)	27.0 (80.6)	26.8 (80.2)	26.0 (78.8)	25.3 (77.5)	25.6 (78.1)	27.4 (81.3)	29.1 (84.4)	29.0 (84.2)	27.0 (80.6)	26.8 (80.2)	27.0 (80.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	21.9 (71.4)	21.9 (71.4)	21.8 (71.2)	21.6 (70.9)	20.3 (68.5)	19.3 (66.7)	19.3 (66.7)	21.0 (69.8)	22.8 (73.0)	23.1 (73.6)	21.7 (71.1)	21.7 (71.1)	21.4 (70.5)
Average low °C (°F)	18.3 (64.9)	18.2 (64.8)	18.2 (64.8)	17.7 (63.9)	15.6 (60.1)	14.2 (57.6)	13.9 (57.0)	15.3 (59.5)	17.6 (63.7)	18.5 (65.3)	18.1 (64.6)	18.3 (64.9)	17.0 (62.6)
Record low °C (°F)	12.2 (54.0)	11.0 (51.8)	14.5 (58.1)	10.7 (51.3)	3.2 (37.8)	3.3 (37.9)	1.6 (34.9)	5.0 (41.0)	9.0 (48.2)	10.2 (50.4)	11.4 (52.5)	11.4 (52.5)	1.6 (34.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	206.0 (8.11)	179.5 (7.07)	226.0 (8.90)	145.2 (5.72)	26.9 (1.06)	3.3 (0.13)	1.5 (0.06)	16.3 (0.64)	38.1 (1.50)	141.8 (5.58)	253.1 (9.96)	241.1 (9.49)	1,478.8 (58.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	16	14	15	9	3	1	0	2	4	10	17	18	109
Average relative humidity (%)	74.7	74.2	76.1	72.2	65.4	58.8	51.0	43.5	46.4	58.8	74.5	76.0	64.3
Average dew point °C (°F)	17.2 (63.0)	17.3 (63.1)	17.6 (63.7)	16.7 (62.1)	14.2 (57.6)	11.8 (53.2)	9.7 (49.5)	8.7 (47.7)	10.6 (51.1)	14.2 (57.6)	17.0 (62.6)	17.4 (63.3)	14.4 (57.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	159.6	158.9	168.7	200.8	237.9	247.6	268.3	273.5	225.7	191.3	138.3	145.0	2,415.6