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|capital                    = Haveno <br> {{small|4°42′N 134°46′E}}
|largest_city                = capital
|largest_city                = capital
|official_languages = Esperanto
|official_languages = Esperanto
|national_languages = Hebrew <br> English <br> German <br> Russian
|national_languages = Chinese <br> Emerstarian <br> Hebrew <br> English
|regional_languages =  
|regional_languages =  
|ethnic_groups              = 66.5% European <br> 15.1% Jewish <br> 10.2% Asian <br> 8.2% Others
|ethnic_groups              = 66.5% European <br> 15.1% Chinese <br> 10.2% Jewish <br> 8.2% Others
|ethnic_groups_year =
|ethnic_groups_year =
|demonym                    = Esperantano
|demonym                    = Esperantano
|government_type            = {{wpl|List of countries by system of government|Unitary Presidential Representative Democratic Republic}}
|government_type            = {{wpl|List of countries by system of government|Unitary Presidential Representative Democratic Republic}}
|leader_title1              = President
|leader_title1              = President
|leader_name1                = Martin Fresko
|leader_name1                = Esa Rapaporto
|leader_title2              = Assistant President
|leader_title2              = Assistant President
|leader_name2                = Sofia Pinto
|leader_name2                = Sofia Pinto
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|established_event4          =
|established_event4          =
|established_date4          =
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|area_km2                    = 22916
|area_km2                    = 2040
|percent_water = 3.39
|percent_water = 3.39
|population_estimate_year    = 2023
|population_estimate_year    = 2024
|population_estimate        = 1,421,500
|population_estimate        = 1,421,500
|population_density_km2      = 62
|population_density_km2      = 696.8
|GDP_PPP_year                = 2022
|GDP_PPP_year                = 2023
|GDP_PPP                = $771.787 billion
|GDP_PPP                = $105.411 billion
|GDP_PPP_per_capita      = $41,266
|GDP_PPP_per_capita      = $74,155
|GDP_nominal_year                = 2022
|GDP_nominal_year                = 2023
|GDP_nominal                = $58.659 billion
|GDP_nominal                = $97.271 billion
|GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $42,030
|GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $68,500
|HDI= 0.888
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'''Trachtenberg''' (Trachtsch: трахтэнбэрг, lit. 'a mountain of thoughts') is an island country in the eastern Central Ocean. It sits at the junction of the Central Ocean and the Sevevillian Sea in the northwestern Straits of Urilas, neighboring the Empire of Sevevill to the north, and the Federation of Urilas to the southwest. The area controlled by Trachtenberg consists of 5 islands with a combined area of 33,210 square kilometers. The main island of Trachtenberg, formerly known as the Jewish Eastern Overseas Trade Dependency until 1901, has an area of 33,200 square kilometers, with semi-forested mountain ranges dominating the southern two-thirds and semi-arid scrub in the northern third and coasts, where its highly urbanized population is concentrated. The capital is Trachtenberg, which, along with Austerlitz, forms the largest metropolitan area of the country. Other major cities include Berlitz, Milgrom, Spiro, Meyro, Mannheim, and Mankow. With 21.5 million inhabitants, Trachtenberg is among the most densely populated countries in the region.
'''Esperantio''', officially known as the '''Republic of Esperantio''' (Esperanto: Respubliko Esperantio) is an island country in the Southern Ocean, about 900 kilometres off the southeastern coast of Ling Shou, east of Ilarya. It includes the main island (also called Esperantio), as well as Tropiko, Koralo, and Sankta Katarina. The main island of Esperantio, where the population is concentrated, hosts the capital and largest city, Haveno. The country spans 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) and has an exclusive economic zone covering 2,300,000 square kilometres (670,000 square nautical miles) and a population of 1,421,500 (2023). Formerly one of the region's poorest countries—with a GDP per capita of about US $1,354 per year in the late 1920s—it has since transformed itself into a highly developed country, with one of the world's fastest-growing economies.


Modern Trachtenberg was founded in 1833 by Isak ben Avraham as a trading post of the Jewish Eastern Company. In 1850, the colony was reorganized and came under the direct control of Sevevill as part of the Treaty of Straits. By the mid-19th century, large-scale Jewish immigration to northern Trachtenberg accelerated in response to the Trachtsch revolution, a national awakening among semi-nomadic Jewish tribes that espoused cultural unification and the establishment of a permanent pan-Jewish homeland. The Jewish population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the turn of the 20th century, a pioneering and influential nationalist movement emerged, which was noted for indefatigable persistence that commanded the nation's sovereignty. On the 1st of September 1911, the nation declared its independence, forming the Land of Trachtenberg.
The country is heavily urbanized, with most people living in Esperantio's four major cities. The lush vegetation of these cities – even in urban areas – has earned Esperantio the nickname “forest republic”. This abundance of greenery is largely due to the country's equatorial climate, which is uniformly hot and stormy throughout the year. Given its geographic location and associated centuries of colonialism, the people of Esperantio are uniquely diverse in their ethnicity, culture, language and faith.


After early years of turbulence, the nation rapidly developed a dynamic and efficient economy characterized by high incomes and a stable middle class. Trachtenberg's quality university education and the presence of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for establishing the country's robust economic development. Despite limited natural resources, intensive land reclamation efforts in the agricultural and industrial sectors during the middle-half of the 20th century has made Trachtenberg largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from meat. Since 2000, Trachtenberg's diverse economy has evolved into a highly service-based market, with two-thirds of the country's gross national product based on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific, and technical business services. It is ranked highly in terms of political and civil liberties, education, health care and human development.
Esperantio is frequently presented as an example of rapid and extraordinary economic success. After independence from Emerstari in 1917, Esperantio was able to become, with very few natural resources and significant socio-economic setbacks (race riots, unemployment massive, housing difficulties and access to fresh water), one of the most developed and prosperous countries in the area, in terms of economy, education, health, security and urban planning. This prosperity, however, is based on the exploitation of short-term immigrant labor (20-30% of the active population) who generally do not benefit in any way from these living conditions.


Trachtenberg is a pan-Jewish, liberal democracy with a semi-parliamentary system, proportional representation, and universal suffrage. The president serves as head of government while the Komizon serves as the confidence chamber of the bicameral legislature. Trachtenberg is also the headquarters of Markion Energy Protocol (MEP) and a founding member of the Iron Alliance, as well as a frequent participant at many international conferences and events. The country is a regional power, and although it has traditionally maintained a non-aggressive method of foreign affairs, Trachtenberg consistently maintains a well-trained, rapidly mobilized active-duty military that encompasses sea, air, and land forces.
Esperantio's history is rich and distinct, dating back more than five-hundred years. As a maritime emporium known as New Eriksland, it served as a key trading post for several countries throughout the 19th century. Its modern era began in 1776, when Ravel Karlsson established it as a shipping hub for the Emerstari Kingdom. After 141 years as a shipping colony, Esperantio gained self-governance in 1917 and became part of the Association of Southeast Oceanic Nations.


==Geography==
Despite its geographic limitations, such as its small size and lack of natural ore reserves, Esperantio is home to significant offshore oil reserves, which the country has been leveraging since the 1940s. Its rapid development is based heavily on international trade and trans-continental economic agreements, with a strong emphasis on free trade, export-oriented industrialization and the accumulation of foreign direct investments, reserves and assets. Its relatively high gross national income per capita (by some estimates the largest in local economic zone) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and a respectable Human Development Index which has been increasing steadily for over 20 years.
[[Image:Trachtsch Cypress.jpg|thumb|left|239px|Giant cypress growing in Sheynland National Park, typical of the subtropical evergreen ecoregion in the North]]
 
[[Image:Trachtsch Mountain.jpg|thumb|left|239px|Golda's Point, a freuqently visited 1,800 m peak in the Pach Mountains]]
==History==
[[Image:Javan_Trogon_(Harpactes_reinwardtii_reinwardtii).jpg|thumb|left|239px|Eulidia Ruberetta]]
 
Trachtenberg is the fifth largest island in the Straits of Urilas. It lies between latitudes 13° and 14°N, and longitudes 76° and 73°W. Sevevill (Newport Beach, Austaya) lies 30 kilometres (16 nautical miles) across the Trachtsch Channel to the north and northeast, and The Federation of Urilas (Buenaventura) 50 km (27 nmi) to the south. The main island, is 288 km (179 mi) long, constitutes around 97% of the nation's land area and is the 42nd-largest island in the world by land area.  
===Early History & New Eriksland===
 
The island of Esperantio was uninhabited before its first recorded visit by Emerstarian explorers in the end of the 18th century. The 1776 arrival of Emerstarian explorer Captain Ravel Karlsson marked the first documented contact by an explorer with modern day Esperantio territory; early Emerstarian influence can be seen in the architecture of Haveno's "Renaissance Quarter", which borrows heavily from the Emerstarian Renaissance Revival style. Karlsson named the island "New Eriksland" in honor of his sponsor Ingemar Erik Sandborg, attaché to King Karl IV Lorens of Emerstari, publishing the islands' location and rendering hundreds of detailed geographic reports. The form "New Eriksland" or "Nya Eriksland" is preserved in the names of certain locations in the Esperantano landscape, among them being Monto Eriko, named after three Emerstarians of a Sandborg-sanctioned trapping party who went missing in the area during the 18th century.
 
The 1799 arrival of Emerstarian governor Wilhelm Frisk coincided with development of a prosperous economy based on sugar production. Frisk established Haveno (Then called Sigismund) as a naval base and a shipbuilding centre. Under his governorship, numerous buildings were erected, a number of which are still standing. These include part of Government Manor, the Stadshuset, and the Line Barracks, the headquarters of the police force. The island was under the administration of the Emerstarian South Sea Company, which maintained its presence until 1867. After 3 years of governership, Frisk returned to Emerstari in 1802, leaving Major Gustaf Linderolf as the Resident and Commandant of the new settlement, supported initially by some artillery and a single regiment of soldiers. Establishing a trading port from scratch was in itself a daunting prospect, but Linderolf's administration was, in addition, practically unfunded, as Frisk did not wish his superiors to view the island, which lacked ore and minerals, as a waste of financial resources. In addition, it was forbidden from earning revenue by imposing port duties, Frisk having decided from the outset that New Eriksland would be a free port.
 
In spite of these difficulties, the new colony rapidly proved to be a spectacular success. As news of the free port spread across the region, European, Chinese, and African traders flocked to the island, seeking to circumvent trading restrictions. During the first year of operation, 400,000 Emerstarian Skilles worth of trade passed through Sigismund. It has been estimated that when Frisk arrived in 1799, the total population of the whole of New Eriksland was around a thousand, mostly made up of fishermen. By 1811, the island's population had increased to around five thousand, and the trade volume was 8 million skilles. By 1825, the population had passed the ten thousand mark, with a trade volume of S 22 million.
 
Frisk returned to New Eriksland in 1822. Although Linderolf had successfully led the settlement through its difficult early years, Frisk was critical of many of the decisions he had made. For instance, in order to generate much-needed revenue for the government, Linderolf had resorted to selling licenses for gambling and the sale of opium, which Frisk saw as social evils. Frisk was also appalled by the slave trade tolerated by Linderolf. Frisk arranged for the dismissal of Linderolf, who was replaced by Sone Bruun. Frisk took over the administration himself, and set about drafting a set of new policies for the settlement.
 
In 1824, Frisk banned slavery, closed all gambling dens, prohibited the carrying of weapons, and imposed heavy taxation to discourage what he considered vices such as drunkenness and opium smoking. Frisk, dismayed at the disarray of the colony, also arranged to organise it into functional and ethnic subdivisions under the drafted Frisk's Plan of New Eriksland.
 
===Disorganisation of the Colony===
 
During the subsequent decades of the 19th century, Esperantio (Still called New Eriksland at this point) grew to become an important port in the region. Its success was due to several reasons including the opening of trading markets, the advent of ocean-going steamships, the dramatic reduction in the time and cost of shipping goods across the region after the opening of several canals, and the production of rubber and sugar on the island. Ling Shou had not featured significantly in New Eriksland's trade until the 1840s, when the tin-mining and gambier-pepper cultivation industries grew in the Ling Empire.
 
Its status as a free port provided a crucial advantage over other colonial port cities in Zhonghou and Miantou where tariffs were levied, and it drew many East-Asian traders operating in the region to Sigismund. Steamships had to frequently bunker and therefore take the route along the Ilaryan coast line which also preferred New Eriksland over Miantou. The later opening of the Bainbridge Canal in 1871 would further boost trade in New Eriksland. By 1880, over 1.5 million tons of goods were passing through the port of Sigismund each year, with around 80% of the cargo transported by steamships. The main commercial activity was entrepôt trade which flourished under no taxation and little restriction. Many merchant houses were set up on the island mainly by European trading firms, but also by Jewish, Chinese, Arab, Armenian, and Phoenixian merchants. There were also many Chinese middlemen who handled most of the trade between the European and Asian merchants.
 
By 1827, Europeans had become the largest ethnic group in Sigismund and by 1845 formed more than half of its population. They consisted of Gröners, who were descendants of early Emerstarian settlers, and Koopish farmers who flocked to the colony to escape economic hardship in southern Kooplieden. Their numbers were swelled by those fleeing the turmoil caused by the Spice Wars (1839–1860). Many arrived in Sigismund as impoverished indentured laborers. The Chinese were the second largest ethnic group until the 1860s and they worked as fishermen, craftsmen, or as wage earners while continued to live mostly in Pagodas. By 1860, the Phoenixians had become the second-largest ethnic group. They consisted of unskilled labourers, traders, and convicts who were sent to carry out public works projects such as clearing jungles and laying out roads. There were also Phoenixian troops garrisoned on the island by the Emerstarians.
 
Despite New Eriksland's growing importance in regional economics, the administration governing the island was understaffed, ineffectual, and unconcerned with the welfare of the populace. Administrators were usually posted from overseas and were unfamiliar with local culture and languages. While the population had quadrupled from 1830 to 1867, the size of the civil service had remained unchanged. Most people had no access to public health services and diseases such as cholera and smallpox caused severe health problems, especially in overcrowded working-class areas. As a result of the administration's ineffectiveness and the predominantly male, transient, and uneducated nature of the population, the society was lawless and chaotic. In 1850 there were only twenty-one sworn constables in the city of nearly 60,000 people. Prostitution, gambling, and drug abuse (particularly of opium) were widespread. European criminal secret societies (analogous to modern-day mobs) were extremely powerful, and some had tens of thousands of members. Turf wars between rival societies occasionally led to hundreds of deaths and attempts to suppress them had limited success.
 
===The Esperanto Independence Movement===
 
[[Image:Ravel Karlsson.jpg|thumb|right|239px|A watercolour painting depicting Ravel Karlsson shortly after his discovery of New Eriksland.]]
[[Image:Esperanto Classroom.jpg|thumb|right|239px|From 1891 to 1931, over 200,000 island residents studied Esperanto at school and at home. Here, a group of working adults attend a community Esperanto class in 1927.]]
 
Although crime was at an all time high in the late 19th century, Sigismund was slowly becoming a destination point for people from every corner of the globe — businessmen from the Latin world, Jews fleeing oppression, and refugees escaping the turmoil that followed the Spice Wars. Millions of others — from the Urilas Straits, the Urlistan subcontinent, and Aguas Ricas, from Ling Shou, Durradon, Phoenixia, and literally dozens of other countries — were drawn by the city's untapped opportunity and by its rumors of economic opportunity. This rich tapestry of culture, however, made communication difficult, particularly with Emerstarian authorities who faced growing resentment in the colony.
 
In 1891, Tobias Davidsson, a leader in the independence movement and a former student of Polish physician Ludovic Zamenhof, sought to introduce Esperanto, a simple, easy-to-learn planned language as the national language in an effort to unify the colony's residents. With dozens of ethnic groups comprising the cultural fabric of the island, Davidsson deemed it imperitive to the independence movement for islanders to have a means of communicating freely and easily. His goal was to erase communication barriers between ethnic groups by providing them with a politically neutral, culturally free standard language that would allow the country the opportunity to preserve its complex cultural identity. Davidsson's Esperanto movement grew in popularity amongst the colony's inhabitants, and the goal of uniting the country under a common language became a symbol of hope and ambition.  
 
By the turn of the century, Esperanto educational material was being distributed daily, and in 1902, over 100,000 people were communicating in the language. In some instances, people were reported to have learnt a working-level of the language in just 4 weeks. The rudimentary components proposed by Zamenhof, and by extension Davidsson, soon evolved into a blossoming language that seemed destined to become the country's lingua franca. Tron Hammarström, the colony's governor at the time, considered the Esperanto Movement a seditionist plot and, in 1905, banned all materials written in Esperanto. Despite opposition, Esperanto was more popular than ever, with newspapers even publishing full articles in Esperanto out of protest.
 
As early as 1911, Gröner communists, with strong ties to the trade unions and Gröner schools, waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the Sigismund Emergency. The 1914 National Service riots, Friberg Train Station riots, and normal school riots in New Eriksland were all linked to these events. Davidsson, now the pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won the country's first general election in 1915. He led a delegation to Kronbø, and Emerstari rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by Wan Wei Zhi in 1916, and after further negotiations Emerstari agreed to grant the colony full internal self-government on 1 November 1917, with William Ceder West and Wan Wei Zhi as the first prime minister and president respectively.
 
===The Republic of Esperantio===


Taxonomically, Trachtenberg exhibits diverse geography for a relatively small area. The main island comprises a tilted fault block, characterized by the contrast between the southern two-thirds, consisting mostly of five rugged mountain ranges running parallel to the south coast, and the flat to gently rolling plains of the northern third, where the majority of the population resides The most notable ranges of these mountains are the Massbach mountains in the southwest, the Pach Mountains in the centre, and the Horn mountains in the southeast, the latter containing Mount Horn, Trachtenberg's tallest mountain at 3,559 m. The tectonic boundary that formed these ranges remains active, and the island experiences many earthquakes yearly, although they are not usually destructive. The climate ranges from tropical in the south to subtropical in the north, and is governed by the Downward Still Monsoon. On average, two typhoons strike the main island each year. The heavily forested southern mountains provide a habitat for a diverse range of wildlife, while human land use in the northern and eastern lowlands is intensive.
After being granted its independence in 1917, the country drafted its first constitution, with the Liberkonsilio formally abandoning the island's colonial name in favour of the name "Esperantio." In 1923, the country co-founded the Association of Southeast Oceanic Nations (ASEON). Extensive race riots broke out in 1929, as ethnic Chinese and other non-Gröner ethnic groups in Esperantio rejected the discriminatory policies imposed by the Gröner such as quotas for the Gröner as special privileges were granted to the Gröner guaranteed under Article 77 of the Constitution of Esperantio. There were also other financial and economic benefits that were preferentially given to Gröners. William Ceder West and other political leaders began advocating for the fair and equal treatment of all ethnicities in Esperantio, with a rallying cry of "Unify!".


===Flora and Fauna===
William Ceder West's emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, and limitations on internal democracy shaped Esperantio's policies for the next half-century. Economic growth continued throughout the 1930s, with the unemployment rate falling to 3% and real GDP growth averaging at about 8% up until 1949. During the 1940s, Esperantio began to shift towards developing a domestic oil industry in order to remain competitive as neighbouring countries began manufacturing and farming with cheaper labour.


Before extensive human settlement, the vegetation in Trachtenberg ranged from tropical rainforest in the lowlands through temperate forests, boreal forest and alpine plants with increasing altitude. Most of the plains and low-lying hills of the east and north of the island have been cleared for agricultural use since the arrival of the jewish immigrants during the 18th and 19th century. However the mountain forests are very diverse, with several endemic species such as Giant cypress (Chamaecyparis tractsensis) and Trachtenberg fir (Abies menziesii), while the camphorwood tree (Cinnamomum camphora) was once also widespread at lower altitudes.
==Geography==
[[Image:Topographic map of Esperantio.png|thumb|left|239px|Topographic map of Esperantio]]
[[Image:Canaries.png|thumb|left|239px|Rugged, young volcanic terrain is a distinguishing feature of Esperantio.]]
[[Image:Harlequin Tini.png|thumb|left|239px|Esperantio is the only known habitat of the endangered harlequin tini.]]


The terrain in Tractenberg is divided into two parts: the flat to gently rolling plains in the north and east, where 70% of the population lives, and the mostly rugged forest-covered mountains in the southern two-thirds. Prior to the country's industrialization, the mountainous areas held several endemic animal species and subspecies, such as the Nucky's pheasant (Lophura nuckii), Cerulean magpie (Pica caerulea), the Hoko deer (Cervus hokkon) and the Small landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou parvus). A few of these are now extinct, and many others have been designated endangered species. Thirteen national parks in Trachtenberg showcase the diverse terrain, flora and fauna of the archipelago. Baumgartner National Park on the southern tip of Trachtenberg contains uplifted coral reefs, moist tropical forest and marine ecosystems. Mankow National Park has alpine terrain, mountain ecology, forest types that vary with altitude, and remains of ancient road. Sheynland National Park has volcanic geology, hot springs, waterfalls, and forest. Karko National Park has marble canyon, cliff, and fold mountains. Eisenstadt Plateau National Park has alpine ecosystems, geological terrain, and valley streams.
Esperantio, has a landmass of 2,040 km<sup>2</sup> (790 sq mi) and is located directly in the pathway of the notorious "Tropic Whip" wind that encircles the globe. It is the 177th largest nation in the world by size. The Republic of Esperantio comprises "Big Esperantio" and several outlying islands. The nation's exclusive economic zone covers about 2.3 million km<sup>2</sup> (890,000 sq mi) of the Middle Ocean, including approximately 400,000 km<sup>2</sup> (150,000 sq mi) jointly managed with nearby countries.


===Climate===
Esperantio is 2,000 km (1,200 mi) off the southeast coast of of the nearest continent, between latitudes 19°58.8'S and 20°31.7'S and longitudes 57°18.0'E and 57°46.5'E. It is 65 km (40 mi) long and 45 km (30 mi) wide. Its land area is 1,864.8 km2 (720.0 sq mi). The island is surrounded by more than 150 km (100 mi) of white sandy beaches, and the lagoons are protected from the open sea by the world's third-largest coral reef, which surrounds the island. Just off the Esperantano coast lie some 49 uninhabited islands and islets, several of which have been declared natural reserves for endangered species.


Trachtenberg's climate varies from humid sub-tropical to tropical monsoon. The northern and north-eastern portions of the island have a monsoonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), characterised by long, hot and humid summers (but moderate compared to much of the rest of the island) and short, mild and dry winters. The southern coast is home to a tropical monsoon climate, with a wet season from May to October, a dry season from November to April, and consistently very warm to hot temperatures with high humidity. Unlike most tropical climates, however, the dry season is foggy rather than sunny, so that moisture availability during this period is greater than the low rainfall and warm temperatures would suggest.  
Most of the country's land is relatively young geologically, having been created by volcanic activity some 8 million years ago. Together with Esperantio, Tropiko, and Koralo, the island is part of the Esperantio archipelago. These islands emerged as a result of gigantic underwater volcanic eruptions that happened thousands of kilometres to the east of the continental block made up of the nearby continents. They are no longer volcanically active and the hotspot now rests under Tropiko Island. Esperantio is encircled by a broken ring of mountain ranges, varying in height from 300 to 800 metres (1,000 to 2,600 ft) above sea level. The land rises from coastal plains to a central plateau where it reaches a height of 670 m (2,200 ft); the highest peak is in the south-west, La Pinto de la Fondinto at 828 metres (2,717 ft). Streams and rivers speckle the island, many formed in the cracks created by lava flows.


The warmest month is July, with a 24-hour average of 27.8 °C (82.0 °F), and the coolest month is January, averaging 12.8 °C (55.0 °F); the annual mean is 20.7 °C (69.3 °F). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from 1.5 °C (35 °F) on 2 January 1999 to 39.2 °C (103 °F) on 31 July 2017. Spring, both by humidity and percentage of sunshine, is the dampest season but typhoons in late summer and early autumn can make the latter period wetter overall. Summer and autumn are marked by comparatively sunny conditions, while autumn is warm and dry. The annual rainfall is 1,550 millimeters on average. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 24% in March to 56% in July, the city receives 1,853 hours of bright sunshine annually. Frost occurs very rarely, and the last snowfall in non-mountainous areas took place in January 1921, when snow fell at Eisenstadt, and in the hills of the Mankow valley.
===Climate===


The change of altitude towards the Horn mountains creates an alpine climate in this region. Summers are cool, while winters can be cold with below freezing temperatures at night. It is common to see snow in the Horn range, Pach range and in the valleys in between the two ranges from December to April. Due to orographic effects, precipitation is much higher in the mountains of southern Trachtenberg than on the eastern coastal plain or northern cities. Pine, cedar and fir forests are found in the mountains. In January, the coastal regions average around 7–10 °C (45–50 °F) while the mountains average 6–8 °C (43–46 °F). Average annual precipitation is 1,400–2,000 millimetres (55–79 in).  
Esperantio's climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year-round, although weather phenomena and infrequent storms have caused instances of extreme weather. At the lower elevations, the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 130 cm on the windward (northeastern) shore to less than 51 cm on the (southwestern) leeward side of the island. The average temperature in Haveno, the capitol and largest city, ranges from 19 °C in June to 23 °C in September and October. The central plateau is much cooler than the surrounding coastal areas and can experience as much as twice the rainfall. The prevailing trade winds keep the east side of the island cooler and bring more rain. Occasional tropical cyclones generally occur between January and March and tend to disrupt the weather for about three days, bringing heavy rain.


[[Typhoon]]s are most likely to strike between July and October, with on average about two direct hits per year. Intensive rain from typhoons often leads to disastrous mudslides.
Rainfall is more concentrated towards the central and southern parts of the island, and lessens towards the coast in the north.  The northern and western parts of the island are both slightly drier and warmer than the southern and eastern. There is no specific rainy season, although the summer months tend to be wetter, with the wettest months often being February and March. This coincides with the cyclonic season in the region. The coastal areas also experience greater lengths of sunshine across the seasons with an average of 7.5-8 hours, compared to an average of 6.5 in the interior.


{{climate chart|Trachtenberg Metropolitan Area (Northern Trachtenberg)
|10.0|17.3|101.6
|10.4|17.5|114.5
|12.1|19.5|142.8
|16.2|23.5|161.0
|20.3|27|245.3
|23.5|29.7|284.4
|25.2|32.2|218.1
|25.1|32.0|240.0
|23.8|30.4|275.9
|20.5|27.5|179.2
|16.5|23.8|119.1
|12.2|19.4|110.0
|source = Trachtenberg Meterological Agency
|float = left
|clear=none
}}
===Geology===
===Geology===


The island of Trachtenberg is active geologically, formed on a complex convergent boundary between the Caanarian Subplate of the Central Plate to the west and north, the Strait Plate on the north-east, the Meyer-Youens Plate on the east and south, and the Urilas Plate to the southwest. Subduction changes direction at Trachtenberg. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of terranes, mostly old island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the Central Plate and the Urilas Plate, which is moving to the northwest. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Central Plate as it was subducted beneath remnants of the Urilas Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Trachtenberg more buoyant.
The geology of Esperantio is comparatively recent. The oldest rocks on Esperantio are only 10 million years old and 1.54 million years old on outlying islands. The mafic basalts of the country's islands were formed in relation to the hotspot that generated the Nayalayan Trenches and coral reefs, which themselves were built on volcanoes forming non-volcanic sediments.


South of Trachtenberg, the Meyer-Youens Plate is subducting under the Urilas Plate, forming the Krukhe Volcanic Arc. The east and south of the island are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Krukhe Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and the Central Plate, where accreted portions of the Krukhe Arc and Krukhe forearc form the sourthern Coastal Range and parallel inland Mankow Longitudinal Valley of Trachtenberg respectively.
Esperantio is the centre of a line of three islands — Tropiko, Esperantio, and Koralo — some hundreds of kilometers apart; they are all volcanic, and in reality quite unconnected, except in so far as they are on a line of volcanic action. The main island of Esperantio consists essentially of a mass of volcanic debris thrown up from craters now extinct. A central ridge, which is the main watershed of the island, and in which are situated all the more recent craters, commences at the south, where it has an elevation of about 600 m, and runs northwards, gradually curving to north-east. The gentle slopes on each side are stopped, round the greater part of the circumference, by ranges of mountains up to nearly 900 m in height, so thin and steep as to resemble walls. From the outer precipices of these, comparatively level plains of variable width stretch to the sea. There are three wide gaps in these mountains, through which the slopes from the main watershed fall gently to the sea. The northern part of the island — the pointed end of the pear — is cut off from the rest by these mountain-walls, but the general direction of the watershed continues across it at a much lower level, and is even prolonged under water by a bank extending 20 or 30 kilometers before it sinks to 100 fathoms below the sea.
 
The major seismic faults in Trachtenberg correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These faults have produced several major quakes throughout the history of the island, including the 1921 Mankow Valley earthquakes in the Mankow Valley and 1969 Berlitz earthquake on the Landsteiner Fault. The most lethal was the 2005 Urilas-Spiro earthquake shifting on a fault in the Spiro District. The seismic hazard map for Tarchtenberg by the TGS shows 7/10 of the island as the highest rating (most hazardous).


===Natural Resources===
===Natural Resources===
Line 130: Line 149:
Natural resources on the island includes small deposits of gold, copper, coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos. The island is 55% forest and woodland (mostly on the mountains) and 24% arable land (mostly on the plains), with 15% going to other purposes. 5% is permanent pasture and 1% is permanent crops.
Natural resources on the island includes small deposits of gold, copper, coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos. The island is 55% forest and woodland (mostly on the mountains) and 24% arable land (mostly on the plains), with 15% going to other purposes. 5% is permanent pasture and 1% is permanent crops.


Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Trachtenberg's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (e.g. coal, gold, marble), as well as wild animal reserves (e.g. deer), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of Trachtenberg's forestry resources, especially firs were harvested during early island development for the construction of housing and have only recovered slightly since then. To this day, forests do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations.
Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Esperantio's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (e.g. coal, gold, marble), as well as wild animal reserves (e.g. pandas), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of Esperantio's forestry resources, especially firs were harvested during early island development for the construction of housing and have only recovered slightly since then. To this day, forests do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations.
 


==Politics==
{{Weather box
===Government===
|location = Haveno (Northern Esperantio) (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present)
{{Multiple image
|metric first = yes
|direction=horizontal |align=left |caption_align=center |total_width=300
|single line = yes
|image1=Ayn_Strauss.jpg
|width = 100%
|image2=Itzhak_Kaganovich_2035.png
|collapsed =
|caption1=Ayn Strauss<br /><small>President since 2036</small>
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|caption2=Itzhak Kaganovich<br /><small>Lt. President since 2036</small>
|Feb record high C = 32.0
}}
|Mar record high C = 32.1
{{multiple image
|Apr record high C = 31.6
| align = right
|May record high C = 31.6
| direction = vertical
|Jun record high C = 31.6
| caption_align = center
|Jul record high C = 30.8
| image1 = Komizon3.png
|Aug record high C = 33.0
| caption1 = The Kreposto - Home of the Komizon
|Sep record high C = 35.7
| image2 = Komizon Interior.png
|Oct record high C = 36.4
| caption2 = Inside the Komizon, Trachtenberg's lower legislative branch.
|Nov record high C = 34.5
| image3 = Dozordvoret.png
|Dec record high C = 33.7
| caption3 = The Dozordvoret, the official workplace of the President of Trachtenberg.
|year record high C = 36.4
| total_width = 239
|Jan high C = 26.9
| alt1 =
|Feb high C = 27.2
| alt2 =
|Mar high C = 27.0
| alt3 =
|Apr high C = 26.8
|May high C = 26.0
|Jun high C = 25.3
|Jul high C = 25.6
|Aug high C = 27.4
|Sep high C = 29.1
|Oct high C = 29.0
|Nov high C = 27.0
|Dec high C = 26.8
|year high C = 27.0
|Jan mean C = 21.9
|Feb mean C = 21.9
|Mar mean C = 21.8
|Apr mean C = 21.6
|May mean C = 20.3
|Jun mean C = 19.3
|Jul mean C = 19.3
|Aug mean C = 21.0
|Sep mean C = 22.8
|Oct mean C = 23.1
|Nov mean C = 21.7
|Dec mean C = 21.7
|year mean C = 21.4
|Jan low C = 18.3
|Feb low C = 18.2
|Mar low C = 18.2
|Apr low C = 17.7
|May low C = 15.6
|Jun low C = 14.2
|Jul low C = 13.9
|Aug low C = 15.3
|Sep low C = 17.6
|Oct low C = 18.5
|Nov low C = 18.1
|Dec low C = 18.3
|year low C = 17.0
|Jan record low C = 12.2
|Feb record low C = 11.0
|Mar record low C = 14.5
|Apr record low C = 10.7
|May record low C = 3.2
|Jun record low C = 3.3
|Jul record low C = 1.6
|Aug record low C = 5.0
|Sep record low C = 9.0
|Oct record low C = 10.2
|Nov record low C = 11.4
|Dec record low C = 11.4
|year record low C = 1.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 206.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 179.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 226.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 145.2
|May precipitation mm = 26.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 3.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 1.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 16.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 38.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 141.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 253.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 241.1
|year precipitation mm = 1478.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 16
|Feb precipitation days = 14
|Mar precipitation days = 15
|Apr precipitation days = 9
|May precipitation days = 3
|Jun precipitation days = 1
|Jul precipitation days = 0
|Aug precipitation days = 2
|Sep precipitation days = 4
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 17
|Dec precipitation days = 18
|year precipitation days = 109
|Jan humidity = 74.7
|Feb humidity = 74.2
|Mar humidity = 76.1
|Apr humidity = 72.2
|May humidity = 65.4
|Jun humidity = 58.8
|Jul humidity = 51.0
|Aug humidity = 43.5
|Sep humidity = 46.4
|Oct humidity = 58.8
|Nov humidity = 74.5
|Dec humidity = 76.0
|year humidity = 64.3
| Jan dew point C = 17.2
| Feb dew point C = 17.3
| Mar dew point C = 17.6
| Apr dew point C = 16.7
| May dew point C = 14.2
| Jun dew point C = 11.8
| Jul dew point C = 9.7
| Aug dew point C = 8.7
| Sep dew point C = 10.6
| Oct dew point C = 14.2
| Nov dew point C = 17.0
| Dec dew point C = 17.4
| year dew point C = 14.4
|Jan sun = 159.6
|Feb sun = 158.9
|Mar sun = 168.7
|Apr sun = 200.8
|May sun = 237.9
|Jun sun = 247.6
|Jul sun = 268.3
|Aug sun = 273.5
|Sep sun = 225.7
|Oct sun = 191.3
|Nov sun = 138.3
|Dec sun = 145.0
|year sun = 2415.6
|source 1 =
}}
}}
The politics of Trachtenberg take place in a framework of a unitary presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The political and administrative organization of Trachtenberg comprises the federal government, and all municipalities with a population greater than 25,000. Since the nation's founding, the apparatus of the state has been set on five fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism.


The federal government exercises control over the central government and is divided into a classic tripartite of three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial. Executive power is exercised by the President, advised by a cabinet. Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress, a two-chamber legislature comprising the Ludowyrot (Popular Panel) and the Komizon (Commission). Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Federal Court of Justice, and the Regional Federal Courts. The President is elected for a three-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a second and third successive term. The current president is Ayn Strauss. The previous president, Ari Rappaport, replaced Zamir Kahn after his impeachment. The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government.
==Government & Politics==
[[Image:Parliament Complex.jpg|thumb|right|239px|The Parliamentary Complex of Esperantio, located in Haveno. The solarium (far left) was added in 2005.]]


Trachtenberg has an unrestricted multiparty system with a large number of political parties. Some parties lack ideological consistency and it is common for komizoniks to switch parties, weakening electoral coalitions. At same time, the high number of political parties makes the Executive need to gather alliances of different political parties must piece together diverse and often ideologically incoherent coalitions to pass legislation (this is known as coalition presidentialism). For most of its democratic history, Trachtenberg has had a multi-party system complimented by proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those over the age of 70. The country has more than 30 active political parties. Nine political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of  seats held by particular parties changes regularly. Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.
Esperantio is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies. Its constitution states representative democracy as its political system. In 2035, Esperantio was ranked the 3rd least corrupt country in the world, according to Transparency International.


===Parties and Elections===
The Cabinet has executive power, and is led by the Prime Minister, and the President. The president is elected through popular vote, and has some veto powers for a specific decisions such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a post with little power.


Elections in Trachtenberg are held for six functions of government: presidential elections (national), premiers (district-level), federal or district legislative members (local) and sheriffs (local). Apart from elections, referenda are also held occasionally.
The Parliament serves as the legislative branch of government. Members of Parliament (MPs) are made up of elected, non-constituency and nominated members. Elected MPs are voted into parliament on a "first-past-the-post" (plurality) system and represent either single-member or group-representation constituencies. Elections are free, and the People's Progress Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every election since 1989. In the most recent parliamentary elections in 2036, the largest opposition, led by the Constitution Party, increased its representation in the House to 10 elected MPs out of 60.


Every Trachtsch citizen who has turned 18 has the right to vote and stand as a candidate at elections. Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Trachtenberg since founding. In Trachtenberg, turnout rates of both local and general elections are high compared to many other countries, which usually stands higher than 70 percent. There are 300 members of the komizon who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 25 electoral districts. The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or having ties to terrorism, or ban their existence altogether. The electoral threshold for political parties at national level is seven percent of the votes. Smaller parties can avoid the electoral threshold by forming an alliance with other parties, in which it is sufficient that the total votes of the alliance passes 7%. Independent candidates are not subject to an electoral threshold.
The legal system of Esperantio is based on English common law, however with large and important local differences. Trial by jury was removed in 1995 leaving judicial judgement done completely and only by judgeship. Esperantio has laws that include corporal punishment in the form of whipping for rape, robbery, abuse, and some assault crimes. There is a mandatory death penalty for murder, and for certain drug-trafficking and firearms offences.
 
After 1945, Trachtenberg operated under a multi-party system. On the right side of the Trachtsch political spectrum, parties like Blue Unity Party (BUP), Constitutional Union (CU), and People's Loyalist's (PL) once became the largest political party in Trachtenberg. Trachtsch right-wing parties are more likely to embrace principles of political ideologies such as conservatism, nationalism or state-secularism. On the left side of the spectrum, parties like Republican Populist Party (RPP), and the Industrial Coalition (DSP) once enjoyed the largest electoral success. Left-wing parties are more likely to embrace principles of socialism, multi-lingualism or religious legislation.


==Economy==
==Economy==
===Economic Overview===
[[Image:Jr_Gate_Tower_and_Jr_Central_Towers.jpg|thumb|right|239px|Glantsik is a skyscraper-studded business district that is home to several major hotels and corporations in Berlitz.]]
[[Image:Trachtsch Tea.jpg|thumb|right|239px|A tea plantation near Ehrenreich]]
[[Image:CANDU_at_Qinshan.jpg|thumb|right|239px|TINK II, a generation IV heavy-metal fast reactor site located near Mankow.]]
[[Image:Roxicaine.png|thumb|right|239px|Roxicaine, a Trachtsch invention, is a widely used veterinary anesthetic.]]
[[Image:Twenty Kublek.png|thumb|right|239px|20 Kublek Note from the former 2020 "Mendeleev" series, now discontinued.]]
[[Image:Trachtsch National Rail.png|thumb|right|239px|A TRVK AK2200 high-speed train of the Trachtsch State Railways in Loeb.]]
Trachtenberg experienced healthy economic growth from 1929 to 2001 – averaging 5.4% annually. In 2001 increased pressure on the kublek, a year in which the economy contracted by 1.9%, led to a mild recession that uncovered financial sector weaknesses and forced the government to increase borrowing to support social programs. President Efren Sokolov was forced to resign after his cabinet came under fire for its slow response to the economic troubles. Trachtenberg's economy started to recover in 2002, expanding 4.2–4.4% in 2002, thanks largely to strong exports. Growth (2.2%) was dampened by the softening of the global economy in 2003, but picked up in the subsequent years owing to strong growth in nearby Sevevill, a relatively weak kublek encouraging exports, and increased domestic spending as a result of several mega projects and financial incentives for small businesses.


Today, Trachtenberg has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is considered a key economic player in the Iron Alliance. Among its primary exports, pharmaceuticals represent the largest share, followed by medical devices, agrochemicals, rubber tires, and musical instruments. Trachtenberg has been the world's largest producer of automobile tires for over 100 years. Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Trachtenberg suffered little compared with many of its neighbours in the 2001 economic downturn that struck the region. Unlike its neighbours, the Trachtenberg economy is dominated by small and medium-sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The regional economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy co-ordination by the new administration and rapidly increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Trachtenberg into a second recession in 2032, the first whole year of negative growth since 2001. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labour-intensive industries to cheaper labour markets, unemployment also reached a level not seen since the 1970s oil crisis. This became a major issue in the 2032 presidential election.
[[Image:Esperantio Exports.png|thumb|right|300px|Esperantio's primary exports include petroleum products, as well as B2B services and tourism.]]


Real growth in GDP has averaged about 5 per cent during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is modest, and foreign reserves are the world's twenty-ninth largest. The official currency of Trachtenberg is the Kublek. Trachtenberg's total trade in 2008 reached an all-time high of 526.04 billion marks, according to Trachtenberg's Ministry of Finance. Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totaling 274.64 billion and 251.4 billion, respectively.
Esperantio has a highly developed market economy, historically rooted in widespread financial trade. The economy is dominated by financial services and petroleum, together accounting for 90% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. The nation's low tax rates have led to it being used as a tax haven for corporations; there are 100,000 overseas companies registered in Esperantio, five times as many as the number of domestic corporations. The country have come under criticism for allegations of money laundering and other financial crimes, including a 2035 statement by the president of Trachtenberg, Zamir Kahn, whom described Esperantio's economy as the world's most egregious "tax scam".


===Debt Crisis (2032-2035)===
For many years, Esperantio has maintained a AAA credit rating from the big three rating agencies, a distinction shared by only a few countries and unique among nations in the area. This strong economic position, combined with its strategic location, skilled workforce, low tax rates, advanced infrastructure and zero-tolerance anti-corruption policy, make Esperantio a magnet for foreign investment. In 2023, the Global Council for Management Development ranked Esperantio as the world's 9th most competitive economy among 64 countries, underscoring its strong economic health.
From 2020 to 2031, Trachtenberg's economy grew at an average of over 5% per year, the third highest economic growth rate in the Region at the time. Inflation was kept reasonably low within a range of 3.4–5.7%. The kublek was pegged at 2 to the Markish Mark. Even until the eve of the regional equity crisis of 2030–2032, it featured high rates of growth, which, however, were coupled with high structural deficits, thus maintaining a (roughly unchanged throughout this period) public debt to GDP ratio of just over 100%. The crisis in Trachtenberg was triggered by the turmoil of the 2035 recession, which led the budget deficits of several nearby nations to reach or exceed 10% of GDP. In Trachtenberg's case, the high budget deficit (which, after several corrections and revisions, was revealed to have been allowed to reach 12.2% and 17.1% of GDP in 2032 and 2033, respectively) was coupled with a high public debt to GDP ratio (relatively stable, at just over 100% until 2032 - as calculated after all corrections). Thus, the country appeared to lose control of its public debt to GDP ratio, which already reached 127% of GDP in 2033.


On 14 and 15 May 2034, the Trachtsch kublek was hit by massive speculative attacks. On 30 June 2034, President Zamir Kahn said that he would not devalue the kublek. However, Trachtenberg lacked the foreign reserves to support the Mark-Kublek currency peg, and the Trachtsch government was eventually forced to float the Kublek, on 2 July 2034, allowing the value of the Kublek to be set by the currency market. This caused a chain reaction of events, eventually culminating into a region-wide crisis.
Interestingly, despite its free market, the Esperantano government plays a substantial role in the economy, contributing to 22% of GDP. The island-state is a popular destination for conferences and events, further bolstering its economic activity. The Banking Authority of Esperantio (BAE) issues the Esperantano Dolaro (ESD or E$), the national currency, which has been interchangeable with the Mark at par since 2007. Unlike most central banks, which use interest rates to manage monetary policy, the BAE allows the dolaro exchange rate to rise or fall within an undisclosed floating band.


Trachtenberg's booming economy came to a halt amid massive layoffs in finance, real estate, and construction that resulted in huge numbers of over-leveraged workers losing their homes and 600,000 citizens with dual Arcadian-Trachtsch citizenship emigrating to Arcadia. The kublek devalued swiftly and lost more than half of its value. The kublek reached its lowest point of 11 units to the mark in January 2035. The Trachtsch stock market dropped 75%. AhaBank, the largest consumer and investment bank in Trachtenberg since 1929, collapsed.
Esperantio's economic strength is underlined by its posession of the world's 30th largest reserve of oil. Crude oil and natural gas production account for about 30% of its GDP. About 167,000 barrels (26,600 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil are produced every day, making Esperantio the fourth-largest producer of oil in the Southern Sea. It also produces approximately 25.3 million cubic metres (890 million cubic feet) of liquified natural gas per day, making Esperantio the ninth-largest gas exporter in the world. It's robust petroleum industry, combined with its low personal income rates and tax exemptions on income and capital gains earned abroad, has attracted wealthy individuals such as Ling Shou retail billionaire Li Cheng, and Ahabank co-founder Mario Cavalcanti.


To avert a sovereign default, Trachtenberg, the other Iron Alliance members, and the Markion Providence Fund agreed on a rescue package which involved giving Trachtenberg an immediate 45 billion marks in loans, with additional funds to follow, totaling M 130 billion. To secure the funding, Trachtenberg was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control. Poverty and inequality increased while employment, wages and social welfare all declined as a result of the crisis.
Despite being ranked the 10th most expensive city in the world for three consecutive years, acute poverty is rare in Esperantio. The government offers assistance programs to the homeless and needy through the Ministry of Social Unity. These programs range from financial aid to needy households, free government medical assistance, and paying children's tuition. Other benefits include gym membership compensation, baby bonuses, heavily subsidized healthcare, financial aid for the disabled, reduced-price laptop computers for poor students, and discounts on public transportation and utilities. This comprehensive social security system has helped Esperantio rank high on the Human Development Index (HDI), 9th in the world in 2036.


Following the 2035 Trachtenberg debt crisis, incomes decreased by 2 percent from 2035 to 2036. Nationwide poverty rose from 11 to 18.2 percent. Trachtenberg's Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, rose from 32.5 in 2035 to 34.4 in 2036. Today, Trachtenberg's economy is showing signs of recovery. The increasing tax revenues as per the conditions of Trachtenberg's bailout has allowed the country to balance its budget and start repaying its debts at a steady rate to the MPF. The Trachtsch kublek continued to appreciate to 4 kublek to the mark in October 2036.
=== Energy ===


===Medical Devices & Pharmaceuticals===
[[Image:Kanonisto Station.jpg|thumb|right|239px|Kanonisto Thermal Power Plant near Lazuro.]]


Pharmaceuticals, radiopharmaceuticals and medical devices account for a nearly 10% of the gross domestic product of Trachtenberg and contributes to 30% of the country's exports. Since 1930, Trachtenberg has developed a many-faceted medical manufacturing industry ranging from pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnostic imaging equipment, surgical instruments, implantable pacemakers, and hospital software. Trachtsch companies are widely regarded as world leaders in the research, testing, and implementation of high quality medicines and drugs. Since the mid-1980s the industry has been concentrating domestically on technologically sophisticated devices and drugs and new product development, while moving the manufacture of older and existing patents overseas where production costs are lower.
Esperantio has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the Orange Gulf and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil per day in 2009. More than 90% of the island's power sources are fossil fuels, mainly coal and diesel, and there is no nuclear or hydroelectric power due to geographical and topographical constraints. In 2009, the Liberkonsilio formulated a medium- to long-term management plan that reserved $41,000,000 for research into the possibility of introducing small-scale nuclear power generation onto the island. As of 2025, there are 18 coal-fired thermal power stations that generate 2,129,250 kW of electricity, 5 oil-fired steam power stations that generate 1,629,000 kW of electricity, 5 gas trubine power stations that generate 326,000 kW of electricity, 13 heavy-oil internal combustion power stations that generate 174,250 kW of electricity, and 5 wind fields that generate 2,315 kW. In 2009, EsperElektro, the country's primary electric utility purveyor, sold 7,478 million kilowatts of electricity, of which 39.5% was for general households, 48.3% was for commercial and other uses, and 12.2% was for large-scale industrial use. Kanonisto Thermal Power Plant is the largest power station in the country, and generates 440 mW of electricity annually.


Trachtenberg's rise in medical manufacturing was largely attributed to HONESCO and Ershon Pharmaceuticals. HONESCO was founded 7 February 1935 and as of December 2035 its market capitalization equated to roughly 6% of Trachtenberg's GDP.  It is the largest publicly held medical manufacturing company in the world, measured by revenue and other metrics, since 2020. Monsanto was one of four companies to introduce genes into plants in 1979, and was among the first to conduct field trials of genetically modified crops in 1985. HONESCO's roles in agricultural changes, predatory pharmaceutical patents, lobbying of government agencies, and roots as a chemical company have resulted in controversies. The company once manufactured controversial products such as the insecticide Chlorophenothane, as well as Pyroclor, and Fruitone B. The company has also faced criticism over its former marketing of steroids for athletic performance enhancement, and its complicity in several environmental disasters.
While oil and coal-fired thermal energy dominates, Esperantio has started using renewable energy in limited capacities since 2003. Wind and wave energy, originally explored due to the country's islandic nature and strong coastal winds, are still relatively unattractive due to the frequency of destructive cyclones which strike the island early in the year. Solar panels, however, are increasingly being incorporated into the design of new buildings and apartment buildings, contributing to decentralized power generation.


===Agriculture===
==Transportation==


Although only about one-quarter of Tractenberg's land area is suitable for farming, virtually all farmland is intensely cultivated, with some areas suitable for two and even three crops a year. However, increases in agricultural production have been much slower than industrial growth. The few natural resources with significant economic value remaining in Trachtenberg are essentially agriculture-associated. Sugarcane and tea have been cultivated in northern Trachtenberg since the 17th century. Camphor extraction and sugar refining played an important role in Trachtenberg's exports from the late 19th century through the third decade of the 20th century. The importance of these industries subsequently declined mainly due to the reduction of international demand rather than exhaustion of related natural resources
[[Image:Aŭtovojo 1.png|thumb|right|239px|Aŭtovojo 1 (A1) runs for 57.3 km between Lazura and Mirinda Montaro.]]
[[Image:Esperantio Tram.jpg|thumb|right|239px|1000 series train on the Haveno Red Line Express.]]


Trachtenberg's main crops are tea, sugar cane, fruits (many of them tropical), and vegetables.
Due to Esperantio's small geographic size and high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted in order to control pollution and congestion. Those who buy a car must pay fees equal to the market value of the vehicle as well as an 25% excise fee to acquire a Vehicular Certificate of Use (VCU), which allows the vehicle to be driven for 11 years. Due to the high cost of vehicle ownership, only one in nine residents own a private vehicle, and only 1 in 4 possess a vehicle operator's license.


===Energy===
In total, the country has a road network spanning 1,756 km, including 57.3 km of controlled access motorways. The Haveno Pollution Control Scheme, implemented in 1979, became the world's second congestion pricing scheme, and included complementary measures such as road-limiting property quotas and traffic improvements. Updated in 2003 and renamed Electronic Travel Pricing, the system introduced electronic toll booths, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology, paying for infrastructure repair and maintenance throughout the country. Despite these efforts, the Haveno area still experiences heavy traffic congestion during rush hours, especially to and from the southern suburbs of Serena Ĉielo, Curepipo, Anĝeleso, La Smeraldo, and Bamboso.


For much of the 20th century, Trachtenberg was a world-leading country in nuclear energy, home of global energy giants Traktomics, and TNC Spiro: nuclear power now accounts for about 25% of the country's electricity production, down from 33% in 1990. Nuclear waste is stored on site at reprocessing facilities. Following the Stutchkoff River accident in 1994 and changing economics, many planned projects were cancelled. More than 10 orders for nuclear power reactors, many already under construction, were canceled in the 1990s and 2000s, bankrupting some companies. Up until 2025, there had also been no ground-breaking on new nuclear reactors at existing power plants since 1989. Then in 2025, the government approved construction of two new reactors to replace existing apparatus. Construction of the Tenenbaum-Iserbeck Nuclear Block Units 1 and 2 began on March 9, 2025, and was completed in 2034. In February 2035 the Trachstch government announced the "Energy Strategy 2100" with the aim to be fully independent of nuclear by 2100, and a new government repeated the goal in 2036 despite public scepticism. The Trachtenberg Renewables Directive set a mandatory target at 75% share of energy from renewable sources by 2050. In 2036 the Tractsch government adopted a plan to increase the share of electricity production from wind to 30% by 2040, and to 60% in 2050.
In 2032, an average of 109,100 vehicles per day used the A1. This was a 5.6% increase from the previous year. The toll is $10 for regular vehicles, and $15 for trucks and lorries. Esperantio is also home to Haveno International Airport, Urlistan's 5th largest airport and the hub for FlyLo Airlines, a low-cost airline flying short-to-medium haul flights between Haveno and other destinations. Additionally, there are 7 smaller airfields in the country.


In 2036 electricity generated in Trachtenberg amounted to 183.1 TWh, of which:
=== Public Transport ===


64.3 TWh (35.1%) were produced by natural-gas power generation
Today, many of Esperantio's residents travel by foot, bicycle, bus, taxi and train. Two companies operate the public bus and train transportation system – EF Transit and the National Commuter Corporation. The island has the Rallande Haveno Checkpoint Station and, previously, the Stelara Junkturo Station. There are more than a dozen taxi companies, which between them operate about 10,000 taxis on the road. Taxis are a popular form of public transportation as fares are relatively cheap compared to many other developed countries.  
53.6 TWh (29.3%) were produced by wind power generation
45.8 TWh (25.0%) were produced by nuclear power generation
7.1 TWh (3.9%) by hydroelectric power generation
7.0 TWh (3.8%) by coal power
3.3 TWh (1.8%) by other fossil fuel generation (fuel oil and gases by-products of industry such as blast furnace gases)
0.2 TWh (0.1%) were produced by other types of power generation (essentially waste-to-energy facilities)


The electricity produced by wind turbines increased from 6.9 TWh in 2010, to 21.4 TWh in 2020, and 53.6 TWh in 2036, but this still accounts only for 29.3% of the total production of electricity (as of 2036).
As of 2036, there are 23 light rail stations, from Haveno International Airport near Sankt-Kristino to Curepipo, 20 km to the south. The average distance between stations is 0.93 kilometers. It takes 40 minutes and costs $5 to traverse its 19.8 km length. Trains (made by Maibatsu Rail) are made up of two or three cars, with 65 seats and a total capacity of 165 people. Trains generally run on roads, with the exception of underground track sections that are between 8 and 20 meters below. The trains can operate at a top speed of 70 km/h and an actual average speed of 30 km/h counting stops.


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
===Largest Cities===


The figures below are the March 2022 estimates for the ten most populous municipalities; a different ranking exists when considering the total metropolitan area populations (in such rankings the Trachtenberg-Frankow metro area is by far the largest agglomeration). The figures reflect the number of household registrations in each city, which may differ from the number of actual residents.
===Society===
 
[[Image:Folk Group Bulgari at Griffith Multicultural Festival.jpg|thumb|right|239px|A group of Gröners in traditional Emerstarian folk attire.]]
 
As of 2036, the estimated population of Esperantio was 1,421,500, of whom 877,492 (61.6%) were citizens and the remaining 544,000 (38.4%) were either permanent residents (256,300) or international students, foreign workers, or dependants (287,700). The overall population increased 5% from the prior year, driven largely by foreign workers. According to the country's most recent census in 2035, nearly one in four residents (citizens and permanent residents) was foreign born; including non-residents, roughly 43% of the total population was born abroad. This proportion is largely unchanged from the 2030 census.
 
The 2035 census reported that about 66.5% of residents were of European descent, 15.1% of Chinese descent, 10.2% of Jewish descent, and 3.2% of other descent (such as Phoenixian); this proportion was virtually identical to the 2030 census, with slight increases among European and Chinese (0.2% and 0.1% respectively) and minor deceases in Jewish and others (0.2% and 0.1%). Prior to 2030, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father; therefore, mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses. From 2030 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.


{| style="max-width:100%; min-width:50em"
[[Image:Chinese Dance Display.jpg|thumb|right|239px|Chinese dancers during a Chinese Lunar New Year Celebration in Haveno.]]
|{{Largest cities
| country      = Trachtenberg
| stat_ref    = 2022 Trachtenberg Census
| div_name    = District
| kind        = cities and special municipalities


|city_1 = Trachtenberg
Like other developed countries in Ionis, Esperantio experienced a rapid decline in its total fertility rate (TFR) beginning in the 1980s. Since 2020, its TFR has largely plateaued at 1.1 children per woman, which is among the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population. Consequently, the median age of Esperantano residents is among the highest in the world, at 41.1 in 2022 compared to 39.6 ten years earlier. Starting in 2011, the government introduced a series of programs to increase fertility, including paid maternity leave, childcare subsidies, tax relief and rebates, one-time cash gifts, and grants for companies that implement flexible work arrangements; nevertheless, live births have continued to decline, hitting a record low in 2032. Esperantio's immigration policy is designed to alleviate the decline and maintain its working-age population.
|div_1 = Trachtenberg District
|pop_1 = 4,272,001


|city_2 = Berlitz
91% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Esperantano citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents). However, due to scarcity of land, 78.7% of resident households live in subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments developed by the Land Development Grant (LDG). Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) LDG flat or in private housing. Live-in foreign domestic workers are quite common in Esperantio, with about 44,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2033.
|div_2 = Berlitz District
|pop_2 = 2,807,230


|city_3 = Austerlitz
===Urbanisation===
|div_3 = Austerlitz District
|pop_3 = 2,772,329


|city_4 = Frankow
Haveno is the capital and the largest city of Esperantio, and lies on the northern coast of Esperantio, along the Orange Gulf. There are 33 cities and several planning areas in the country. More than 50% of the population lives in Haveno.
|div_4 = Frankow District
|pop_4 = 2,661,317


|city_5 = Milgrom
{{Largest cities
|div_5 = Milgrom District
| country = Esperantio
|pop_5 = 2,230,653
| stat_ref = Esperantio Department of Statistics population report for 2036
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = Region
| div_link =
| city_1 = Haveno| div_1 =Haveno| pop_1 = 775,226| img_1 = Haveno Waterfront.jpg
| city_2 = Coromandelo| div_2 =  Centro| pop_2 = 159,289| img_2 = Coromandelo District.jpg
| city_3 =Anĝeleso| div_3 =Centro| pop_3 = 82,355| img_3 =Anĝeleso.jpg
| city_4 =  Moŝto| div_4 = Centro| pop_4 = 78,618| img_4 =Mosto River.jpg
| city_5 = Neblumara| div_5 = Mirinda| pop_5 = 55,308
| city_6 = Lulea| div_6 = Bonalando| pop_6 = 31,269
| city_7 = Curepipo| div_7 = Centro| pop_7 = 20,910
| city_8 =La Smeraldo| div_8 = Vestervelo| pop_8 = 27,710
| city_9 = Florplena| div_9 =Jacoteto| pop_9 = 21,671
| city_10 = Suna Valoro| div_10 = Mirinda| pop_10 = 17,042
}}


|city_6 = Spiro
===Religion===
|div_6 = Spiro District
|pop_6 = 1,883,078


|city_7 = Meyro
{{bar box
|div_7 = Meyro District
|title=Religion in Esperantio
|pop_7 = 446,701
|titlebar=#DDD
|left1=Category
|right2=%
|width=300px
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar pixel|Christianity|purple|31.1|}}
{{bar pixel|No religion|grey|26.1|}}
{{bar pixel|Buddhism|yellow|18.9|}}
{{bar pixel|Judaism|blue|8.8|}}
{{bar pixel|Taoism and folk religion|red|5|}}
{{bar pixel|Hinduism|orange|3|}}
{{bar pixel|Other|green|7.1|}}
|caption=Esperantio Department of Statistics, 2035.
}}


|city_8 = Ehrenreich
Most major religious denominations are present in Esperantio, with the Inter-Religious Organisation, Esperantio (IRO) recognising 10 major religions in the island state. A 2014 analysis by the Pew Research Center found Esperantio to be the world's most religiously diverse nation, with no single religion claiming a majority.
|div_8 = Ehrenreich District
|pop_8 = 369,820


|city_9 = Mannheim
Christianity is the most widely practised religion, with 31% of residents declaring themselves adherents in the 2035 census. Budddhism was the second largest religion at 18.9%, followed by Judaism (8.8%), and Taoism (5.0%). Over one-quarter of the population had no religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Buddhists, and the nonreligious slightly increased between 2020 and 2030, while the proportion of Jews and Taoists slightly decreased; Hinduism and other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population.
|div_9 = Mannheim District
|pop_9 = 268,474


|city_10 = Mankow
===Languages===
|div_10 = Mankow District
|pop_10 = 232,505


{{bar box
|title=Language used most frequently at home
|titlebar=#DDD
|left1=Category
|right2=%
|width=300px
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar pixel|Esperanto|green|48.3|}}
{{bar pixel|Emerstarian|blue|15.1|}}
{{bar pixel|Mandarin|red|10.0|}}
{{bar pixel|English|orange|5.8|}}
{{bar pixel|Hebrew|yellow|2.3|}}
{{bar pixel|Other|grey|7.1|}}
|caption=Esperantio Department of Statistics, 2035.
}}
}}
|}


===Languages===
Esperanto is the lingua franca and the main language used in business, government, law and education. The Constitution of Esperantio and all government legislation is written in Esperanto, and interpreters are required if a language other than Esperanto is used in a judicial setting. Statutory corporations conduct their businesses in Esperanto, while any official documents written in a non-Esperanto official language such as Emerstarian, Mandarin, or English are typically translated into Esperanto to be accepted for use.
 
Esperantanos are mostly bilingual, typically with Esperanto as their common language and their mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. According to the 2030 census, Esperanto was the language most spoken at home, used by 48.3% of the population; Emerstarian was next, spoken at home by 15.1%. Nearly 100,000 people speak other ancestral varieties of Chinese, English, Russian, Hebrew, and others as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Esperanto.
 
===Education===
 
The history of formal education in Esperantio dates back to the 1867 when Bonde University was established. Today, Esperanto is the main language of instruction in all public schools, and all subjects are taught and examined in Esperanto, except for family and foreign language exams.
 
Education in Esperantio is divided into general, vocational, and hobby. The education system is based on four levels: pre-school, basic, secondary, and higher education. A wide network of schools and supporting educational institutions have been established. The Esperantio education system consists of state, municipal, public, and private institutions. There are currently 589 schools in Esperantio, including two public universities, and nine public vocational institutes of technology.
 
Basic education, which is compulsory, begins with six years of schooling, consisting of a four-year basic education course and a two-year pre-secondary stage. The curriculum emphasizes the development of Esperanto, a chosen family language, a chosen art, mathematics and science. Secondary education lasts four to five years and is divided into Vocational, Academic and Technical, depending on the student's level. The courses at this level are similar to those in primary school, but the classes are more specialized. Pre-university education is optional, and provided at 16 Junior Colleges, with a duration of two years. For students not attending university, they can either enter the workforce or proceed to a vocational institute of technology which offer programs such as skilled trades, nursing, IT, etc.
 
In the 2036 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) report, Esperantio's students rank 1st in Ionis. In the world, Esperantio's students rank 5th in reading, 6th in mathematics and 4th in sciences. Additionally, around 90% of Esperantio adults aged 25–64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, one of the highest rates in the industrialized world.


Trachtsch is the de facto national language of Trachtenberg. Yedeslavic is a recognised minority language in the area of the former South Yedeland Island (now part of the Berlitz District), which was an independent isle until 1948. Trachtsch belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages, but contains significant (upwards of 24%) borrowed vocabulary from various west slavic languages, due to historic ties to these regions. There is a limited degree of mutual intelligibility between Trachtsch and German, but not typically to a conversational extent. Trachtsch, from a vocabulary standpoint, is distantly related to Russian. Many words, especially related to law, science, and technology, are derived directly from early Russian lexicons.
Academic higher education in Esperantio is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties, the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Esperantano public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied vocational institutes. In addition to organizing the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets.


A large majority (80%) of Trachtsch speak English as a second language, generally with a high level of proficiency. Markish is the second-most spoken foreign language, with 40% reporting a conversational level of proficiency. Trachtenberg had 750,900 native speakers of Markish in 2025.
Some of the best-known scientists related to Esperantio include astronomers Alex Osslero, Kosti Karjalainen and Amar Ganjawala, biologist Karl Blumenfeldo, Isaac Schwarzmann, chemists Yang Hanying and Adamo Schmitt, economist Zheng Yaling, mathematician Felix Hai, medical researchers Ludvigo Puuseppo and Børge Ovesen, physicist Henriko Hoffman, political scientist Reno Bang, psychologist Stormo Davidsson and Franko Bisgaard, semiotician Olivero Sihota.

Latest revision as of 00:19, 4 March 2024

Esperantio
Respubliko Esperantio
Republic of Esperantio
Flag
Flag
National Seal
National Seal
Motto: 
"Espero, Libereco kaj Paco."
"Hope, Freedom, and Peace."
Anthem: 
"The Hope"
La Espero
Musicplayer.png
Map of Esperantio
Map of Esperantio
Capital
and largest city
Haveno
4°42′N 134°46′E
Official languagesEsperanto
Recognised national languagesChinese
Emerstarian
Hebrew
English
Ethnic groups
66.5% European
15.1% Chinese
10.2% Jewish
8.2% Others
Demonym(s)Esperantano
GovernmentUnitary Presidential Representative Democratic Republic
• President
Esa Rapaporto
• Assistant President
Sofia Pinto
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
Altakomitato
• Lower house
Liberkonsilio
Formation
• National Foundation Day
(legendary)
June 15, 1911 CE
• Constitution
April 2, 1929 CE
Area
• Total
2,040 km2 (790 sq mi)
• Water (%)
3.39
Population
• 2024 estimate
1,421,500
• Density
696.8/km2 (1,804.7/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
$105.411 billion
• Per capita
$74,155
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
$97.271 billion
• Per capita
$68,500
Gini (2023)Negative increase 36.4
medium
HDI (2023)0.888
very high
CurrencyDolaro ($) (ESO)
Time zoneUTC+7
Date formatyyyy-mm-dd
(CE−2022)
Driving sideleft
Calling code+909
ISO 3166 codeESO
Internet TLD.ep

Esperantio, officially known as the Republic of Esperantio (Esperanto: Respubliko Esperantio) is an island country in the Southern Ocean, about 900 kilometres off the southeastern coast of Ling Shou, east of Ilarya. It includes the main island (also called Esperantio), as well as Tropiko, Koralo, and Sankta Katarina. The main island of Esperantio, where the population is concentrated, hosts the capital and largest city, Haveno. The country spans 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) and has an exclusive economic zone covering 2,300,000 square kilometres (670,000 square nautical miles) and a population of 1,421,500 (2023). Formerly one of the region's poorest countries—with a GDP per capita of about US $1,354 per year in the late 1920s—it has since transformed itself into a highly developed country, with one of the world's fastest-growing economies.

The country is heavily urbanized, with most people living in Esperantio's four major cities. The lush vegetation of these cities – even in urban areas – has earned Esperantio the nickname “forest republic”. This abundance of greenery is largely due to the country's equatorial climate, which is uniformly hot and stormy throughout the year. Given its geographic location and associated centuries of colonialism, the people of Esperantio are uniquely diverse in their ethnicity, culture, language and faith.

Esperantio is frequently presented as an example of rapid and extraordinary economic success. After independence from Emerstari in 1917, Esperantio was able to become, with very few natural resources and significant socio-economic setbacks (race riots, unemployment massive, housing difficulties and access to fresh water), one of the most developed and prosperous countries in the area, in terms of economy, education, health, security and urban planning. This prosperity, however, is based on the exploitation of short-term immigrant labor (20-30% of the active population) who generally do not benefit in any way from these living conditions.

Esperantio's history is rich and distinct, dating back more than five-hundred years. As a maritime emporium known as New Eriksland, it served as a key trading post for several countries throughout the 19th century. Its modern era began in 1776, when Ravel Karlsson established it as a shipping hub for the Emerstari Kingdom. After 141 years as a shipping colony, Esperantio gained self-governance in 1917 and became part of the Association of Southeast Oceanic Nations.

Despite its geographic limitations, such as its small size and lack of natural ore reserves, Esperantio is home to significant offshore oil reserves, which the country has been leveraging since the 1940s. Its rapid development is based heavily on international trade and trans-continental economic agreements, with a strong emphasis on free trade, export-oriented industrialization and the accumulation of foreign direct investments, reserves and assets. Its relatively high gross national income per capita (by some estimates the largest in local economic zone) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and a respectable Human Development Index which has been increasing steadily for over 20 years.

History

Early History & New Eriksland

The island of Esperantio was uninhabited before its first recorded visit by Emerstarian explorers in the end of the 18th century. The 1776 arrival of Emerstarian explorer Captain Ravel Karlsson marked the first documented contact by an explorer with modern day Esperantio territory; early Emerstarian influence can be seen in the architecture of Haveno's "Renaissance Quarter", which borrows heavily from the Emerstarian Renaissance Revival style. Karlsson named the island "New Eriksland" in honor of his sponsor Ingemar Erik Sandborg, attaché to King Karl IV Lorens of Emerstari, publishing the islands' location and rendering hundreds of detailed geographic reports. The form "New Eriksland" or "Nya Eriksland" is preserved in the names of certain locations in the Esperantano landscape, among them being Monto Eriko, named after three Emerstarians of a Sandborg-sanctioned trapping party who went missing in the area during the 18th century.

The 1799 arrival of Emerstarian governor Wilhelm Frisk coincided with development of a prosperous economy based on sugar production. Frisk established Haveno (Then called Sigismund) as a naval base and a shipbuilding centre. Under his governorship, numerous buildings were erected, a number of which are still standing. These include part of Government Manor, the Stadshuset, and the Line Barracks, the headquarters of the police force. The island was under the administration of the Emerstarian South Sea Company, which maintained its presence until 1867. After 3 years of governership, Frisk returned to Emerstari in 1802, leaving Major Gustaf Linderolf as the Resident and Commandant of the new settlement, supported initially by some artillery and a single regiment of soldiers. Establishing a trading port from scratch was in itself a daunting prospect, but Linderolf's administration was, in addition, practically unfunded, as Frisk did not wish his superiors to view the island, which lacked ore and minerals, as a waste of financial resources. In addition, it was forbidden from earning revenue by imposing port duties, Frisk having decided from the outset that New Eriksland would be a free port.

In spite of these difficulties, the new colony rapidly proved to be a spectacular success. As news of the free port spread across the region, European, Chinese, and African traders flocked to the island, seeking to circumvent trading restrictions. During the first year of operation, 400,000 Emerstarian Skilles worth of trade passed through Sigismund. It has been estimated that when Frisk arrived in 1799, the total population of the whole of New Eriksland was around a thousand, mostly made up of fishermen. By 1811, the island's population had increased to around five thousand, and the trade volume was 8 million skilles. By 1825, the population had passed the ten thousand mark, with a trade volume of S 22 million.

Frisk returned to New Eriksland in 1822. Although Linderolf had successfully led the settlement through its difficult early years, Frisk was critical of many of the decisions he had made. For instance, in order to generate much-needed revenue for the government, Linderolf had resorted to selling licenses for gambling and the sale of opium, which Frisk saw as social evils. Frisk was also appalled by the slave trade tolerated by Linderolf. Frisk arranged for the dismissal of Linderolf, who was replaced by Sone Bruun. Frisk took over the administration himself, and set about drafting a set of new policies for the settlement.

In 1824, Frisk banned slavery, closed all gambling dens, prohibited the carrying of weapons, and imposed heavy taxation to discourage what he considered vices such as drunkenness and opium smoking. Frisk, dismayed at the disarray of the colony, also arranged to organise it into functional and ethnic subdivisions under the drafted Frisk's Plan of New Eriksland.

Disorganisation of the Colony

During the subsequent decades of the 19th century, Esperantio (Still called New Eriksland at this point) grew to become an important port in the region. Its success was due to several reasons including the opening of trading markets, the advent of ocean-going steamships, the dramatic reduction in the time and cost of shipping goods across the region after the opening of several canals, and the production of rubber and sugar on the island. Ling Shou had not featured significantly in New Eriksland's trade until the 1840s, when the tin-mining and gambier-pepper cultivation industries grew in the Ling Empire.

Its status as a free port provided a crucial advantage over other colonial port cities in Zhonghou and Miantou where tariffs were levied, and it drew many East-Asian traders operating in the region to Sigismund. Steamships had to frequently bunker and therefore take the route along the Ilaryan coast line which also preferred New Eriksland over Miantou. The later opening of the Bainbridge Canal in 1871 would further boost trade in New Eriksland. By 1880, over 1.5 million tons of goods were passing through the port of Sigismund each year, with around 80% of the cargo transported by steamships. The main commercial activity was entrepôt trade which flourished under no taxation and little restriction. Many merchant houses were set up on the island mainly by European trading firms, but also by Jewish, Chinese, Arab, Armenian, and Phoenixian merchants. There were also many Chinese middlemen who handled most of the trade between the European and Asian merchants.

By 1827, Europeans had become the largest ethnic group in Sigismund and by 1845 formed more than half of its population. They consisted of Gröners, who were descendants of early Emerstarian settlers, and Koopish farmers who flocked to the colony to escape economic hardship in southern Kooplieden. Their numbers were swelled by those fleeing the turmoil caused by the Spice Wars (1839–1860). Many arrived in Sigismund as impoverished indentured laborers. The Chinese were the second largest ethnic group until the 1860s and they worked as fishermen, craftsmen, or as wage earners while continued to live mostly in Pagodas. By 1860, the Phoenixians had become the second-largest ethnic group. They consisted of unskilled labourers, traders, and convicts who were sent to carry out public works projects such as clearing jungles and laying out roads. There were also Phoenixian troops garrisoned on the island by the Emerstarians.

Despite New Eriksland's growing importance in regional economics, the administration governing the island was understaffed, ineffectual, and unconcerned with the welfare of the populace. Administrators were usually posted from overseas and were unfamiliar with local culture and languages. While the population had quadrupled from 1830 to 1867, the size of the civil service had remained unchanged. Most people had no access to public health services and diseases such as cholera and smallpox caused severe health problems, especially in overcrowded working-class areas. As a result of the administration's ineffectiveness and the predominantly male, transient, and uneducated nature of the population, the society was lawless and chaotic. In 1850 there were only twenty-one sworn constables in the city of nearly 60,000 people. Prostitution, gambling, and drug abuse (particularly of opium) were widespread. European criminal secret societies (analogous to modern-day mobs) were extremely powerful, and some had tens of thousands of members. Turf wars between rival societies occasionally led to hundreds of deaths and attempts to suppress them had limited success.

The Esperanto Independence Movement

A watercolour painting depicting Ravel Karlsson shortly after his discovery of New Eriksland.
From 1891 to 1931, over 200,000 island residents studied Esperanto at school and at home. Here, a group of working adults attend a community Esperanto class in 1927.

Although crime was at an all time high in the late 19th century, Sigismund was slowly becoming a destination point for people from every corner of the globe — businessmen from the Latin world, Jews fleeing oppression, and refugees escaping the turmoil that followed the Spice Wars. Millions of others — from the Urilas Straits, the Urlistan subcontinent, and Aguas Ricas, from Ling Shou, Durradon, Phoenixia, and literally dozens of other countries — were drawn by the city's untapped opportunity and by its rumors of economic opportunity. This rich tapestry of culture, however, made communication difficult, particularly with Emerstarian authorities who faced growing resentment in the colony.

In 1891, Tobias Davidsson, a leader in the independence movement and a former student of Polish physician Ludovic Zamenhof, sought to introduce Esperanto, a simple, easy-to-learn planned language as the national language in an effort to unify the colony's residents. With dozens of ethnic groups comprising the cultural fabric of the island, Davidsson deemed it imperitive to the independence movement for islanders to have a means of communicating freely and easily. His goal was to erase communication barriers between ethnic groups by providing them with a politically neutral, culturally free standard language that would allow the country the opportunity to preserve its complex cultural identity. Davidsson's Esperanto movement grew in popularity amongst the colony's inhabitants, and the goal of uniting the country under a common language became a symbol of hope and ambition.

By the turn of the century, Esperanto educational material was being distributed daily, and in 1902, over 100,000 people were communicating in the language. In some instances, people were reported to have learnt a working-level of the language in just 4 weeks. The rudimentary components proposed by Zamenhof, and by extension Davidsson, soon evolved into a blossoming language that seemed destined to become the country's lingua franca. Tron Hammarström, the colony's governor at the time, considered the Esperanto Movement a seditionist plot and, in 1905, banned all materials written in Esperanto. Despite opposition, Esperanto was more popular than ever, with newspapers even publishing full articles in Esperanto out of protest.

As early as 1911, Gröner communists, with strong ties to the trade unions and Gröner schools, waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the Sigismund Emergency. The 1914 National Service riots, Friberg Train Station riots, and normal school riots in New Eriksland were all linked to these events. Davidsson, now the pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won the country's first general election in 1915. He led a delegation to Kronbø, and Emerstari rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by Wan Wei Zhi in 1916, and after further negotiations Emerstari agreed to grant the colony full internal self-government on 1 November 1917, with William Ceder West and Wan Wei Zhi as the first prime minister and president respectively.

The Republic of Esperantio

After being granted its independence in 1917, the country drafted its first constitution, with the Liberkonsilio formally abandoning the island's colonial name in favour of the name "Esperantio." In 1923, the country co-founded the Association of Southeast Oceanic Nations (ASEON). Extensive race riots broke out in 1929, as ethnic Chinese and other non-Gröner ethnic groups in Esperantio rejected the discriminatory policies imposed by the Gröner such as quotas for the Gröner as special privileges were granted to the Gröner guaranteed under Article 77 of the Constitution of Esperantio. There were also other financial and economic benefits that were preferentially given to Gröners. William Ceder West and other political leaders began advocating for the fair and equal treatment of all ethnicities in Esperantio, with a rallying cry of "Unify!".

William Ceder West's emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, and limitations on internal democracy shaped Esperantio's policies for the next half-century. Economic growth continued throughout the 1930s, with the unemployment rate falling to 3% and real GDP growth averaging at about 8% up until 1949. During the 1940s, Esperantio began to shift towards developing a domestic oil industry in order to remain competitive as neighbouring countries began manufacturing and farming with cheaper labour.

Geography

Topographic map of Esperantio
Rugged, young volcanic terrain is a distinguishing feature of Esperantio.
Esperantio is the only known habitat of the endangered harlequin tini.

Esperantio, has a landmass of 2,040 km2 (790 sq mi) and is located directly in the pathway of the notorious "Tropic Whip" wind that encircles the globe. It is the 177th largest nation in the world by size. The Republic of Esperantio comprises "Big Esperantio" and several outlying islands. The nation's exclusive economic zone covers about 2.3 million km2 (890,000 sq mi) of the Middle Ocean, including approximately 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) jointly managed with nearby countries.

Esperantio is 2,000 km (1,200 mi) off the southeast coast of of the nearest continent, between latitudes 19°58.8'S and 20°31.7'S and longitudes 57°18.0'E and 57°46.5'E. It is 65 km (40 mi) long and 45 km (30 mi) wide. Its land area is 1,864.8 km2 (720.0 sq mi). The island is surrounded by more than 150 km (100 mi) of white sandy beaches, and the lagoons are protected from the open sea by the world's third-largest coral reef, which surrounds the island. Just off the Esperantano coast lie some 49 uninhabited islands and islets, several of which have been declared natural reserves for endangered species.

Most of the country's land is relatively young geologically, having been created by volcanic activity some 8 million years ago. Together with Esperantio, Tropiko, and Koralo, the island is part of the Esperantio archipelago. These islands emerged as a result of gigantic underwater volcanic eruptions that happened thousands of kilometres to the east of the continental block made up of the nearby continents. They are no longer volcanically active and the hotspot now rests under Tropiko Island. Esperantio is encircled by a broken ring of mountain ranges, varying in height from 300 to 800 metres (1,000 to 2,600 ft) above sea level. The land rises from coastal plains to a central plateau where it reaches a height of 670 m (2,200 ft); the highest peak is in the south-west, La Pinto de la Fondinto at 828 metres (2,717 ft). Streams and rivers speckle the island, many formed in the cracks created by lava flows.

Climate

Esperantio's climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year-round, although weather phenomena and infrequent storms have caused instances of extreme weather. At the lower elevations, the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 130 cm on the windward (northeastern) shore to less than 51 cm on the (southwestern) leeward side of the island. The average temperature in Haveno, the capitol and largest city, ranges from 19 °C in June to 23 °C in September and October. The central plateau is much cooler than the surrounding coastal areas and can experience as much as twice the rainfall. The prevailing trade winds keep the east side of the island cooler and bring more rain. Occasional tropical cyclones generally occur between January and March and tend to disrupt the weather for about three days, bringing heavy rain.

Rainfall is more concentrated towards the central and southern parts of the island, and lessens towards the coast in the north. The northern and western parts of the island are both slightly drier and warmer than the southern and eastern. There is no specific rainy season, although the summer months tend to be wetter, with the wettest months often being February and March. This coincides with the cyclonic season in the region. The coastal areas also experience greater lengths of sunshine across the seasons with an average of 7.5-8 hours, compared to an average of 6.5 in the interior.

Geology

The geology of Esperantio is comparatively recent. The oldest rocks on Esperantio are only 10 million years old and 1.54 million years old on outlying islands. The mafic basalts of the country's islands were formed in relation to the hotspot that generated the Nayalayan Trenches and coral reefs, which themselves were built on volcanoes forming non-volcanic sediments.

Esperantio is the centre of a line of three islands — Tropiko, Esperantio, and Koralo — some hundreds of kilometers apart; they are all volcanic, and in reality quite unconnected, except in so far as they are on a line of volcanic action. The main island of Esperantio consists essentially of a mass of volcanic debris thrown up from craters now extinct. A central ridge, which is the main watershed of the island, and in which are situated all the more recent craters, commences at the south, where it has an elevation of about 600 m, and runs northwards, gradually curving to north-east. The gentle slopes on each side are stopped, round the greater part of the circumference, by ranges of mountains up to nearly 900 m in height, so thin and steep as to resemble walls. From the outer precipices of these, comparatively level plains of variable width stretch to the sea. There are three wide gaps in these mountains, through which the slopes from the main watershed fall gently to the sea. The northern part of the island — the pointed end of the pear — is cut off from the rest by these mountain-walls, but the general direction of the watershed continues across it at a much lower level, and is even prolonged under water by a bank extending 20 or 30 kilometers before it sinks to 100 fathoms below the sea.

Natural Resources

Natural resources on the island includes small deposits of gold, copper, coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos. The island is 55% forest and woodland (mostly on the mountains) and 24% arable land (mostly on the plains), with 15% going to other purposes. 5% is permanent pasture and 1% is permanent crops.

Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Esperantio's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (e.g. coal, gold, marble), as well as wild animal reserves (e.g. pandas), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of Esperantio's forestry resources, especially firs were harvested during early island development for the construction of housing and have only recovered slightly since then. To this day, forests do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations.


Climate data for Haveno (Northern Esperantio) (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.6
(90.7) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		30.8
(87.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		35.7
(96.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.7
(92.7) 		36.4
(97.5)
Average high °C (°F) 26.9
(80.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.0
(80.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 21.9
(71.4) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.4
(70.5)
Average low °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.0
(62.6)
Record low °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		3.3
(37.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.0
(48.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		1.6
(34.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 206.0
(8.11) 		179.5
(7.07) 		226.0
(8.90) 		145.2
(5.72) 		26.9
(1.06) 		3.3
(0.13) 		1.5
(0.06) 		16.3
(0.64) 		38.1
(1.50) 		141.8
(5.58) 		253.1
(9.96) 		241.1
(9.49) 		1,478.8
(58.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 16 14 15 9 3 1 0 2 4 10 17 18 109
Average relative humidity (%) 74.7 74.2 76.1 72.2 65.4 58.8 51.0 43.5 46.4 58.8 74.5 76.0 64.3
Average dew point °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		8.7
(47.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		14.4
(57.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 159.6 158.9 168.7 200.8 237.9 247.6 268.3 273.5 225.7 191.3 138.3 145.0 2,415.6

Government & Politics

The Parliamentary Complex of Esperantio, located in Haveno. The solarium (far left) was added in 2005.

Esperantio is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies. Its constitution states representative democracy as its political system. In 2035, Esperantio was ranked the 3rd least corrupt country in the world, according to Transparency International.

The Cabinet has executive power, and is led by the Prime Minister, and the President. The president is elected through popular vote, and has some veto powers for a specific decisions such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a post with little power.

The Parliament serves as the legislative branch of government. Members of Parliament (MPs) are made up of elected, non-constituency and nominated members. Elected MPs are voted into parliament on a "first-past-the-post" (plurality) system and represent either single-member or group-representation constituencies. Elections are free, and the People's Progress Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every election since 1989. In the most recent parliamentary elections in 2036, the largest opposition, led by the Constitution Party, increased its representation in the House to 10 elected MPs out of 60.

The legal system of Esperantio is based on English common law, however with large and important local differences. Trial by jury was removed in 1995 leaving judicial judgement done completely and only by judgeship. Esperantio has laws that include corporal punishment in the form of whipping for rape, robbery, abuse, and some assault crimes. There is a mandatory death penalty for murder, and for certain drug-trafficking and firearms offences.

Economy

Esperantio's primary exports include petroleum products, as well as B2B services and tourism.

Esperantio has a highly developed market economy, historically rooted in widespread financial trade. The economy is dominated by financial services and petroleum, together accounting for 90% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. The nation's low tax rates have led to it being used as a tax haven for corporations; there are 100,000 overseas companies registered in Esperantio, five times as many as the number of domestic corporations. The country have come under criticism for allegations of money laundering and other financial crimes, including a 2035 statement by the president of Trachtenberg, Zamir Kahn, whom described Esperantio's economy as the world's most egregious "tax scam".

For many years, Esperantio has maintained a AAA credit rating from the big three rating agencies, a distinction shared by only a few countries and unique among nations in the area. This strong economic position, combined with its strategic location, skilled workforce, low tax rates, advanced infrastructure and zero-tolerance anti-corruption policy, make Esperantio a magnet for foreign investment. In 2023, the Global Council for Management Development ranked Esperantio as the world's 9th most competitive economy among 64 countries, underscoring its strong economic health.

Interestingly, despite its free market, the Esperantano government plays a substantial role in the economy, contributing to 22% of GDP. The island-state is a popular destination for conferences and events, further bolstering its economic activity. The Banking Authority of Esperantio (BAE) issues the Esperantano Dolaro (ESD or E$), the national currency, which has been interchangeable with the Mark at par since 2007. Unlike most central banks, which use interest rates to manage monetary policy, the BAE allows the dolaro exchange rate to rise or fall within an undisclosed floating band.

Esperantio's economic strength is underlined by its posession of the world's 30th largest reserve of oil. Crude oil and natural gas production account for about 30% of its GDP. About 167,000 barrels (26,600 m3) of oil are produced every day, making Esperantio the fourth-largest producer of oil in the Southern Sea. It also produces approximately 25.3 million cubic metres (890 million cubic feet) of liquified natural gas per day, making Esperantio the ninth-largest gas exporter in the world. It's robust petroleum industry, combined with its low personal income rates and tax exemptions on income and capital gains earned abroad, has attracted wealthy individuals such as Ling Shou retail billionaire Li Cheng, and Ahabank co-founder Mario Cavalcanti.

Despite being ranked the 10th most expensive city in the world for three consecutive years, acute poverty is rare in Esperantio. The government offers assistance programs to the homeless and needy through the Ministry of Social Unity. These programs range from financial aid to needy households, free government medical assistance, and paying children's tuition. Other benefits include gym membership compensation, baby bonuses, heavily subsidized healthcare, financial aid for the disabled, reduced-price laptop computers for poor students, and discounts on public transportation and utilities. This comprehensive social security system has helped Esperantio rank high on the Human Development Index (HDI), 9th in the world in 2036.

Energy

Kanonisto Thermal Power Plant near Lazuro.

Esperantio has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the Orange Gulf and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil per day in 2009. More than 90% of the island's power sources are fossil fuels, mainly coal and diesel, and there is no nuclear or hydroelectric power due to geographical and topographical constraints. In 2009, the Liberkonsilio formulated a medium- to long-term management plan that reserved $41,000,000 for research into the possibility of introducing small-scale nuclear power generation onto the island. As of 2025, there are 18 coal-fired thermal power stations that generate 2,129,250 kW of electricity, 5 oil-fired steam power stations that generate 1,629,000 kW of electricity, 5 gas trubine power stations that generate 326,000 kW of electricity, 13 heavy-oil internal combustion power stations that generate 174,250 kW of electricity, and 5 wind fields that generate 2,315 kW. In 2009, EsperElektro, the country's primary electric utility purveyor, sold 7,478 million kilowatts of electricity, of which 39.5% was for general households, 48.3% was for commercial and other uses, and 12.2% was for large-scale industrial use. Kanonisto Thermal Power Plant is the largest power station in the country, and generates 440 mW of electricity annually.

While oil and coal-fired thermal energy dominates, Esperantio has started using renewable energy in limited capacities since 2003. Wind and wave energy, originally explored due to the country's islandic nature and strong coastal winds, are still relatively unattractive due to the frequency of destructive cyclones which strike the island early in the year. Solar panels, however, are increasingly being incorporated into the design of new buildings and apartment buildings, contributing to decentralized power generation.

Transportation

Aŭtovojo 1 (A1) runs for 57.3 km between Lazura and Mirinda Montaro.
1000 series train on the Haveno Red Line Express.

Due to Esperantio's small geographic size and high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted in order to control pollution and congestion. Those who buy a car must pay fees equal to the market value of the vehicle as well as an 25% excise fee to acquire a Vehicular Certificate of Use (VCU), which allows the vehicle to be driven for 11 years. Due to the high cost of vehicle ownership, only one in nine residents own a private vehicle, and only 1 in 4 possess a vehicle operator's license.

In total, the country has a road network spanning 1,756 km, including 57.3 km of controlled access motorways. The Haveno Pollution Control Scheme, implemented in 1979, became the world's second congestion pricing scheme, and included complementary measures such as road-limiting property quotas and traffic improvements. Updated in 2003 and renamed Electronic Travel Pricing, the system introduced electronic toll booths, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology, paying for infrastructure repair and maintenance throughout the country. Despite these efforts, the Haveno area still experiences heavy traffic congestion during rush hours, especially to and from the southern suburbs of Serena Ĉielo, Curepipo, Anĝeleso, La Smeraldo, and Bamboso.

In 2032, an average of 109,100 vehicles per day used the A1. This was a 5.6% increase from the previous year. The toll is $10 for regular vehicles, and $15 for trucks and lorries. Esperantio is also home to Haveno International Airport, Urlistan's 5th largest airport and the hub for FlyLo Airlines, a low-cost airline flying short-to-medium haul flights between Haveno and other destinations. Additionally, there are 7 smaller airfields in the country.

Public Transport

Today, many of Esperantio's residents travel by foot, bicycle, bus, taxi and train. Two companies operate the public bus and train transportation system – EF Transit and the National Commuter Corporation. The island has the Rallande Haveno Checkpoint Station and, previously, the Stelara Junkturo Station. There are more than a dozen taxi companies, which between them operate about 10,000 taxis on the road. Taxis are a popular form of public transportation as fares are relatively cheap compared to many other developed countries.

As of 2036, there are 23 light rail stations, from Haveno International Airport near Sankt-Kristino to Curepipo, 20 km to the south. The average distance between stations is 0.93 kilometers. It takes 40 minutes and costs $5 to traverse its 19.8 km length. Trains (made by Maibatsu Rail) are made up of two or three cars, with 65 seats and a total capacity of 165 people. Trains generally run on roads, with the exception of underground track sections that are between 8 and 20 meters below. The trains can operate at a top speed of 70 km/h and an actual average speed of 30 km/h counting stops.

Demographics

Society

A group of Gröners in traditional Emerstarian folk attire.

As of 2036, the estimated population of Esperantio was 1,421,500, of whom 877,492 (61.6%) were citizens and the remaining 544,000 (38.4%) were either permanent residents (256,300) or international students, foreign workers, or dependants (287,700). The overall population increased 5% from the prior year, driven largely by foreign workers. According to the country's most recent census in 2035, nearly one in four residents (citizens and permanent residents) was foreign born; including non-residents, roughly 43% of the total population was born abroad. This proportion is largely unchanged from the 2030 census.

The 2035 census reported that about 66.5% of residents were of European descent, 15.1% of Chinese descent, 10.2% of Jewish descent, and 3.2% of other descent (such as Phoenixian); this proportion was virtually identical to the 2030 census, with slight increases among European and Chinese (0.2% and 0.1% respectively) and minor deceases in Jewish and others (0.2% and 0.1%). Prior to 2030, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father; therefore, mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses. From 2030 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.

Chinese dancers during a Chinese Lunar New Year Celebration in Haveno.

Like other developed countries in Ionis, Esperantio experienced a rapid decline in its total fertility rate (TFR) beginning in the 1980s. Since 2020, its TFR has largely plateaued at 1.1 children per woman, which is among the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population. Consequently, the median age of Esperantano residents is among the highest in the world, at 41.1 in 2022 compared to 39.6 ten years earlier. Starting in 2011, the government introduced a series of programs to increase fertility, including paid maternity leave, childcare subsidies, tax relief and rebates, one-time cash gifts, and grants for companies that implement flexible work arrangements; nevertheless, live births have continued to decline, hitting a record low in 2032. Esperantio's immigration policy is designed to alleviate the decline and maintain its working-age population.

91% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Esperantano citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents). However, due to scarcity of land, 78.7% of resident households live in subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments developed by the Land Development Grant (LDG). Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) LDG flat or in private housing. Live-in foreign domestic workers are quite common in Esperantio, with about 44,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2033.

Urbanisation

Haveno is the capital and the largest city of Esperantio, and lies on the northern coast of Esperantio, along the Orange Gulf. There are 33 cities and several planning areas in the country. More than 50% of the population lives in Haveno.

 
Largest cities or towns in Esperantio
Esperantio Department of Statistics population report for 2036
Rank Region Pop.
Haveno
Haveno
Coromandelo
Coromandelo 		1 Haveno Haveno 775,226 Anĝeleso
Anĝeleso
Moŝto
Moŝto
2 Coromandelo Centro 159,289
3 Anĝeleso Centro 82,355
4 Moŝto Centro 78,618
5 Neblumara Mirinda 55,308
6 Lulea Bonalando 31,269
7 Curepipo Centro 20,910
8 La Smeraldo Vestervelo 27,710
9 Florplena Jacoteto 21,671
10 Suna Valoro Mirinda 17,042

Religion

Religion in Esperantio
Category %
Christianity
 
 31.1
No religion
 
 26.1
Buddhism
 
 18.9
Judaism
 
 8.8
Taoism and folk religion
 
 5
Hinduism
 
 3
Other
 
 7.1
Esperantio Department of Statistics, 2035.

Most major religious denominations are present in Esperantio, with the Inter-Religious Organisation, Esperantio (IRO) recognising 10 major religions in the island state. A 2014 analysis by the Pew Research Center found Esperantio to be the world's most religiously diverse nation, with no single religion claiming a majority.

Christianity is the most widely practised religion, with 31% of residents declaring themselves adherents in the 2035 census. Budddhism was the second largest religion at 18.9%, followed by Judaism (8.8%), and Taoism (5.0%). Over one-quarter of the population had no religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Buddhists, and the nonreligious slightly increased between 2020 and 2030, while the proportion of Jews and Taoists slightly decreased; Hinduism and other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population.

Languages

Language used most frequently at home
Category %
Esperanto
 
 48.3
Emerstarian
 
 15.1
Mandarin
 
 10.0
English
 
 5.8
Hebrew
 
 2.3
Other
 
 7.1
Esperantio Department of Statistics, 2035.

Esperanto is the lingua franca and the main language used in business, government, law and education. The Constitution of Esperantio and all government legislation is written in Esperanto, and interpreters are required if a language other than Esperanto is used in a judicial setting. Statutory corporations conduct their businesses in Esperanto, while any official documents written in a non-Esperanto official language such as Emerstarian, Mandarin, or English are typically translated into Esperanto to be accepted for use.

Esperantanos are mostly bilingual, typically with Esperanto as their common language and their mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. According to the 2030 census, Esperanto was the language most spoken at home, used by 48.3% of the population; Emerstarian was next, spoken at home by 15.1%. Nearly 100,000 people speak other ancestral varieties of Chinese, English, Russian, Hebrew, and others as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Esperanto.

Education

The history of formal education in Esperantio dates back to the 1867 when Bonde University was established. Today, Esperanto is the main language of instruction in all public schools, and all subjects are taught and examined in Esperanto, except for family and foreign language exams.

Education in Esperantio is divided into general, vocational, and hobby. The education system is based on four levels: pre-school, basic, secondary, and higher education. A wide network of schools and supporting educational institutions have been established. The Esperantio education system consists of state, municipal, public, and private institutions. There are currently 589 schools in Esperantio, including two public universities, and nine public vocational institutes of technology.

Basic education, which is compulsory, begins with six years of schooling, consisting of a four-year basic education course and a two-year pre-secondary stage. The curriculum emphasizes the development of Esperanto, a chosen family language, a chosen art, mathematics and science. Secondary education lasts four to five years and is divided into Vocational, Academic and Technical, depending on the student's level. The courses at this level are similar to those in primary school, but the classes are more specialized. Pre-university education is optional, and provided at 16 Junior Colleges, with a duration of two years. For students not attending university, they can either enter the workforce or proceed to a vocational institute of technology which offer programs such as skilled trades, nursing, IT, etc.

In the 2036 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) report, Esperantio's students rank 1st in Ionis. In the world, Esperantio's students rank 5th in reading, 6th in mathematics and 4th in sciences. Additionally, around 90% of Esperantio adults aged 25–64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, one of the highest rates in the industrialized world.

Academic higher education in Esperantio is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties, the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Esperantano public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied vocational institutes. In addition to organizing the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets.

Some of the best-known scientists related to Esperantio include astronomers Alex Osslero, Kosti Karjalainen and Amar Ganjawala, biologist Karl Blumenfeldo, Isaac Schwarzmann, chemists Yang Hanying and Adamo Schmitt, economist Zheng Yaling, mathematician Felix Hai, medical researchers Ludvigo Puuseppo and Børge Ovesen, physicist Henriko Hoffman, political scientist Reno Bang, psychologist Stormo Davidsson and Franko Bisgaard, semiotician Olivero Sihota.

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