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==Event==
==Event==
===Procession to Parliament Complex===
===Procession to Parliament Complex===
Beginning at 10:00 am, the ceremony kicked off with a large procession carrying [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Queen Alexandra]] from her royal residence of {{wp|Buckingham Palace}} to the {{wp|Queen Elizabeth II Centre|Parliament Complex}}, the legislative seat of the {{wp|United Kingdom}}. Made up entirely of members of the {{wp|British Armed Forces}}, in a break from tradition, the [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Queen]] was driven in a white {{wp|Rolls-Royce Ghost}} rather than in the usual {{wp|Gold State Coach}} which was previously used by {{wp|British}} monarchs since {{wp|William IV|King William IV}}. The official route saw the procession begin by going along {{wp|The Mall, London|The Mall}} from {{wp|Buckingham Palace}} before turning right onto {{wp|Whitehall}} and then rightwards around {{wp|Parliament Square}}, passing significant buildings such as {{wp|Westminster Abbey}} and the {{wp|Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}} as they did, while a final rightward turn around {{wp|Broad Sanctuary Green}} eventually seeing the procession arrive at their intended destination of the {{wp|Queen Elizabeth II Centre|Parliament Complex}}.
Beginning at 10:00 am, the ceremony kicked off with a large procession carrying [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Queen Alexandra]] from her royal residence of {{wp|Buckingham Palace}} to the {{wp|Queen Elizabeth II Centre|Parliament Complex}}, the legislative seat of the {{wp|United Kingdom}}. Made up entirely of members of the {{wp|British Armed Forces}}, in a break from tradition, the [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Queen]] was driven in a white {{wp|Rolls-Royce Ghost}} rather than in the usual {{wp|Gold State Coach}} which was previously used by {{wp|British}} monarchs since {{wp|William IV|King William IV}}. The official route saw the procession begin by going along {{wp|The Mall, London|The Mall}} from {{wp|Buckingham Palace}} before turning right onto {{wp|Whitehall}} and then rightwards around {{wp|Parliament Square}}, passing significant buildings such as {{wp|Westminster Abbey}} and the {{wp|Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}} as they did, while a final rightward turn around {{wp|Broad Sanctuary Green}} eventually sees the procession arrive at their intended destination of the {{wp|Queen Elizabeth II Centre|Parliament Complex}}.


===Inauguration===
===Inauguration===
Upon arriving at the {{wp|Queen Elizabeth II Centre|Parliament Complex}}, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Queen Alexandra]] was led into the {{wp|Queen Elizabeth II Centre|building}} by a smaller procession made up of leaders of the religious faiths of {{wp|Christianity}}, {{wp|Islam}}, {{wp|Judaism}}, {{wp|Buddhism}}, {{wp|Hinduism}}, and {{wp|Sikhism}}, each of whom carried their respective religious texts in hand. Behind them, a separate procession duly followed and was made up of the governor generals of the seven {{wp|Commonwealth realms}}, namely {{wp|Canada}}, {{wp|Australia}}, {{wp|New Zealand}}, {{wp|Solomon Islands}}, {{wp|Tuvalu}}, {{wp|Papua New Guinea}}, [[The Cape]], and the [[West Indies]] whom each carried the flags of their respective countries. At 10:20 am, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]] officially arrived at the doorsteps of the {{wp|Investiture Hall}} where, as a sign of their arrival, the doors were knocked on twice. Shortly afterward, the guests in the hall promptly stood up as the [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Queen]] and her entourage entered the room.
Upon arriving at the {{wp|Queen Elizabeth II Centre|Parliament Complex}}, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Queen Alexandra]] was led into the {{wp|Queen Elizabeth II Centre|building}} by a smaller procession made up of leaders of the religious faiths of {{wp|Christianity}}, {{wp|Islam}}, {{wp|Judaism}}, {{wp|Buddhism}}, {{wp|Hinduism}}, and {{wp|Sikhism}}, each of whom carried their respective religious texts in hand. Behind them, a separate procession duly followed and was made up of the governor generals of the seven {{wp|Commonwealth realms}}, namely {{wp|Canada}}, {{wp|Australia}}, {{wp|New Zealand}}, {{wp|Solomon Islands}}, {{wp|Tuvalu}}, {{wp|Papua New Guinea}}, [[The Cape]], the [[Philippines]], and the [[West Indies]] whom each carried the flags of their respective countries. At 10:20 am, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]] officially arrived at the doorsteps of the {{wp|Investiture Hall}} where, as a sign of their arrival, the doors were knocked on twice. Shortly afterward, the guests in the hall promptly stood up as the [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Queen]] and her entourage entered the room.


As the religious leaders promptly took their seats, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]], donning a white evening gown underneath the {{wp|Imperial Mantle}}, walked down the aisle until she was then received by the {{wp|President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond|The Baroness Hale of Richmond}}. After a brief formal exchange of pleasantries, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]] proceeded to take a few steps back before coming to rest on a chair where she was delivered by hand a well-preserved copy of the {{wp|Magna Carta}} by the {{wp|Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir|The Lord Reed of Allermuir}}, a gesture intended to emphasise the {{wp|United Kingdom}}'s long constitutional history that began with the signing of the {{wp|Magna Carta}} in 1215 by {{wp|John, King of England|King John}} of the {{wp|House of Plantagenet}}. Following this, {{wp|Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond|The Baroness Hale of Richmond}} subsequently delivered a speech on the evolution of the monarchy from an absolute role to a ceremonial one and the corresponding development of representative democracy in the nation which lasted for roughly fifteen minutes long.
As the religious leaders promptly took their seats, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]], donning a white evening gown underneath the {{wp|Imperial Mantle}}, walked down the aisle until she was then received by the {{wp|President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond|The Baroness Hale of Richmond}}. After a brief formal exchange of pleasantries, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]] proceeded to take a few steps back before coming to rest on a chair where she was delivered by hand a well-preserved copy of the {{wp|Magna Carta}} by the {{wp|Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir|The Lord Reed of Allermuir}}, a gesture intended to emphasise the {{wp|United Kingdom}}'s long constitutional history that began with the signing of the {{wp|Magna Carta}} in 1215 by {{wp|John, King of England|King John}} of the {{wp|House of Plantagenet}}. Following this, {{wp|Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond|The Baroness Hale of Richmond}} subsequently delivered a speech on the evolution of the monarchy from an absolute role to a ceremonial one and the corresponding development of representative democracy in the nation which lasted for roughly fifteen minutes long.
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At 11:20 am, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]] subsequently stood on the rear balcony of {{wp|Buckingham Palace}} where she received a royal salute and three cheers from members of the {{wp|British Armed Forces}} gathered in {{wp|Buckingham Palace Garden}}. Following this, in the presence of her family members, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]] then stood on the front balcony to review a royal flypast by the {{wp|Royal Air Force}} whose {{wp|Red Arrows}} aerobatic team notably took part in the occasion.
At 11:20 am, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]] subsequently stood on the rear balcony of {{wp|Buckingham Palace}} where she received a royal salute and three cheers from members of the {{wp|British Armed Forces}} gathered in {{wp|Buckingham Palace Garden}}. Following this, in the presence of her family members, [[Alexandra, Queen of the British|Alexandra]] then stood on the front balcony to review a royal flypast by the {{wp|Royal Air Force}} whose {{wp|Red Arrows}} aerobatic team notably took part in the occasion.
The following day, on 2 August 2019, as part of the {{wp|2019 Coronation Honours}}, Alexandra knighted a number of {{wp|Britain}}'s well-known retired footballers still currently alive including {{wp|Alan Shearer}}, {{wp|Teddy Sheringham}}, {{wp|Ian Wright}}, {{wp|Gary Lineker}}, {{wp|Kenny Dalglish}}, {{wp|Darren Fletcher}}, {{wp|Liam Brady}}, {{wp|Roy Keane}}, {{wp|Robbie Keane}}, and {{wp|Ryan Giggs}}, as well as her former {{wp|England women's national football team|England Women}} teammates {{wp|Alex Scott (footballer, born 1984)|Alex Scott}}, {{wp|Kelly Smith}}, and {{wp|Karen Carney}}.


==Guests==
==Guests==
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** {{wp|Karl-Wilhelm Bernhard}} ''the Queen's second cousin''
** {{wp|Karl-Wilhelm Bernhard}} ''the Queen's second cousin''
====Non-royals====
====Non-royals====
* {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Theresa May}} and {{wp|Philip May}}
* {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Theresa May}} and {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Philip May}}
* {{wp|Home Secretary}} {{wp|Amber Rudd}}
* {{wp|Home Secretary}} {{wp|Amber Rudd}}
* {{wp|Foreign Secretary}} {{wp|Philip Hammond}} and {{wp|Susan Williams-Walker}}
* {{wp|Foreign Secretary}} {{wp|Philip Hammond}} and {{wp|Philip Hammond|Susan Williams-Walker}}
* {{wp|Secretary of State for Justice}} and {{wp|Lord Chancellor}} {{wp|Dominic Grieve}} and {{wp|Caroline Hutton}}
* {{wp|Secretary of State for Justice}} and {{wp|Lord Chancellor}} {{wp|Dominic Grieve}} and {{wp|Dominic Grieve|Caroline Hutton}}
* {{wp|Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons}} {{wp|John Bercow}} and {{wp|Sally Bercow}}
* {{wp|Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons}} {{wp|John Bercow}} and {{wp|Sally Bercow}}
* {{wp|Lord Speaker|Lord Speaker of the House of Lords}} {{wp|Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler|The Lord Fowler}} and {{wp|Fiona Poole}}
* {{wp|Lord Speaker|Lord Speaker of the House of Lords}} {{wp|Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler|The Lord Fowler}} and {{wp|Fiona Poole}}
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* Former {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|David Cameron}} and {{wp|Samantha Cameron}}
* Former {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|David Cameron}} and {{wp|Samantha Cameron}}
* Former {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Tony Blair}} and {{wp|Cherie Blair}}
* Former {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Tony Blair}} and {{wp|Cherie Blair}}
* Former {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}
* Former {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|Gordon Brown}} and {{wp|Sarah Jane Brown}}
* Former {{wp|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom}} {{wp|John Major}} and {{wp|Norma Major}}
 
====Celebrities====
* {{wp|Christian Bale}} and {{wp|Sibi Blazic}}
* {{wp|Daniel Craig}} and {{wp|Rachel Weisz}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Pierce Brosnan}} and {{wp|Keely Shaye Smith|Keely Smith, Lady Brosnan}}
* {{wp|Ronan Keating}} and {{wp|Storm Keating}}
* {{wp|Hugh Grant}} and {{wp|Hugh Grant|Anna Eberstein}}
* {{wp|Idris Elba}} and {{wp|Sabrina Dhowre}}
* {{wp|Sacha Baron Cohen}} and {{wp|Isla Fisher}}
* {{wp|Gary Oldman}} and {{wp|Gary Oldman|Gisele Schmidt}}
* {{wp|Cillian Murphy}} and {{wp|Yvonne McGuinness}}
* {{wp|Ian Wright}} and {{wp|Nancy Hallam}}
* {{wp|Gordon Ramsay}} and {{wp|Tana Ramsay}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Kenneth Branagh}} and {{wp|Kenneth Branagh|Lindsay Brunnock, Lady Branagh}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Anthony Hopkins}} and {{wp|Stella Arroyave|Stella Arroyave, Lady Hopkins}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Christopher Nolan}} and {{wp|Dame}} {{wp|Emma Thomas}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Elton John}} and {{wp|David Furnish}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Wayne Rooney}} and {{wp|Coleen Rooney|Coleen McLoughlin, Lady Rooney}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Frank Lampard}} and {{wp|Christine Lampard|Christine Bleakley, Lady Lampard}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Steven Gerrard}} and {{wp|Alex Curran|Alex Curran, Lady Gerrard}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|David Beckham}} and {{wp|Victoria Beckham|Victoria Adams, Lady Beckham}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Rio Ferdinand}} and {{wp|Emma Bunton|Emma Bunton, Lady Ferdinand}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Mick Jagger|Michael Jagger}} and {{wp|Melanie Hamrick}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Bobby Charlton}} and {{wp|Bobby Charlton|Norma Ball, Lady Charlton}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Paul McCartney}} and {{wp|Nancy Shevell|Nancy Shevell, Lady McCartney}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Alex Ferguson}} and {{wp|Cathy Ferguson|Cathy Harding, Lady Ferguson}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Sean Connery}} and {{wp|Micheline Roquebrune|Micheline Roquebrune, Lady Connery}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Mo Farah}} and {{wp|Mo Farah|Tania Nell, Lady Farah}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Andy Murray}} and {{wp|Kim Sears|Kim Sears, Lady Murray}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Geoff Hurst}} and {{wp|Geoff Hurst|Judith Harries, Lady Hurst}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Michael Gambon}} and {{wp|Anne Miller|Anne Miller, Lady Gambon}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Brian May}} and {{wp|Anita Dobson|Anita Dobson, Lady May}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Rod Stewart}} and {{wp|Penny Lancaster|Penny Lancaster, Lady Stewart}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|David Attenborough}}
* {{wp|Sir}} {{wp|Ian McKellen}}
* {{wp|Peter Crouch}} and {{wp|Abbey Clancy}}
* {{wp|Rowan Atkinson}} and {{wp|Louise Ford}}
* {{wp|Tom Hardy}} and {{wp|Charlotte Riley}}
* {{wp|Ed Sheeran}} and {{wp|Cherry Seaborn}}
* {{wp|Benedict Cumberbatch}} and {{wp|Sophie Hunter}}
* {{wp|Richard Curtis}} and {{wp|Emma Freud}}
* {{wp|John Oliver}} and {{wp|Kate Norley}}
* {{wp|Eric Clapton}} and {{wp|Melia McEnery}}
* {{wp|James Corden}} and {{wp|James Corden|Julia Carey}}
* {{wp|Sting (musician)|Sting}} and {{wp|Trudie Styler}}
* {{wp|Liam Neeson}}
* {{wp|Seal (musician)|Seal}}
* {{wp|Dame}} {{wp|Emma Thompson}} and {{wp|Greg Wise}}
* {{wp|Dame}} {{wp|Judi Dench}} and {{wp|David Mills}}
* {{wp|Dame}} {{wp|Helen Mirren}} and {{wp|Taylor Hackford}}
* {{wp|Keira Knightley}} and {{wp|James Righton}}
* {{wp|Thandiwe Newton}} and {{wp|Ol Parker}}
* {{wp|Kate Beckinsale}} and {{wp|Len Wiseman}}
* {{wp|Kate Winslet}} and {{wp|Stephen Tredre}}
* {{wp|Emily Blunt}} and {{wp|John Krasinski}}
* {{wp|Stanley Tucci|Felicity Blunt}} and {{wp|Stanley Tucci}}
* {{wp|Helena Bonham Carter}} and {{wp|Helena Bonham Carter|Rye Holmboe}}
* {{wp|Caitríona Balfe}} and {{wp|Anthony McGill}}
* {{wp|Saoirse Ronan}} and {{wp|Jack Lowden}}
* {{wp|Rosamund Pike}} and {{wp|Rosamund Pike|Robie Uniacke}}
* {{wp|Catherine Zeta-Jones}} and {{wp|Michael Douglas}}
* {{wp|Tilda Swinton}} and {{wp|Sandro Kopp}}
* {{wp|Jamie Lee Curtis}} and {{wp|Christopher Guest|The Lord Haden-Guest}}
* {{wp|Cara Delevingne}} and {{wp|Ashley Benson}}
* {{wp|Poppy Delevingne}} and {{wp|James Cook}}
* {{wp|Naomi Campbell}} and {{wp|Flavio Briatore}}
* {{wp|Rosie Huntington-Whiteley}} and {{wp|Aga Khan IV}}
* {{wp|Ellie Goulding}} and {{wp|Caspar Jopling}}
* {{wp|Mel B}} and {{wp|Mel B|Rory McPhee}}
* {{wp|Melanie C}} and {{wp|Joe Marshall}}
* {{wp|Geri Halliwell}} and {{wp|Christian Horner}}
* {{wp|Kelly Smith}} and {{wp|Kelly Smith|DeAnna Dobosz}}
* {{wp|Adele}} and {{wp|Adele|Simon Konecki}}
* {{wp|Sophie Turner}} and {{wp|Joe Jonas}}
* {{wp|Naomi Watts}} and {{wp|Billy Crudup}}
* {{wp|Emma Watson}}
* {{wp|Dua Lipa}}
* {{wp|Jamelia}}
* {{wp|Cheryl (singer)|Cheryl}}
* {{wp|Jessie J}}
* {{wp|Dame}} {{wp|Maggie Smith}}
* {{wp|Alex Scott (footballer, born 1984)|Alex Scott}}
 
===Foreign Guests===
====Non-royalty====
*{{flagicon|United States}} {{wp|President of the United States|President}} {{wp|Ted Cruz}} and {{wp|Heidi Cruz}}
*{{flagicon|France}} {{wp|President of France|President}} {{wp|Emmanuel Macron}} and {{wp|Brigitte Macron}}
*{{flagicon|Iceland}} {{wp|President of Iceland|President}} {{wp|Guðni Th. Jóhannesson}} and {{wp|Eliza Reid}}
*{{flagicon|Finland}} {{wp|President of Finland|President}} {{wp|Sauli Niinistö}} and {{wp|Jenni Haukio}}
*{{flagicon|Austria}} {{wp|President of Austria|President}} {{wp|Alexander Van der Bellen}} and {{wp|Doris Schmidauer}}
*{{flagicon|Switzerland}} {{wp|President of the Swiss Confederation|President}} {{wp|Ueli Maurer}} and {{wp|Ueli Maurer|Anne-Claude Peter}}
*{{flagicon|Poland}} {{wp|President of Poland|President}} {{wp|Andrzej Duda}} and {{wp|Agata Kornhauser-Duda}}
*{{flagicon|Vatican City}} {{wp|Cardinal Secretary of State|Cardinal}} {{wp|Pietro Parolin}}
*{{flagicon|Russia}} {{wp|Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Dmitry Medvedev}} and {{wp|Svetlana Medvedeva}}
*{{flagicon|Canada}} {{wp|Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Justin Trudeau}} and {{wp|Sophie Grégoire Trudeau|Sophie Trudeau}}
*{{flagicon|British West Indies}} {{wp|Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Jenniffer González}} and {{wp|José Vargas}}
*{{flagicon|The Cape}} {{wp|Prime Minister of The Cape|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Oscar Mabuyane}} and {{wp|Oscar Mabuyane|Siyasanga}}
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} {{wp|Prime Minister of the Philippines|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Martin Romualdez}} and {{wp|Yedda Marie Romualdez}}
*{{flagicon|South Africa}} {{wp|President of South Africa|President}} {{wp|Cyril Ramaphosa}} and {{wp|Tshepo Motsepe}}
*{{flagicon|Botswana}} {{wp|President of Botswana|President}} {{wp|Mokgweetsi Masisi}} and {{wp|Neo Masisi}}
*{{flagicon|Seychelles}} {{wp|President of Seychelles|President}} {{wp|Danny Faure}} and {{wp|Danny Faure|Shermin Rudie Faure}}
*{{flagicon|Israel}} {{wp|President of Israel|President}} {{wp|Reuven Rivlin}}
*{{flagicon|Palestine}} {{wp|President of Palestine|President}} {{wp|Mahmoud Abbas}} and {{wp|Mahmoud Abbas|Amina Abbas}}
*{{flagicon|India}} {{wp|President of India|President}} {{wp|Ram Nath Kovind}} and {{wp|Savita Kovind}}
*{{flagicon|Pakistan}} {{wp|President of Pakistan|President}} {{wp|Arif Alvi}} and {{wp|Arif Alvi|Samina Alvi}}
*{{flagicon|China}} {{wp|Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier}} {{wp|Li Keqiang}} and {{wp|Cheng Hong}}
*{{flagicon|Taiwan}} {{wp|President of the Republic of China|President}} {{wp|Tsai Ing-wen}} and {{wp|Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President}} {{wp|Chen Chien-jen}}
*{{flagicon|Singapore}} {{wp|President of Singapore|President}} {{wp|Halimah Yacob}} and {{wp|Mohammed Abdullah Alhabshee}}
*{{flagicon|East Timor}} {{wp|President of East Timor|President}} {{wp|Francisco Guterres}} and {{wp|Cidália Lopes Nobre Mouzinho Guterres}}
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} {{wp|President of Turkey|President}} {{wp|Recep Tayyip Erdoğan}} and {{wp|Emine Erdoğan}}
*{{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[President of Bahrain|President]] {{wp|Matar Matar}} and {{wp|Matar Matar|Amal Habib}}
*{{flagicon|Indonesia}} {{wp|President of Indonesia|President}} {{wp|Joko Widodo}} and {{wp|Iriana}}
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} {{wp|President of South Korea|President}} {{wp|Moon Jae-in}} and {{wp|Kim Jung-sook}}
*{{flagicon|Australia}} {{wp|Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Scott Morrison}} and {{wp|Jenny Morrison}}
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} {{wp|Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Jacinda Ardern}} and {{wp|Clarke Gayford}}
*{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} {{wp|Prime Minister of Solomon Islands|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Manasseh Sogavare}} and {{wp|Manasseh Sogavare|Emmy Sogavare}}
*{{flagicon|Belize}} {{wp|Prime Minister of Belize|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Dean Barrow}} and {{wp|Kim Simplis Barrow}}
*{{flagicon|Tuvalu}} {{wp|Prime Minister of Tuvalu|Prime Minister}} {{wp|Enele Sopoaga}} and {{wp|Enele Sopoaga|Salilo Enele}}
*{{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} {{wp|Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea|Prime Minister}} {{wp|James Marape}} and {{wp|James Marape|Rachael Marape}}
 
====Royalty====
*{{flagicon|Brazil|1870}} {{wp|Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza|The Prince Imperial of Brazil}}
*{{flagicon|Mexico|1821}} {{wp|Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma|The Emperor}} and {{wp|Annemarie, Duchess of Parma|Empress of Mexico}}
*{{flagicon|Denmark}} {{wp|Frederik X|The Crown Prince}} and {{wp|Helena Christensen|Crown Princess of Denmark}}
*{{flagicon|Norway}} {{wp|Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway|The Crown Prince}} and {{wp|Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway|Crown Princess of Norway}}
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} {{wp|Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden|The Crown Princess of Sweden}} and {{wp|Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland|The Duke of Västergötland}}
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Georg Friedrich|The King]] and {{wp|Sophie, Princess of Prussia|Queen of Germany}}
*{{flagicon|Spain}} {{wp|Felipe VI|The King}} and {{wp|Queen Letizia of Spain|Queen of Spain}}
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} {{wp|Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|The King}} and {{wp|Queen Máxima of the Netherlands|Queen of the Netherlands}}
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} {{wp|Philippe of Belgium|The King}} and {{wp|Queen Mathilde of Belgium|Queen of Belgium}}
*{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} {{wp|Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|The Grand Duke}} and {{wp|Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg|Grand Duchess of Luxembourg}}
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1830}} {{wp|Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza|The King}} and {{wp|Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo|Queen of Portugal}}
*{{flagicon|Monaco}} {{wp|Albert II, Prince of Monaco|The Prince}} and {{wp|Charlene, Princess of Monaco|Princess of Monaco}}
*{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} {{wp|Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein|The Hereditary Prince}} and {{wp|Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein|Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein}}
*{{flagicon|Italy|1861}} {{wp|Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice|The King}} and {{wp|Clotilde Courau|Queen of Italy}}
*{{flagicon|Greece|royal}} {{wp|Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece|The Crown Prince}} and {{wp|Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece|Crown Princess of Greece}}
*{{flagicon|Romania}} {{wp|Margareta of Romania|The Queen}} and {{wp|Prince Radu of Romania|Prince Consort of Romania}}
*{{flagicon|Hungary|1918}} {{wp|Karl von Habsburg|The King}} and {{wp|Barbara Palvin|Queen of Hungary}}
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} {{wp|Kyril, Prince of Preslav|The Prince}} and {{wp|Rosario Nadal|Princess of Preslav}}
*{{flagicon|Libya}} {{wp|Mohammed El Senussi|The King}} and {{wp|Princess Haya bint Hussein|Queen of Libya}}
*{{flagicon|Morocco}} {{wp|Mohammed VI of Morocco|The King of Morocco}}
*{{flagicon|Jordan}} {{wp|Abdullah II of Jordan|The King}} and {{wp|Queen Rania of Jordan|Queen of Jordan}}
*{{flagicon|Kuwait}} {{wp|Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah|The Crown Prince}} and {{wp|Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah|Crown Princess of Kuwait}}
*{{flagicon|Qatar}} {{wp|Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani|The Emir}} and {{wp|Jawaher bint Hamad Al Thani|Consort of Qatar}}
*{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} {{wp|Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|The Emir}} and {{wp|Lindsay Lohan|Consort of Dubai}}
*{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} {{wp|Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (born 1977)|The Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United Kingdom}}
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} {{wp|Muhammad V of Kelantan|The Deputy King}} and {{wp|Oksana Voevodina|Deputy Queen of Malaysia}}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} {{wp|Sirindhorn|The Princess Royal of Thailand}}
*{{flagicon|Iran|1964}} {{wp|Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|The Emperor}} and {{wp|Yasmine Pahlavi|Empress of Iran}}
*{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1930}} {{wp|Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan|The King}} and {{wp|Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan|Queen of Afghanistan}}
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Akiko|The Empress]] and [[Akiko|Prince Consort of Japan]]
*{{flagicon|Bhutan}} {{wp|Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck|The King}} and {{wp|Jetsun Pema|Queen of Bhutan}}
*{{flagicon|Cambodia}} {{wp|Norodom Sihamoni|The King of Cambodia}}
*{{flagicon|Tonga}} {{wp|Tupou VI|The King}} and {{wp|Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho|Queen of Tonga}}
 
====Celebrities====
* {{wp|Linda Evangelista}} and {{wp|Kyle MacLachlan}}
* {{wp|Shania Twain}} and {{wp|Shania Twain|Frédéric Thiébaud}}
* {{wp|Cindy Crawford}} and {{wp|Rande Gerber}}
* {{wp|Caroline Kennedy}}
* {{wp|John F. Kennedy Jr.}} and {{wp|Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy}}
* {{wp|Arnold Schwarzenegger}} and {{wp|Maria Shriver}}
* {{wp|Bobby Shriver}} and {{wp|Princess Caroline of Monaco}}
* {{wp|Katherine Schwarzenegger}} and {{wp|Chris Pratt}}
* {{wp|Serena Williams}} and {{wp|Venus Williams}}
* {{wp|Tiger Woods}} and {{wp|Tiger Woods|Erica Herman}}
* {{wp|Michael Phelps}} and {{wp|Nicole Johnson (Miss California USA)|Nicole Johnson}}
* {{wp|Amber Valletta}} and {{wp|Shalom Harlow}}
* {{wp|Angelina Jolie}} and {{wp|Jenny Shimizu}}
* {{wp|Miranda Kerr}} and {{wp|Stella Maxwell}}
* {{wp|Meg Ryan}} and {{wp|John Mellencamp}}
* [[Isabella DiMaggio]] and {{wp|Orlando Bloom}}
* {{wp|John Legend}} and {{wp|Chrissy Teigen}}
* {{wp|Tom Hanks}} and {{wp|Rita Wilson}}
* {{wp|Reese Witherspoon}} and {{wp|Reese Witherspoon|Jim Toth}}
* {{wp|Alexis Bledel}} and {{wp|Vincent Kartheiser}}
* {{wp|Alec Baldwin}} and {{wp|Hilaria Baldwin}}
* {{wp|Hailey Baldwin}} and {{wp|Justin Bieber}}
* {{wp|Ireland Baldwin}} and {{wp|Madonna}}
* {{wp|Mia Hamm}} and {{wp|Nomar Garciaparra}}
* {{wp|Alex Morgan}} and {{wp|Servando Carrasco}}
* {{wp|Megan Rapinoe}} and {{wp|Sue Bird}}
* {{wp|Sarah Paulson}} and {{wp|Holland Taylor}}
* {{wp|Keanu Reeves}} and {{wp|Winona Ryder}}
* {{wp|Denzel Washington}} and {{wp|Denzel Washington|Pauletta Pearson}}
* {{wp|Eddie Murphy}} and {{wp|Tracy Edmonds}}
* {{wp|Wesley Snipes}} and {{wp|Wesley Snipes|Nakyung Park}}
* {{wp|Will Smith}} and {{wp|Jada Pinkett Smith}}
* {{wp|Lynda Carter}} and {{wp|Robert A. Altman}}
* {{wp|Jack Black}} and {{wp|Tanya Haden}}
* {{wp|Julia Roberts}} and {{wp|Daniel Moder}}
* {{wp|Emma Roberts}} and {{wp|Garrett Hedlund}}
* {{wp|Cameron Diaz}} and {{wp|Benji Madden}}
* {{wp|George Clooney}} and {{wp|Amal Clooney}}
* {{wp|Justin Timberlake}} and {{wp|Jessica Biel}}
* {{wp|Billy Joel}} and {{wp|Billy Joel|Alexis Roderick}}
* {{wp|Natalie Portman}} and {{wp|Benjamin Millepied}}
* {{wp|Nicole Scherzinger}} and {{wp|Thom Evans}}
* {{wp|Sandra Bullock}} and {{wp|Bryan Randall}}
* {{wp|Gillian Anderson}} and {{wp|Peter Morgan}}
* {{wp|Adriana Lima}} and {{wp|Lenny Kravitz}}
* {{wp|Alessandra Ambrosio}} and {{wp|Alessandra Ambrosio|Jamie Mazur}}
* {{wp|Shakira}} and {{wp|Gerard Piqué}}
* {{wp|Gisele Bündchen}} and {{wp|Tom Brady}}
* {{wp|Benicio del Toro}} and {{wp|Kimberly Stewart}}
* {{wp|Antonio Banderas}} and {{wp|Antonio Banderas|Nicole Kimpel}}
* {{wp|Rafael Nadal}} and {{wp|Rafael Nadal|Maria Pascual}}
* {{wp|Léa Seydoux}} and {{wp|André Meyer}}
* {{wp|Mélanie Laurent}}
* {{wp|Marion Cotillard}} and {{wp|Guillaume Canet}}
* {{wp|Gérald Marie}} and {{wp|Laetitia Casta}}
* {{wp|Zinedine Zidane}} and {{wp|Zinedine Zidane|Véronique Fernandez}}
* {{wp|Thierry Henry}} and {{wp|Thierry Henry|Andrea Rajačić}}
* {{wp|Michael Fassbender}} and {{wp|Alicia Vikander}}
* {{wp|Christoph Waltz}} and {{wp|Christoph Waltz|Judith Holste}}
* {{wp|Heidi Klum}} and {{wp|Tom Kaulitz}}
* {{wp|Claudia Schiffer}} and {{wp|Matthew Vaughn}}
* {{wp|Rebecca Ferguson}} and {{wp|Rebecca Ferguson|Rory St. Clair Gainer}}
* {{wp|Monica Bellucci}} and {{wp|Tim Burton}}
* {{wp|Maria Sharapova}} and {{wp|Alexander Gilkes}}
* {{wp|Olga Kurylenko}}
* {{wp|Eva Herzigová}} and {{wp|Eva Herzigová|Gregorio Marsiaj}}
* {{wp|Malala Yousafzai}}
* {{wp|Bar Refaeli}} and {{wp|Bernie Ecclestone}}
* {{wp|Gal Gadot}} and {{wp|Jaron Varsano}}
* {{wp|Shah Rukh Khan}} and {{wp|Gauri Khan}}
* {{wp|Kareena Kapoor Khan}} and {{wp|Saif Ali Khan}}
* {{wp|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan}} and {{wp|Abhishek Bachchan}}
* {{wp|Deepika Padukone}} and {{wp|Ranveer Singh}}
* {{wp|Priyanka Chopra}} and {{wp|Nick Jonas}}
* {{wp|A. R. Rahman}} and {{wp|Saira Banu}}
* {{wp|Ken Watanabe}}
* {{wp|Masashi Kishimoto}}
* {{wp|Jackie Chan}} and {{wp|Joan Lin}}
* {{wp|Ming Xi}} and {{wp|Ming Xi|Mario Ho}}
* {{wp|Dato' Sri}} {{wp|Hajah}} {{wp|Siti Nurhaliza}} and {{wp|Dato' Sri}} {{wp|Haji}} {{wp|Siti Nurhaliza|Khalid Mohamad Jiwa}}
* {{wp|Dato' Sri}} {{wp|Michelle Yeoh}} and {{wp|Jean Todt}}
* {{wp|Nicole Kidman}} and {{wp|Keith Urban}}
* {{wp|Margot Robbie}} and {{wp|Tom Ackerley}}
* {{wp|Elle Macpherson}} and {{wp|Donald Soffer}}
 
==Reception==
Owing to years of advanced planning beforehand, the event's execution was consequently met with much praise for its precision and smoothness with little to no fault in the process. Meanwhile, its mix of elements of a traditional coronation and those of a more modern ceremony was also widely received with the {{wp|BBC}} particularly noting the "seamless blend of the past and the present that resulted in a unique occasion of its own and heavily distinguished from the rest".
 
Despite featuring a wide array of guests ranging from kings and queens to presidents and prime ministers in addition to both local and foreign celebrities, the event's choice of guests was not without controversy. In this, the president {{wp|Vladimir Putin|Russia}} was notably excluded from the event amidst popular public discontent and was, in turn, represented by his deputy {{wp|Dmitry Medvedev}}. Likewise, {{wp|Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia}} {{wp|Mohammed bin Salman}}, despite effectively representing his {{wp|Salman of Saudi Arabia|elderly father}} abroad, was also not invited to the event amidst fears of protests over the latter's role in the assassination of {{wp|Saudi}} dissident and journalist {{wp|Jamal Khashoggi}} around a year prior in October 2018. Instead, {{wp|Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (born 1977)|Prince Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud}}, the {{wp|Saudi}} ambassador to the {{wp|United Kingdom}}, was chosen to represent his country at the event owing to him being less well-known to the public, thereby minimising the risk of any significant controversy. Meanwhile, a minor controversy arose when it was announced that both {{wp|China}}'s {{wp|Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier}} {{wp|Li Keqiang}} and {{wp|Taiwan}}'s {{wp|President of the Republic of China|President}} {{wp|Tsai Ing-wen}} were invited to the event despite longstanding geopolitical tensions between the two nations. To that end, {{wp|Foreign Secretary}} {{wp|Philip Hammond}} later revealed that the {{wp|Chinese}} government once attempted to pressure the organising committee into barring the {{wp|Taiwanese}} leadership from the event under the threat of withdrawing their participation although such a threat never ultimately materialised while the committee itself persisted in including the {{wp|Taiwanese}} leadership despite the constant {{wp|Chinese}} pressure. Likewise, despite similar geopolitical tensions, the presidents of both {{wp|Israel}} and {{wp|Palestine}} were also invited and so are the presidents of {{wp|India}} and {{wp|Pakistan}}, two countries that have previously gone to war against each other on several occasions.
 
Given its distinctively secular nature, unlike past {{wp|British}} coronations which are otherwise strictly {{wp|Anglican}} ceremonies, in a historical moment, an invitation was extended to the leadership of the {{wp|Vatican City}}, namely the current {{wp|Pope Francis}}. In this, despite later expressing the {{wp|Vatican City}}'s "gracious acceptance" of the invitation, owing to his advanced age, the {{wp|Pope Francis|Pope}} revealed that he would not be attending the event directly and instead sent the {{wp|Cardinal Secretary of State}} {{wp|Pietro Parolin}} to represent the {{wp|Vatican City}} at the event. However, {{wp|Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople|Bartholomew}}, the {{wp|Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople}} and leader of the {{wp|Eastern Orthodox Church}}, otherwise attended the event in person.

Revision as of 10:53, 20 June 2024

Investiture of Queen Alexandra
2017 Queen Elizabeth II Centre.jpg
The Parliament Complex, where the investiture ceremony was held
Date1 August 2019
LocationLondon, United Kingdom
ParticipantsQueen Alexandra
Great Officers of State
British Armed Forces
Parliament of the United Kingdom

The investiture of Alexandra as Queen of the British took place on 1 August 2019 at the Parliament Complex in London, United Kingdom. The first of its kind in British history, it is the first civil ceremony to involve a British monarch following the disestablishment of the Church of England via the passing of the Church of England Act 1998. The ceremony took place roughly at the same time of Queen Alexandra's accession in light of the abdication of her father King Thomas.

Background

Prior to the ceremony, the last coronation for a British monarch to have taken place was in March 1997 for King Thomas which, like its predecessors, was inherently religious and Anglican in nature. However, the passing of the Church of England Act 1998, which formally disestablished the Church of England as a state church, meant that religious coronations are no longer considered feasible or appropriate in the near future.

Beginning in 1999, under the code-name "Operation Evolution", various individuals including government ministers, constitutional lawyers, religious leaders, and representatives of civil service met thrice a year to continuously discuss plans for a civil investiture concerning the next British monarch. Eventually, the planned announcement of the abdication of King Thomas in October 2017 made plans for a civil investiture ever more likely as discussions continued until the final date of 1 August 2019 when the ceremony was scheduled to take place.

Event

Procession to Parliament Complex

Beginning at 10:00 am, the ceremony kicked off with a large procession carrying Queen Alexandra from her royal residence of Buckingham Palace to the Parliament Complex, the legislative seat of the United Kingdom. Made up entirely of members of the British Armed Forces, in a break from tradition, the Queen was driven in a white Rolls-Royce Ghost rather than in the usual Gold State Coach which was previously used by British monarchs since King William IV. The official route saw the procession begin by going along The Mall from Buckingham Palace before turning right onto Whitehall and then rightwards around Parliament Square, passing significant buildings such as Westminster Abbey and the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom as they did, while a final rightward turn around Broad Sanctuary Green eventually sees the procession arrive at their intended destination of the Parliament Complex.

Inauguration

Upon arriving at the Parliament Complex, Queen Alexandra was led into the building by a smaller procession made up of leaders of the religious faiths of Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism, each of whom carried their respective religious texts in hand. Behind them, a separate procession duly followed and was made up of the governor generals of the seven Commonwealth realms, namely Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Papua New Guinea, The Cape, the Philippines, and the West Indies whom each carried the flags of their respective countries. At 10:20 am, Alexandra officially arrived at the doorsteps of the Investiture Hall where, as a sign of their arrival, the doors were knocked on twice. Shortly afterward, the guests in the hall promptly stood up as the Queen and her entourage entered the room.

As the religious leaders promptly took their seats, Alexandra, donning a white evening gown underneath the Imperial Mantle, walked down the aisle until she was then received by the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The Baroness Hale of Richmond. After a brief formal exchange of pleasantries, Alexandra proceeded to take a few steps back before coming to rest on a chair where she was delivered by hand a well-preserved copy of the Magna Carta by the Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The Lord Reed of Allermuir, a gesture intended to emphasise the United Kingdom's long constitutional history that began with the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 by King John of the House of Plantagenet. Following this, The Baroness Hale of Richmond subsequently delivered a speech on the evolution of the monarchy from an absolute role to a ceremonial one and the corresponding development of representative democracy in the nation which lasted for roughly fifteen minutes long.

Following the end of the speech, Alexandra swiftly handed the Magna Carta copy back before once again coming face-to-face with The Baroness Hale of Richmond who then swiftly placed the installation oath on a golden podium. With one hand raised, Alexandra proceeded to read the installation oath which went as follows:

On this fateful day and in front of the many esteemed guests present, I, Alexandra Katharine Charles Nicole Lauren Elizabeth Thomas, by the grace of God and the will of the people, duly accept my role as Queen of the British and of the People of other Commonwealth realms in which, from the beginning until the end of my service as the ceremonial head of the nation, I hereby swear to faithfully uphold the principles of the rule of law, representative democracy, the separation of powers, as well as ethnic, linguistic, racial, and religious inclusiveness of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Hanover, and Ireland. In addition, I also duly acknowledge the continued existence of my role as Queen as based upon the support of the government and the people, from whom I humbly ask for their unwavering loyalty and support in exchange for my faithful devotion to my role as the head of state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Hanover, and Ireland.

Upon the conclusion of the installation oath, the royal regalia was swiftly delivered into the Investiture Hall and presented in front of the Queen who proceeded to gently place St Edward's Crown onto her own head and, in turn, officially signed the installation oath where her signature was followed by those of the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and the Lord Chancellor. Following this, while holding the sword of state in one hand and a sceptre in the other, Alexandra turned to face the crowd behind her and subsequently stood still for a few minutes long as the United Kingdom's national anthem "Onwards, Britannia!" was played after which she placed both the sword and the sceptre back while otherwise retaining St Edward's Crown on her head as she slowly exited the Investiture Hall afterward, followed by the previous procession that had led her inside.

Procession to Buckingham Palace

Upon the ceremony's conclusion, Queen Alexandra was driven once again in the white Rolls-Royce Ghost surrounded by a large procession that followed a similar route as the first but in reverse, passing by the nearby One Great George Street building and going around St James's Park before arriving back at Buckingham Palace via The Mall at approximately 11:05 am.

At 11:20 am, Alexandra subsequently stood on the rear balcony of Buckingham Palace where she received a royal salute and three cheers from members of the British Armed Forces gathered in Buckingham Palace Garden. Following this, in the presence of her family members, Alexandra then stood on the front balcony to review a royal flypast by the Royal Air Force whose Red Arrows aerobatic team notably took part in the occasion.

The following day, on 2 August 2019, as part of the 2019 Coronation Honours, Alexandra knighted a number of Britain's well-known retired footballers still currently alive including Alan Shearer, Teddy Sheringham, Ian Wright, Gary Lineker, Kenny Dalglish, Darren Fletcher, Liam Brady, Roy Keane, Robbie Keane, and Ryan Giggs, as well as her former England Women teammates Alex Scott, Kelly Smith, and Karen Carney.

Guests

Much like previous coronations, the event similarly saw the attendance of various guests from both inside the United Kingdom and abroad. Among the guests included:

Domestic Guests

British royal family

Non-royals

Celebrities

Foreign Guests

Non-royalty

Royalty

Celebrities

Reception

Owing to years of advanced planning beforehand, the event's execution was consequently met with much praise for its precision and smoothness with little to no fault in the process. Meanwhile, its mix of elements of a traditional coronation and those of a more modern ceremony was also widely received with the BBC particularly noting the "seamless blend of the past and the present that resulted in a unique occasion of its own and heavily distinguished from the rest".

Despite featuring a wide array of guests ranging from kings and queens to presidents and prime ministers in addition to both local and foreign celebrities, the event's choice of guests was not without controversy. In this, the president Russia was notably excluded from the event amidst popular public discontent and was, in turn, represented by his deputy Dmitry Medvedev. Likewise, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman, despite effectively representing his elderly father abroad, was also not invited to the event amidst fears of protests over the latter's role in the assassination of Saudi dissident and journalist Jamal Khashoggi around a year prior in October 2018. Instead, Prince Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud, the Saudi ambassador to the United Kingdom, was chosen to represent his country at the event owing to him being less well-known to the public, thereby minimising the risk of any significant controversy. Meanwhile, a minor controversy arose when it was announced that both China's Premier Li Keqiang and Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen were invited to the event despite longstanding geopolitical tensions between the two nations. To that end, Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond later revealed that the Chinese government once attempted to pressure the organising committee into barring the Taiwanese leadership from the event under the threat of withdrawing their participation although such a threat never ultimately materialised while the committee itself persisted in including the Taiwanese leadership despite the constant Chinese pressure. Likewise, despite similar geopolitical tensions, the presidents of both Israel and Palestine were also invited and so are the presidents of India and Pakistan, two countries that have previously gone to war against each other on several occasions.

Given its distinctively secular nature, unlike past British coronations which are otherwise strictly Anglican ceremonies, in a historical moment, an invitation was extended to the leadership of the Vatican City, namely the current Pope Francis. In this, despite later expressing the Vatican City's "gracious acceptance" of the invitation, owing to his advanced age, the Pope revealed that he would not be attending the event directly and instead sent the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin to represent the Vatican City at the event. However, Bartholomew, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, otherwise attended the event in person.