Frederick of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox royalty
| name          = Frederick
| title          =
| image          = Eddy 3.jpg


| image_size    = Medium
| succession  =
{{longitem |col1style=padding-top:0.2em
  |
{{Collapsible list |title={{wp|Queen of the United Kingdom|King of the British}} and of the People of his other {{wp|Commonwealth Realms|Realms}}|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:center;padding-center:1.0em;
    |
----
      {{Aligned table |fullwidth=on |cols=2 |class=nowrap |style=line-height:1.2em;
        |col1style=padding-right:0.5em;
        |{{wp|Canada}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Australia}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|New Zealand}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|British Leeward Islands}}
| 1923-1951
|{{wp|British Windward Islands}}
| 1923-1951                       
|{{wp|Pakistan}}                                        | 1947-1951
|{{wp|South Africa}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Ceylon}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Ghana}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Nigeria}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Sierra Leone}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Tanganyika}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Uganda}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Malawi}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Malta}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|The Gambia}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Guyana}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Mauritius}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Fiji}}                                        | 1923-1951
|{{wp|Puerto Rico}}
| 1923-1951
|''{{wp|Irish Free State|Ireland}}''                                        | 1922-1937 
|''{{wp|India}}''
| 1947-1950
|''{{wp|Kenya}}''                                        | 1923-1941
}} }} }}
| moretext    =
| reign        = 5 January 1923 - 7 July 1951
| reign-type  = Reign
| coronation  = 17 May 1923
| cor-type    = Coronation
| predecessor  = [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William VII and IV]]
| pre-type    = Predecessor
| regent      = {{list collapsed|title=''See list''|1={{wp|Bonar Law}}<br>{{wp|Stanley Baldwin}}<br>{{wp|Ramsay MacDonald}}<br>{{wp|Neville Chamberlain}}<br>{{wp|Winston Churchill}}<br>{{wp|Clement Attlee}}}}
| reg-type    = {{nowrap|{{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Ministers}}}}
| successor    = [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]]
| suc-type    =
| succession1  = {{wp|King of Hanover}}
| moretext1    =
| reign1      = 5 January 1923 - 20 November 1924
| reign-type1  = Reign
| coronation1  = 17 May 1923
| cor-type1    = Coronation
| predecessor1 = [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William VII and IV]]
| pre-type1    =
| regent1      =
| reg-type1    =
| successor1  = ''Merged with the United Kingdom through the Kingdom of Hanover Act 1924''
| suc-type1    =
| succession2  = {{wp|Emperor of India}}
| moretext2    =
| reign2      = 5 January 1923 - 15 August 1947
| reign-type2  = Reign
| coronation2  =
| cor-type2    =
| predecessor2 = [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William VII and IV]]
| pre-type2    =
| regent2      =
| reg-type2    =
| successor2  = ''Position abolished''<ref>Frederick continued as titular Emperor of India until 22 June 1948.</ref>
| suc-type2    =
| succession3  = {{wp|Prince Regent of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands}}
| moretext3    =
| reign3      = 1 March 1921 - 5 January 1923
| reign-type3  = {{wp|Regency era|Regency}}
| coronation3  =
| cor-type3    =
| predecessor3 =
| pre-type3    =
| regent3      = [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William VII and IV]]
| reg-type3    = Monarch
| successor3  =
| suc-type3    =
| succession4  = {{wp|King of the Netherlands}}<br/>{{wp|Grand Duke of Luxembourg}}<br/>{{wp|Duke of Limburg}}
| moretext4    =
| reign4      = 5 January 1923 - 15 August 1947
| reign-type4  = Reign
| coronation4  = 1 January 1924
| cor-type4    = Inauguration
| predecessor4 = [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William VII and IV]]
| pre-type4    = Predecessor
| regent4      =
| reg-type4    =
| successor4  = [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]]
| suc-type4    =
| birth_name    = Prince Frederick of Wales and Prussia
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1895|11|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place    = {{wp|Rideau Hall}}, {{wp|Ottawa}}, {{wp|Canada}}
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1951|7|7|1893|11|22|df=yes}}
| death_place  = {{wp|Buckingham Palace}}, {{wp|London}}
| burial_date  = 25 July 1951
| burial_place = {{wp|Westminster Abbey}}, {{wp|London}}
| spouse      = {{marriage|{{wp|Victoria Louise of Prussia}}|5 January 1913|31 July 1924|end=ann.}}<br/>{{marriage|{{wp|Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse|Anne Messel}}|22 November 1924}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|* [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]]
* [[Prince William, Duke of Edinburgh|William, Duke of Edinburgh]]
* [[Prince George of Wales and of the Netherlands]]
* [[Prince Edward of Wales and of the Netherlands]]
* [[Prince Arthur of Wales and of the Netherlands]]
* [[Prince Michael of Wales and of the Netherlands]]
* [[Prince Henry of Wales and of the Netherlands]]}}
| issue-link  = #Issue
| full name      = Edward Frederick William
| house          = {{wp|House of Hanover|Hanover}}
| father        = [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William VII and IV]]
| mother        = {{wp|Sophia of Prussia}}
| religion      = {{wp|Protestantism|Protestant}}
}}
'''Frederick''' (Edward Frederick William; 22 November 1895 - 7 July 1951) was {{wp|Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King of the British}}, {{wp|King of Hanover}}, {{wp|King of the Netherlands}}, {{wp|Grand Duke of Luxembourg}}, and {{wp|Duke of Limburg}} from 5 January 1923 to 7 July 1951. He was also the last {{wp|Emperor of India}}, reigning from 1923 to 1947 until the abolition of the {{wp|British Raj}} and its subsequent partition into {{wp|India}} and {{wp|Pakistan}}. Additionally, he is the second {{wp|British}} monarch to serve as a regent up until his ascension after {{wp|George IV|King George IV}}, whom had previously served as a regent under the capacity of his father, {{wp|George III}}.
An outspoken critic of {{wp|Nazism}}, Frederick primarily led the {{wp|United Kingdom|country}} throughout the {{wp|Great Depression}} and the {{wp|Second World War}}. In his final years, he oversaw the hastily drawn partition of {{wp|India}} and {{wp|Pakistan}} in the immediate end of the {{wp|British Raj}} and various armed conflicts stemming from the independence of {{wp|Britain}}'s colonies. He also presided over the formal incorporation of a {{wp|Lower Saxony|Hanover}} with increased territory in the aftermath of the {{wp|First World War}} into the {{wp|United Kingdom}}. In the immediate aftermath of the {{wp|London Declaration}} in 1949, Frederick subsequently became the first official {{wp|Head of the Commonwealth|Head of the Commonwealth of Nations}} himself, thus replacing his previous title of {{wp|Emperor of India}}.
Due to his heavily {{wp|German}} character, Frederick was popularly known to many as "Frederick the German" ({{wp|German}}: Friedrich der Deutsche), and was also mockingly referred to as well as "Kaiser Frederick", particularly by {{wp|British}} nationalists due to his familial ties with the last {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|German Emperor}}. Nevertheless, his heavy {{wp|German}} background, coupled with his overall support for the integration of the {{wp|German}}-majority {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} into the {{wp|United Kingdom}} have both cemented him as an overwhelmingly popular figure nationwide, particularly among {{wp|Germans}} living in the {{wp|United Kingdom}}. In all, for his successful efforts in both formally unifying {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} with the {{wp|United Kingdom}} and in restoring the monarchy's overall prestige, he has since been posthumously referred to as "Frederick the Unifier" and "Frederick the Saviour" respectively.
The {{wp|United Kingdom}}'s national motto, ''"By God and By the People"'' was reportedly coined by Frederick himself, with the aforementioned phrase intended to equally emphasise both the {{wp|British}} monarch's role as the head of the {{wp|Church of England}} and the King's own vision of the monarchical institution being more populist in nature, in line with the concept of a {{wp|popular monarchy}}.
Following the annulment of his marriage to his first wife, {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia}} in 1924, Frederick became the first monarch in {{wp|British}} history to have a marriage annulled, and the second in {{wp|English}} history after the infamous {{wp|Henry VIII|King Henry VIII}}. Following his marriage's annulment, Frederick subsequently married the {{wp|English}} socialite, {{wp|Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse|Anne Messel}}, with whom he had five sons in total, in addition to the two children from his first marriage, which included his eldest son and successor, [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]].
==Early Life==
Edward was born on the 22nd of November 1895 during the reign of his grandfather, [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King William V]]. He was the eldest out of four children of [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William, Prince of Wales]] and {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|Sophia of Prussia}}, and was notably the first royal to be born outside of {{wp|Britain}}, having being born instead in {{wp|Canada}}, his parents' preferred choice of residence. As a nephew of the {{wp|German Emperor}}, {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II}}, he was initially recommended to by his {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|mother}} with several {{wp|German}} imperial honours, but this was cut short by the antagonistic nature of the {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|German Emperor}}, though he was given instead the title {{wp|German prince|''Prince of Prussia''}} as a descendant of a previous {{wp|German Emperor}}, {{wp|Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick III}}, thereby initially making him a ''Prince of Great Britain and Prussia'' altogether. He was named Edward Frederick Wilhelm in honour of his maternal grandfather, the late {{wp|German Emperor}} {{wp|Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick III}} whom had been the co-coordinator alongside Frederick's paternal [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|grandfather]] of the marriage between Edward's parents. In {{wp|Canada}}, he was known as the ''Canadian Prince'' as he was the very first {{wp|British}} royal to be born inside the country, in contrast to that of his predecessors.
Following his birth, his grandfather, [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King William V]] took much interest in shaping the young Edward according to his own, hoping to deter the young prince from becoming like his own [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|father]] whom had grown distant from the king. Following a sizable opposition from both his {{wp|Carlota of Mexico|grandmother}} and parents, a compromise however was reached where Edward would still be instilled with militaristic values but to a lesser degree. Subsequently, while Edward did receive partial military training, this was then added with extensive exposure in liberal arts education, the latter in which Edward showed promising interest and development. In addition to his studies, Edward frequently toured the rural and forested parts of {{wp|Canada}}, with activities such as family picnics and hunting trips alongside his father being common activities for the young prince. Furthermore, Edward also frequently accompanied his parents in their social events and public meetings with the {{wp|Canadian}} populace during his father's tenure as {{wp|Governor-General of Canada}}.
Edward's striking appearance garnered him much attention and care from his female relatives, and in particular {{wp|Mary of Teck|Princess Mary}}. Due to the distinct similarities between the young Edward and Mary's own son named {{wp|Edward VIII|Edward}}, the two princes were remarkably close and the former Edward was a frequent subject of comparison by {{wp|Mary of Teck|Princess Mary}} who once wrote, ''"It is a joy for me to see just how alike my dear Eddy is with the prince"'', albeit at the cost of a friendly rivalry between {{wp|Mary of Teck|Mary}} and his mother {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|Sophia}}. He was also a favourite of his grandmother, {{wp|Princess Louise of Prussia|Louise}} who would often look after the young Edward during his parents' occasional leaves for their official engagements or state visits. At the age of eleven, he began frequently accompanying his parents on their international trips as the respective [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|Prince]] and {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|Princess of Wales}}. During a controversial visit to {{wp|German Empire|Germany}} in 1910, while his parents conversed in a relatively calm manner with the {{wp|Wilhelm II|German Emperor}}, the young Edward became good friends with the {{wp|Wilhelm, German Crown Prince|German Crown Prince}} and consequently became fond of the emperor's only daughter {{wp|Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}}, whom he then described as being a "living example of perfection and beauty, from head to toe''.
==Prince of Wales==
{{multiple image
| align    = right
| direction = horizontal
| header    =
| header_align =
| header_background =
| footer    = [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King William V]] and {{wp|Frederick III, German Emperor}}, the main orchestrators of Edward's marriage to {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia}}
| footer_align = left
| footer_background =
| width    =
| image1    = William Newer.png
| width1    =
| caption1  =
| image2    = Emperor Friedrich III.png
| width2    =
| caption2  =
}}
As he aged well into his teens, his [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|grandfather]] had seen the young Edward as a valuable diplomatic tool in his attempts to mend the strained relations between the {{wp|German}} and {{wp|British}} empires. While his own [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|father]] had been married to the {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|daughter}} of the late {{wp|Frederick III, German Emperor|Kaiser Frederick III}}, the elderly [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King William V]] was determined in continuing the tradition, exemplified by his constant support for a match between Edward and {{wp|Victoria Louise of Prussia|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia}}, whom was three years his senior. While there had been several discreet discussions between [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William V]] and his {{wp|German}} {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|counterpart}} on a possible marriage between the two as a sign of reconciliation, neither initially came into fruition when the suggestion was heavily scrutinized by some of the former's relatives whom preferred the ruling {{wp|House of Hanover}} to not be associated with the "warmongering" {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II}} and the {{wp|House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern}} family. This was in turn complicated by the growing {{wp|Anglophobe}} sentiment in {{wp|Germany Empire|Germany}} itself.
Even such prospects were discouraged by the {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}}, {{wp|H.H. Asquith}}, whom advised the [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|king]] to look for another suitable bride that is not associated with countries that are deemed as {{wp|Britain}}'s enemies, particularly those in the largely politically neutral {{wp|Scandinavian}} region. However, at the same time, despite the irony of the growing tension between their respective countries, Edward himself became gradually close with the young {{wp|German}} princess, whom he often referred to as ''Vicky'', a shortened form of the princess's name, with whom he would often spend much time communicating with through the exchange of letters and telegrams.
Around October 1910, a fifteen-year-old Edward met a then recently exiled {{wp|Manuel II of Portugal|King Manuel II of Portugal}}, whom at the age of twenty-one had fled to {{wp|England}} following the {{wp|Carnation Revolution}}, which abolished the longstanding {{wp|Portuguese}} monarchy in favour of a republican government. Meanwhile, although the exiled former {{wp|Portuguese}} monarch largely took to living separately from the {{wp|British}} royal family, both Edward and {{wp|Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel}} were said to have otherwise been on friendly terms with one another, with the latter's interests in music reportedly being a subject of intrigue by the prince. As a result, the young Edward soon came to admire a number of famous {{wp|German}} composers, including the {{wp|German}}-born {{wp|Ludwig van Beethoven}}, and a fellow {{wp|German}}-born composer, {{wp|Clara Schumann}}, whom was one of the 19th-century's most celebrated female composers. Even so, the two royals were said to have also harboured similar interests in a number of other matters as well, thus helping to solidify their friendship, which lasted well until {{wp|Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel}}'s own death on July 1932.
===World War I===
Around January 1913, despite heightened tensions between most of the major powers of {{wp|Europe}}, the marriage ceremony of Edward and {{wp|Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} went on lavishly. Among the foreign guests were the {{wp|Tsar of Russia}}, {{wp|Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II}} and Edward's own family, led by the sickly [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William V]]. In what would become the most notable feature of the event, Edward's grandfather [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William V]] was given a special honour to give his own speech, in which he dramatically reminded attendees of the heightened tensions and the need for the "old kings" of Europe to band together in preventing a major war from occurring. Following the conclusion of the ceremony, the newlywed couple was discouraged from returning to {{wp|Britain}}. Instead, the royal couple then left back for {{wp|Sweden}} where they were warmly received by the likes of {{wp|Gustaf V of Sweden|Gustaf V}} and the pro-{{wp|German}} government.
Until the year 1919, the royal couple lived lavishly in exile in {{wp|Sweden}}, where both royals kept themselves occupied with news of the {{wp|World War I|Great War}} surrounding them. However, the misery was softened with the birth of their first surviving offspring, the future [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]]] in 1917, which succeeded that of an earlier miscarriage two years later. While living in exile, Edward had initially contemplated on serving alongside his male relatives in the war but was discouraged by his wife whom had seen the war as "extremely appalling", and whom had wished for their family to not be associated with such conflict. However, the royal family was active in providing humanitarian care and aid to both participants of the war, exemplified in a risky but successful attempt in 1915, when the {{wp|Swedish}} {{wp|HSwMS Najaden (1897)|HSwMS Najaden}} safely dropped large supplies of aid through the {{wp|Netherlands}}.
Following the ratification of the {{wp|Treaty of Versailles}}, Edward and his family, at the insistence of Edward's sister, the [[Alexandra, Princess Royal|''Princess Royal'']], decided to finally end their period of exile in {{wp|Sweden}}, thereby returning back to the {{wp|United Kingdom}}. Upon their arrival, the princely couple promptly settled into {{wp|Buckingham Palace}} alongside Edward's own family, while Edward's younger brother, [[Prince Frederick, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Prince Frederick]] chose to remain in {{wp|Sweden}}, although the latter himself would eventually go on to pay several visits to the {{wp|United Kingdom}} on his own accord in the following years.
==Reign==
On the death of Frederick's [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|father]] on January 5th 1923, it was also by coincidence the tenth wedding anniversary of the late king and his wife, the now queen dowager {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|Sophia}}. As news of the King's death reached {{wp|London}}, Frederick and {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} promptly headed back for {{wp|Britain}} onboard the [[HMS Louise]], which had been previously used to escort the couple from their exile in {{wp|Sweden}} two years prior, while {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|Queen Sophia}} instead opted to remain in {{wp|Canada}}, presumably out of personal grief and attachment to the country until her own death nine years later, with her own funeral later on being attended by both Frederick and {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} and their closest relatives.
Amidst much public debate and displeasure at the prospects of having a {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|daughter}} of the infamous {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|German Emperor}} as {{wp|queen consort}} of the country, preparations for their coronation were nevertheless underway. In the days leading up to their coronation, the royal couple briefly visited the war-torn {{wp|Irish Free State|Ireland}} where, despite political division among the {{wp|Irish}} locals in regards to the {{wp|Anglo-Irish Treaty}}, they were however warmly greeted by the local populace. At the same time, Frederick and {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} briefly debated on the choice of the latter's future name as queen consort, as the practice of having double names as a queen consort had been rather unknown in {{wp|Britain}}. Ultimately, {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} herself conceded by opting to be known as ''Queen Louise'' instead of using her own given name, as to honour her paternal great great grandmother, {{wp|Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz}}, a renowned figure in her native {{wp|Germany|country}}. On May 17th, exactly a week before the end of the {{wp|Irish Civil War}}, Frederick and Louise were formally coronated as king and queen of the {{wp|United Kingdom}} at {{wp|Westminster Abbey}}, with the event sporting the usual amount of foreign guests, amidst a number of protests outside the abbey against the {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|queen consort}}'s coronation in particular. Nevertheless, despite brewing rumours of an assassination plot against the king and queen, the returning procession itself went generally undisturbed, although in the several days immediately following the coronation event, several unnamed conspirators believed to be tied with a plot during the event were later arrested by the {{wp|Metropolitan Police}} and were subsequently imprisoned on charges of attempted treason.
===Early Years===
[[File:Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia.jpg|thumb|right|{{wp|Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia}}, Frederick's brother-in-law whom joined the {{wp|Nazi Party}} of {{wp|Adolf Hitler}}]]
Furthermore, Frederick's ascension to the throne also came at a difficult time for his country. The {{wp|United Kingdom}}, despite being the largest country in terms of landmass and population was embroiled in massive debt and was slowly ceding its status as the global industrial power to both the {{wp|United States}} and {{wp|Empire of Japan|Japan}}. At the same time, socialist and nationalist fervours were both on the rise in his own country, with the prevailing political discontent being exacerbated by the royal family's heavy {{wp|German}} roots. To that end, seeking to remedy the prior inability of his [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|father]] to effectively address the post-war issues, Frederick, with unanimous {{wp|Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament}} approval, had the {{wp|British}} titles and peerages of his relatives whom had served under the {{wp|Central Powers}} effectively revoked through the ''Royal Titles Revocation Act 1924''. At the same time, Frederick's own {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|wife}}, a {{wp|House of Hohenzollern|Princess of Prussia}} by birth subsequently abandoned her {{wp|German}} titles, albeit reluctantly, with the decision being successively mirrored by Frederick himself in regards to his princely {{wp|Prussian}} titles. However, amidst the various concessions, Frederick notably prevailed over one specific issue when he sharply rebuked the demands made by several cabinet members for him and his wife, {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} to only conversate in the {{wp|English}} language and for their conversation to be clearly heard by observers at all times, and even in private settings, out of fears of an alleged pro-{{wp|German}} conspiracy by the royal couple, to which Frederick promptly retaliated by forcing then-{{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Bonar Law}} towards reprimanding those responsible for the controversy.
That same year, on January 10th, Frederick himself personally travelled to {{wp|Switzerland}} to join the {{wp|British}} {{wp|Foreign Secretary}}, {{wp|George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon}} in attending the {{wp|Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923|Lausanne Conference}}, which was held to address the recognition of the newly established {{wp|Republic of Turkey}}. During the conference, although Frederick himself mostly remained a de facto neutral observer, with {{wp|George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon}} being the {{wp|United Kingdom}}'s main representative, he was otherwise said to have briefly crossed paths with the {{wp|Italian}} fascist strongman, {{wp|Benito Mussolini}}, whom had attended the conference himself on behalf of {{wp|Kingdom of Italy|Italy}}.
Furthermore, Frederick also privately condemned his brother-in-law, {{wp|Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia|Prince August Wilhelm}} in a telegraph, upon learning of the latter's involvement with the {{wp|Nazi Party|NSDAP}}, in which he cited the party's "hateful and extreme" rhetoric which, from the King's perspective, greatly contrasted with his own moderate character. Three years later, he also refused a private invitation by {{wp|Adolf Hitler}}, whom had hoped for a meeting with the king in order to foster potential relations between {{wp|Nazi Germany|Germany}} and the {{wp|United Kingdom}}, due to the latter's strong {{wp|German}} ties. In his response, Frederick notably wrote to the {{wp|Nazism|Nazi}} leader, ''"I find myself unable to effectively assume my duty as a collaborator or an ally of a country that possesses such an unorthodox perspective on its own citizens"''.
===King of the British===
Having already inherited some degree of animosity and suspicion from the {{wp|British}} public, specifically those among {{wp|British}} nationalists due to his heavily {{wp|German}} background, the new king was quick to undertake several actions, including the notable ''Royal Titles Revocation Act 1924'' which accordingly deprived his {{wp|German}} relatives of their {{wp|British}} titles and peerages. While this decision, among others undertaken by Frederick to restore the royal family's image among the general public proved somewhat successful in its intention, the former, having taken notice of the {{wp|Belgian}} {{wp|Albert I of Belgium|King Albert I}}'s popularity in his own country, first recommended a landmark change in the style of the {{wp|British}} sovereign to his {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}} at the time, {{wp|Ramsay Macdonald}}, whom he reportedly told, ''"I will not be the {{wp|Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold the Second}} of this country, but rather its {{wp|Albert I of Belgium|King Albert}}"''. When this measure was generally approved by {{wp|Ramsay Macdonald|Macdonald}}, whom understood the King's perceived intention regarding the proposed measure, Frederick promptly disclosed it in a special meeting among cabinet ministers whom, like the {{wp|Ramsay Macdonald|Prime Minister}}, celebrated the measure as a means to successfully restore the royal family's image, with the proposed style of ''King of the British'' seen as being more in touch with the general public, thus alleviating most general discontent. Thus, during that year's {{wp|Trooping the Colour}} event, Frederick markedly announced an amendment to the style of the {{wp|British}} sovereign, in which he declared, ''"From this point on, I am the King of the British, the king of all the people whom pledge their loyalty to me, and to whom I shall repay accordingly with my role as a constitutional sovereign of the people, not the state"''. At the same time, the {{wp|British}} government also promptly released an official document, titled ''The Memorandum of King Frederick'', in which he declared that "as constitutional monarchs, the ruler must be bound to a social contract with the nation's citizens, whom in exchange for legitimising the ruler's position as a constitutional monarch, would, in turn, be gifted with the presence of an impartial and a politically neutral head of state, one whom could guarantee absolute stability in times of crisis".
While this new styling would remain in use with Frederick's successors, the style of ''Prince of Wales'' however remained unchanged for the rest of his reign up until the accession of his immediate successor, [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]], whom reverted the princely title back to its traditional style, the ''Prince of the Welsh'' upon his accession. Accordingly, his great-granddaughter, [[Alexandra I of the United Kingdom|Queen Alexandra]] was respectively styled ''Princess of the Welsh'' prior to her own accession to the throne, as her [[William VI of the United Kingdom|father]]'s heir apparent.
===Hanoverian Issue===
From the late 19th century, tensions between {{wp|Germans}} and non-{{wp|Germans}} in the {{wp|United Kingdom}} had been gradually brewing as a direct consequence of the {{wp|Anglo}}-{{wp|German}} arms race propagated by the militarist {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II}}. Then, the tensions were further exacerbated by the onset of the {{wp|First World War}} which, by the end of it, led to a mass perception of "treachery" and "disloyalty" towards the {{wp|British}}-{{wp|German}} citizens in {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}}. At the same time, a number of {{wp|English}} citizens, as well as some politicians, reportedly began calling for the removal of {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} entirely from the {{wp|United Kingdom}}, although this too was opposed by those whom feared that a handover of {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}}, with its northern ports and coastline on continental {{wp|Europe}} to the new {{wp|Weimar Republic}} would hurt {{wp|Britain}}'s naval dominance in the {{wp|North Sea}},
At the same time, then {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}}, {{wp|Stanley Baldwin}} had initially convinced the king to seek a "middle ground" in order to appease both the opposing sides. To that end, on November 1924, after weeks of heated debate, the {{wp|British}} {{wp|Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament}} passed the ''Kingdom of Hanover Act 1924'', which subsequently elevated {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} to that of the same status and position as {{wp|Scotland}} had achieved from the {{wp|Acts of Union 1707|''Acts of Union 1707''}}. Immediate reactions were initially deeply polarised among the public, with some welcoming the new act as a symbol of unity between the {{wp|English}} majority island and the {{wp|German}} majority state, and as an effective measure in containing the gradual spread of the far-right {{wp|Nazism}} ideology by the {{wp|Nazi Party|NSDAP}} in {{wp|Central Europe}}, while its detractors opposed the integration of {{wp|Germans}} into the general society, backed by their popular view of the perceived treachery by {{wp|British}}-{{wp|Germans}} during the {{wp|First World War}}. In addressing direct criticism towards the act, Frederick notably declared, ''"The United Kingdom of today is here to remain, and never to dissolve"''. Frederick subsequently toured the war-torn {{wp|Lower Saxony|Hanover}} and was received by large-sized crowds cheering on his arrival before meeting the kingdom's very first and newly appointed minister-president.  Two years later, a statue of Frederick on horseback was erected in front of the {{wp|Herrenhausen Palace}} in honour of the King. Decades later, on November 1995, in marking his 100th posthumous birthday, the capital city of the {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover}}, also named {{wp|Hanover}} was renamed to {{wp|Hanover|King Frederick City}} in order to distinguish the capital city from its similarly-named constituent country, while also primarily honouring the late {{wp|British}} monarch, whom to this day maintains an overwhelmingly positive legacy among the {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanoverian}} public. 
In addition to the formalisation of the union between the {{wp|United Kingdom}} and {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}}, Frederick also presided over the subsequent appointment of the kingdom's very first head of government, officially known as a {{wp|minister-president}}, with its inaugural holder, Klaus Franke being appointed as one in the aftermath of the {{wp|1929 United Kingdom general election|1929 general election}}, so as to ensure a firm alignment between the appointment of the kingdom's {{wp|minister-president}} alongside that of the {{wp|British}} {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister}}. However, as opposed to both {{wp|Scotland}} and {{wp|Northern Ireland}}, {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} was nevertheless allowed to maintain its own armed forces, with the sole condition being its own longstanding army, while on both sea and air, the kingdom is otherwise protected by units of both the {{wp|Royal Navy}} and the {{wp|Royal Air Force}} respectively.
===Marriage Crisis===
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Unlike his [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|grandfather]], Frederick adopted a rather independent and hands-off approach in regards to the marital choice of his successor, [[Charles the Great|Charles]]. However, due to the political climate at the time, Frederick strictly forbade either of his sons from ever marrying a princess hailing from an enemy country. Regardless, in 1945, the [[Charles the Great|''Prince of Wales'']] privately wrote a letter to Frederick from the {{wp|United States}}, in which he openly declared his interest in marrying {{wp|Jewish}} {{wp|American}} actress {{wp|Lauren Bacall}}, whom was seven years the prince's junior. While this was met with mixed reaction by {{wp|Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament}} members, Frederick himself remained indifferent however towards the proposal, choosing not to openly object against the wishes of his only son and heir, whose marital prospects and its following difficulties had coincidentally mirrored that of his own marital prospects three decades earlier.
Despite his indifference, Frederick himself did partially sided with the proposed marriage's detractors himself in suggesting for a morganatic marriage instead, in which the couple would be allowed to marry in exchange for {{wp|Lauren Bacall|Bacall}}, Charles's romantic partner receiving a courtesy title instead of the traditional title of queen consort, while their own eldest child together would nevertheless be allowed to succeed Charles to the throne in the near future. Furthermore, just a day prior to the eventual meeting between [[Charles the Great|Charles]] and the {{wp|British}} agents sent to {{wp|New York (state)|New York}}, Frederick himself personally met two of the suggested candidates, {{wp|Sarah Baring}} and {{wp|Lady Caroline Paget}} at their respective residences in an attempt to encourage either one of the leading candidates to seek the [[Charles the Great|heir apparent]]'s hand in marriage, with {{wp|Sarah Baring|Baring}} in particular showing much interest in a marital offer, due to her previous interest in Charles's now deceased [[Prince William, Duke of Edinburgh|brother]]. Ultimately, Charles's own subsequent refusal to commit to any of the alternative proposals brought forward by the agents led to an immediate end to Frederick's efforts, with both he and {{wp|Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse|Anne}} later subsequently adopting a more supportive approach in favour of their son's proposed marriage to the actress. 
Following {{wp|Winston Churchill|Churchill}}'s defeat and subsequent replacement by his {{wp|Labour Party (UK)|Labour}} opponent {{wp|Clement Attlee}}, with the latter's strong backing and later that of the {{wp|Geoffrey Fisher|Archbishop of Canterbury}}, Frederick himself promptly adopted a more supportive stance towards his son's marital prospects, eventually granting his official permission as sovereign for the couple to marry. They were then engaged sometime in mid-1945 and were then subsequently married a year later, with Frederick represented by his {{wp|Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse|wife}} at their son's wedding ceremony in {{wp|New York (state)|New York}}, {{wp|United States of America}}.
===Second World War===
On September 1st 1939, Frederick found his country at war with {{wp|Nazi Germany}} following the latter's invasion of {{wp|Poland}}, which had prompted both a {{wp|French}} and a {{wp|British}} declaration of war. At the same time, he reluctantly granted permission for his youngest son, [[Prince William, Duke of Edinburgh]], whom had been enlisted in the {{wp|Royal Navy}} years prior, to see active combat.
Following the rapid fall of {{wp|France}} and the concurrent collapse of {{wp|Denmark}} and {{wp|Norway}} to {{wp|German}} forces, the {{wp|Germans}} under {{wp|Adolf Hitler|Hitler}} immediately envisaged a land invasion of the {{wp|United Kingdom}}, which was to be first achieved through complete aerial and sea dominance. Meanwhile, the constituent {{wp|British}} kingdom of {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} on mainland {{wp|Europe}}, thanks to its {{wp|Maginot Line|Maginot}}-esque line of defences was able to resist any {{wp|German}} penetration for a much more significant amount of time. This, along with the decisive {{wp|British}} counter attack spearheaded by the {{wp|Royal Air Force|RAF}} against the opposing {{wp|German}} {{wp|Luftwaffe}} air force, ultimately ruined any chances of a possible invasion of the island. Nevertheless, throughout much of the course of the war, {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} itself was subjected to an intense military bombardment by the surrounding {{wp|German}} forces, whom despite their apparent numerical superiority, otherwise proved unable to effectively conquer the {{wp|British}} constituent country, with the combined {{wp|British}}-{{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanoverian}} force stationed in the kingdom having managed to decisively thwart a {{wp|German}} attempt to circumnavigate the formidable [[Alexandrian Line]] spanning throughout the {{wp|British}}-{{wp|German}} border through the means of an invasion of {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} itself via the recently conquered {{wp|Netherlands}}. Meanwhile, at around December 1940, Frederick's uncle, [[Prince Consort Alexander of the Netherlands]], whom had then recently retreated to {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} following the {{wp|Netherlands}}'s defeat, ultimately passed away from a combination of wartime injuries and illnesses. Then, in recognition of his overall contribution to the [[Alexandrian Line]] fortification system, the recently deceased prince was posthumously awarded several honours and decorations by the {{wp|British}} government. Meanwhile, then-{{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Winston Churchill}}, whom upon learning of the prince's passing, reportedly remarked, ''"While we would always have our brave men and women to thank for {{wp|Britain}}'s survival, we must never ignore the absolute fact that {{wp|Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover}} itself stands because of him (Alexander), whom may God bless his soul"''.
In the early months of 1942, Frederick, having learned of his eldest, and only surviving [[Charles the Great|son]]'s intention to enlist in the {{wp|United States Armed Forces}}, was quick to oppose the latter's decision, arguing that the latter's safety was more important than his active wartime duties. Nevertheless, after much deliberation, he once more reluctantly conceded to Charles's demands, during which time, he reportedly told then {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}}, {{wp|Winston Churchill}}, ''"If the Prince of Wales dies today, as honourable as his death might be, I myself would be the unluckiest father and husband to have ever lived"''.
===Postwar Years===
Following the end of the {{wp|Second World War}}, Frederick, as his country's head of state, participated extensively in the postwar reconstruction, in which he would often funnel a certain amount of his own wealth that would in turn be used to fund the rebuilding of damaged infrastructures along with provisions of aid towards the living survivors of the war. In particular, during the very first {{wp|Victory in Europe Day}} celebrations that year, Frederick openly praised the success of the {{wp|Allies of World War II|Allied}} war effort, before subsequently proclaiming, ''{{wp|Adolf Hitler|Hitler}} is no more, and so too the senseless wars and bloodshed!"''.
On August 15th 1947, Frederick oversaw the dissolution of the former {{wp|British Raj}}, {{wp|Britain}}'s most prized colony, into the subsequent independent states of {{wp|India}} and {{wp|Pakistan}}. In light of this, he later conducted several specific visits to both the newly independent countries, along with several other remaining {{wp|British}} colonies at the time. Regardless, just a couple of years later, he suffered a brief injury during a hunting incident with his son, the [[Charles the Great|''Prince of Wales'']] which, despite the fact that it left the former with non-worrisome injuries, led him to momentarily abstain from his official duties for approximately two days long.
Upon his return to his royal duties, having been much aware of the discontent harboured towards his only surviving son and successor, [[Charles the Great|''Charles, Prince of Wales'']], and in particular, his daughter-in-law, {{wp|Lauren Bacall|''Lauren, Princess of Wales''}}, Frederick himself worked extensively and spontaneously as well to legitimise his successor's position as the future monarch of {{wp|Britain}} by personally speaking out in favour of the royal couple, although this was only done in an occasional manner, as to not jeapordise his own somewhat restored public image. For instance, immediately upon his return from a state visit to {{wp|Sri Lanka|Ceylon}} in March 1948, as the king himself was walking down the harbour at {{wp|Portsmouth}}, he then notably proclaimed to the surrounding crowd, ''"In regards towards your fear of the {{wp|Jews}}, I assumed that those kinds of people are already gone and extinct back in {{wp|Berlin}}!"''. Nevertheless, his {{wp|silver jubilee}} was also held that year, thus marking his twenty fifth year on the throne
==Death==
On the afternoon of March 30th 1951, Frederick, following an initial and mistaken belief by palace courtiers that he was unexpectedly taking a much more extended period of sleep for the day due to the perceived state of tiredness surrounding the king himself, was ultimately declared dead by royal doctors at approximately 1:30 P.M., after his wife, {{wp|Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse|Anne}}, had unsuccessfully tried to awaken him for an important meeting with {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Clement Attlee}}, whom also later joined the royal family at {{wp|Buckingham Palace}} upon being made aware of the late monarch's passing. His only surviving son and successor, the now [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]] and his {{wp|Lauren Bacall|wife}} themselves also got together with several of Frederick's other relatives before he was to be duly laid in state at {{wp|Palace of Westminster|Westminster Hall}}. During the subsequent lying in state process, for the {{wp|Vigil of the Princes}} occasions present during the event, Frederick's coffin was primarily guarded by the likes of his own son, [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]], his younger brother, the [[Prince Frederick, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Duke of Clarence and Avondale]], his nephew, [[Prince Charles, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Prince Charles of Clarence and Avondale]], and his paternal uncle, the [[Prince George, Duke of Southampton|Duke of Southampton]]. He was then buried alongside his predecessors at {{wp|Westminster Abbey}}, where he was later joined by his wife, whom passed away on July 3rd 1992, having outlived her husband by fourty-one years. 
==Marriage==
===Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia===
[[File:Viktoria Luise von Preußen in Totenkopfhusaren-Uniform - color.jpg|thumb|right|The portrait of {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia}} that was personally gifted to Edward himself]]
At the time of his birth, Edward was second in line to the throne behind his father, the then [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|William, Prince of Wales]]. Despite this, being the likely heir to his father, Edward's marital prospects fell under the responsibility of the royal family's then patriarch, [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King William V]]. At the time, an aging [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King William V]] had been seeking for a reconciliation between the {{wp|British}} and {{wp|German}} empires, amidst the prevailing {{wp|Anglo}}-{{wp|German}} arms race between the two empires, instigated by the aggressive foreign policies of the {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|German Emperor}}. Consequently, after much deliberation resulting from internal opposition from several members of the {{wp|House of Hanover|Hanoverian}} royal family, William decided to orchestrate a visit between his grandson Edward and the {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser}}'s only daughter, {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Princess Victoria Louise}}, whom was only three years Edward's senior. Thus, a private exchange of photographs between the two monarchs soon followed when the {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser}} himself first gifted to his [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|British]] counterpart a photograph of the seventeen year old {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} in a military uniform, which was in turn replied to with a similarly themed photograph of the young Edward himself. With unanimously positive reception of the respective photographs from both sides, a visit by the family of the [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|''Prince of Wales'']] was subsequently agreed upon, where it would take place just three days prior to {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}}'s 18th birthday.
The next year, on September 10th, Edward and his family departed from the {{wp|Royal Navy}} base at {{wp|HMNB Portsmouth|Portsmouth}} before arriving at the coastal city of {{wp|Wilhelmshaven}} in {{wp|Lower Saxony|Hanover}} where from there, they were then escorted to the imperial residence in {{wp|Potsdam}} by both {{wp|British}} and {{wp|German}} soldiers. While the princely family was generally welcomed by the imperial couple, Edward's mother {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|Sophia}} however largely avoided and had minimal contact with her brother, the {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|German Emperor}} himself whom was mostly of a starkly contrasting character compared to {{wp|Sophia of Prussia|Sophia}} herself. Nevertheless, Edward, whom somewhat admired the present {{wp|German}} culture he came to saw was quick to be on good terms with the imperial family, as he proved to be considerably close with the {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser}}'s sons, with the eldest in particular being {{wp|Wilhelm, German Crown Prince|Crown Prince Wilhelm}}. Following this, upon meeting the much older {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}}, Edward himself proved quick to familiarise with the {{wp|Prussian}} princess, with whom he shared a common interest in {{wp|German}} culture and history.
Upon being left to their own devices by their respective families, Edward and {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} proved quick to bond with one another as they both reminisced about the then state of affairs in their own respective countries, which had then culminated in an arms race between the two empires. Soon after, out of newfound infatuation, primarily from the latter herself, the two briefly engaged in a kiss in which {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} encouraged Edward to follow through with their patriarchs' marital plans as a guarantee in keeping both Edward and the princess together, a plan which Edward himself quickly agreed to. For {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}}'s subsequent birthday, among a number of gifts that had been brought forth by the {{wp|British}} royal family, Edward himself personally gifted the princess a white {{wp|Hackney horse|Hackney}}-breed horse, due to the horse breed's positive reputation relating to its stamina and sustainability.
The two would go on to noticeably spend a large amount of time together in the subsequent days, much to the delight of their own respective parents before Edward and his family departed back for {{wp|Britain}} the next week. In the end, Edward's firmly strong relationship with the {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|princess}} and his mutual infatuation towards the latter encouraged his hopeful [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|grandfather]] to further advance Edward's marital prospects by further proposing an engagement date, as to accommodate for Edward's relatively young age, a decision supported by the {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser}} himself.
When this reached the knowledge of the then {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}} {{wp|H. H. Asquith}} however, the former advocated for a cautious approach towards the issue, as to avoid compromising the {{wp|Entente Cordiale}} agreements with {{wp|French Third Republic|France}} whom deeply distrusted the {{wp|German|Germans}}. Thus, in {{wp|H. H. Asquith|Asquith}}'s subsequent attempts to convince the [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King]] to seek an alternative candidate for his grandson, it was initially suggested that Edward was to marry a {{wp|Swedish}} princess instead, namely {{wp|Princess Margaretha of Sweden|Princess Margaretha}}, whom was four years the prince's junior, or her sister, {{wp|Princess Märtha of Sweden|Princess Märtha}}, whom was, in turn, six years Edward's junior. Ironically enough, while this suggestion was never implemented in regards to Edward himself, it otherwise became a reality for Edward's younger brother, [[Prince Frederick, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Frederick]], whom later married a {{wp|Swedish}} princess himself. Meanwhile, when the suggestion was promptly dismissed by the King, other names such as {{wp|Helen of Greece and Denmark|Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark}}, and those of the four daughters of the {{wp|Russian}} {{wp|Tsar}}, {{wp|Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II}} were also brought up, but all these were persistently dismissed in favour of his [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|grandfather]]'s hope of a successful reconciliation between the {{wp|United Kingdom}} and {{wp|German Empire|Germany}}. Eventually, preparations for the wedding ceremony were soon underway, with {{wp|Berlin}} being decided upon as the venue for the couple's wedding ceremony. At the same time, the two royals would remain in contact with one another, with frequent exchanges of letters said to have taken place throughout the months leading up to their eventual wedding ceremony.
[[File:Prinzessin Victoria Luise und Prinz Ernst August, 1913.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Edward and his newlywed wife, {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Princess Victoria Louise}} donning their respective wedding outfits]]
On February 1911, through a private agreement between [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King William V]] and {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II}}, the prince and {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|princess}} simultaneously journeyed to {{wp|Stockholm}} where they held their engagement ceremony, with the choice of the venue being that of a neutral country as to avoid any repercussions on either sides. Soon afterwards, supposedly out of the need to protect the royal couple from any rumoured threats, Edward and {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} then lived together as fiancées in {{wp|Drottningholm Palace}} under the protection of {{wp|Gustaf V|King Gustaf V}} and his family. For the next two years, the couple was said to had lived "extremely happily" with one another in the {{wp|Swedish}} royal residence of {{wp|Drottningholm Palace}}, and they both kept a consistent stream of communication with their respective families back home. Furthermore, the couple enjoyed generally warm relations with the {{wp|Swedish}} royal family, whom was largely sympathetic to the couple's plight.
On January 5th 1913, the couple returned once more to {{wp|Berlin}} where an extravagant wedding ceremony was held in their honour, which saw the attendance of the {{wp|British}} and {{wp|Russian}} royal families and number of other guests whom were generally of royalty and nobility background. For the event, while {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} donned an elaborate white-coloured wedding gown designed by both {{wp|British}} and {{wp|German}} tailors, Edward himself however donned a uniform of {{wp|1st The Royal Dragoons|The Royal Dragoons}}, of which {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II}} himself is coincidentally its {{wp|Colonel-in-Chief}}, though it was actually meant to mirror his {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|wife}}'s own appearance in a photograph where she donned a uniform of a {{wp|German}} {{wp|Zieten Hussars|cavalry regiment}} herself.
Just a year later, following the outbreak of the {{wp|First World War}}, the couple, whom had then returned back to {{wp|Sweden}} under the pretext of personal safety, then chose not to openly affiliate on an individual level with either side, for fear of upsetting the other. Nonetheless, the immediate psychological effects of the war would prove to be of some consequence for the royal couple, as evidenced by a recollection of the period by Edward's private secretary, {{wp|Lord Read}}, whom in his memoirs wrote that "the couple was perhaps fighting as hard as the men in the trenches to keep their union afloat, especially in the face of such a mismatched couple". However, despite the perceived animosity between the couple, they soon welcomed the birth of their first child together, the later [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]], followed by another son, [[Prince William, Duke of Edinburgh]] just a couple of years later.
Following the death of [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands|King George V]] on January 1923, the couple, whom were now subsequently the new King and Queen of the United Kingdom, began settling permanently in the central royal residence of {{wp|Buckingham Palace}}, where in contrast to {{wp|Drottningholm Palace}} in {{wp|Sweden}}, where they had enjoyed relative peace and popularity with the locals there, the couple were now met with a considerable wave of hostility and scrutiny by the general public, with the majority of their distrust being directed towards {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} herself, as a result of her being the daughter of the infamous {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II}}.
At the same time, the end of the war and the years that followed proved to be a considerable challenge for the couple's marriage, as Frederick, whom, as a result of the war, had begun adopting a more liberal outlook, which stood in stark contrast to his {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|wife}}'s otherwise mostly traditional outlook, one that was reminiscent of her father, the former {{wp|Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II}}. Moreover, mounting displeasure and backlash over his marriage to a {{wp|German}} princess also threatened to bring down the {{wp|British}} monarchy, a fear that was shared by both Frederick and then-{{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Ramsay Macdonald}}. Eventually, on July 31st 1924, with the agreement of both the prime minister and the then-{{wp|Archbishop of Canterbury}}, {{wp|Randall Davidson}}, Frederick officially had his marriage to {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} annulled by the {{wp|Church of England}}, so as to allow the King to remarry afterwards without going against the canonical prohibition on remarriage while the former spouse of a divorcee was still alive. However, despite this development, the couple's two sons together, [[Charles the Great|Charles]] and [[Prince William, Duke of Edinburgh|William]] were both allowed to remain on the throne, with [[Charles the Great|Charles]]'s position as heir apparent to his father being officially confirmed by both {{wp|Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament}} and the {{wp|Church of England}}. From that point on, the couple mostly lived separately from one another, with {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}} opting to reside at the nearby {{wp|Windsor Castle}}, where she raised her younger son, [[Prince William, Duke of Edinburgh|William]] separate from the latter's older brother, the future [[Charles the Great|Charles III and I]]. She later passed away on December 11th 1980 at the age of eighty-eight, and, upon the request of her own son, [[Charles the Great|King Charles III and I]] himself, was then buried in {{wp|Westminster Abbey}} alongside her former husband and the latter's second wife, {{wp|Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse|Anne Messel}}.
When the couple's marriage annulment was then made known to the public, some scandal ensued, as such an instance had been an extremely rare case since the infamous {{wp|Henry VIII|King Henry VIII}} in the 16th century. Nonetheless, the {{wp|British}} public, most of whom were already critical of the former {{wp|German}}-born queen, otherwise erupted into celebrations, with many praising the King's "good riddance" for annulling his marriage to his controversial wife. Around that same time, as hoped for by the King, the {{wp|British}} monarchy's standing among the public promptly improved, while the institution's approval ratings among the public likewise skyrocketed.
===Anne Messel===
In the weeks leading up to his marriage's annulment, Frederick, with the recommendation of then-{{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Ramsay Macdonald}}, had begun seeing the twenty-three-year-old {{wp|Princess Märtha of Sweden}}, whose beauty and origin from a neutral country such as {{wp|Sweden}} were thought to have made her a suitable candidate for {{wp|Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise}}'s replacement. However, nothing ultimately ever came out of this, with Frederick subsequently diverting his attention towards {{wp|Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse|Anne Messel}}, an {{wp|English}} socialite and granddaughter of the famous cartoonist, {{wp|Edward Linley Sambourne}}. In this instance, Frederick's attempts proved ultimately successful, with the two agreeing to marry later that November.
Eventually, just a few months after Frederick's marriage was officially annulled, on November 22nd 1924, which was also his 29th birthday that year, the couple married in an elaborate ceremony at {{wp|Westminster Abbey}}, with the wedding receiving much enthusiasm among the {{wp|British}} public, whom saw it as a "fresh start" from the previously controversy-ridden monarchy. Most notably, {{wp|Anne Parsons, Countess of Rosse|Anne}} also became the first {{wp|British}}-born consort in history, with her predecessors having been born outside of the country. Throughout the following years, the couple would welcome five children together, all of whom were boys, with the first and oldest of them being George, followed by Edward, Arthur, Michael, and Henry, the youngest of them all. As of current, all four of them, with the exception of Arthur, are still alive, with the latter having passed away in 2020 at the age of ninety-one.
==Personal Information==
==Titles & Honours==
*'''22 November 1895 - 23 November 1910''' ''His Royal Highness'' Prince Frederick of Wales and Prussia
*'''23 November 1910 - 30 January 1913''' ''His Royal Highness'' The Duke of Cambridge
*'''30 January 1913 - 1 March 1921''' ''His Royal Highness'' The Prince of Wales
*'''1 March 1921 - 5 January 1923''' ''His Royal Highness'' The Prince Regent
*'''5 January 1923 - 9 June 1924''' ''His Majesty'' The King
*'''9 June 1924 - 30 March 1951''' ''His Majesty'' The King of the British
==Honours==
== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|width=100%|align=center|collapsed=yes
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Frederick of the United Kingdom'''
| 2 = 2. [[William VII and IV of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands]]
| 3 = 3. {{wp|Sophia of Prussia}}
| 4 = 4. [[Willliam VI and III of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands]]
| 5 = 5. {{wp|Princess Louise of Prussia}}
| 6 = 6. {{wp|Frederick III, German Emperor}}
| 7 = 7. {{wp|Victoria, Princess Royal|Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom}}
| 8 = 8. {{wp|John II and I of the United Kingdom and of the Netherlands}}
| 9 = 9. {{wp|Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen}}
| 10 = 10. {{wp|William I, German Emperor}}
| 11 = 11. {{wp|Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}
|12 = 12. {{wp|William I, German Emperor}}
|13 = 13. {{wp|Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}
|14 = 14. {{wp|Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}
|15 = 15. {{wp|Victoria of the United Kingdom}}
}}

Latest revision as of 09:55, 3 May 2024

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