Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo: Difference between revisions
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|established_event4 = Founding Member of WMCA | |established_event4 = Founding Member of WMCA | ||
|established_date4 = 17th May 2021 | |established_date4 = 17th May 2021 | ||
|population_estimate = | |population_estimate = 560,000 | ||
|population_estimate_rank = | |population_estimate_rank = | ||
|population_estimate_year = | |population_estimate_year = 2027 | ||
|population_census = | |population_census = 542,284 | ||
|population_census_year = | |population_census_year = 2024 | ||
|population_density_km2 = 1, | |population_density_km2 = 1,672 | ||
|population_density_sq_mi = 3,000 | |population_density_sq_mi = 3,000 | ||
|population_density_rank = | |population_density_rank = | ||
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'''Malta Comino Gozo''', officially the ''' Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo''', is an island country consisting of an archipelago of around 22 islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The country has two official languages, Maltese and English. | '''Malta Comino Gozo''', officially the ''' Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo''', is an island country consisting of an archipelago of around 22 islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The country has two official languages, Maltese and English. | ||
Malta Comino Gozo has been inhabited since approximately 5900 BC. Its location has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base, with a succession of powers having contested rule over the islands, including the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, | Malta Comino Gozo has been inhabited since approximately 5900 BC. Its location has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base, with a succession of powers having contested rule over the islands, including the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, most of these foreign influences have left some sort of mark on the country's ancient culture. | ||
With a population of about | With a population of about 542,284 over an area of 316 km2 Malta Comino Gozo is one of the world's smallest countries in area and the fourth-most densely populated sovereign country. Its capital is Valletta. According to the data from 2020 by WMCAstat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island of Malta and has a population of 480,134, Gozo, 33,432 and Comino just over 1000. According to the World Assembly, "the whole territory of the island of Malta constitutes a single urban region". Malta Comino Gozo is often referred to as a city-state. | ||
Before its founding as a Kingdom, the Nobility of Malta Comino Gozo resided in or around Mitżieb. In terms of the regional divisions of the islands, Malta Island was part of the Valle di Mazzara province, Gozo was part of the Valle di Demona province and Comino was part of the Valle di Noto province. Malta became a Kingdom in 1400, with Guglielmo Raimondo I Moncada as its King, serving as a station for naval trade for the various empires at the time. It was besieged by several pirate raids throughout its history | Before its founding as a Kingdom, the Nobility of Malta Comino Gozo resided in or around the fortified city of Mitżieb. In terms of the regional divisions of the islands, Malta Island was part of the Valle di Mazzara province, Gozo was part of the Valle di Demona province and Comino was part of the Valle di Noto province. Malta became a Kingdom in 1400, with Guglielmo Raimondo I Moncada as its King, serving as a station for naval trade for the various empires at the time. It was besieged by several pirate raids throughout its history. The deadliest in 1513 killed around 5000 people (1/4 of the population). | ||
Malta Comino Gozo has had Christians since the time of Early Christianity, though was predominantly Muslim while under Arab rule, at which time Christians were tolerated. Muslim rule ended with the invasion of MCG by Roger I in 1091. Today the islands are predominately Catholicism (the state religion) at about 60%, with Anglican behind at 38%, but the Constitution guarantees freedom of conscience and religious worship. | Malta Comino Gozo has had Christians since the time of Early Christianity, though was predominantly Muslim while under Arab rule, at which time Christians were tolerated. Muslim rule ended with the invasion of MCG by Roger I in 1091. Today the islands are predominately Catholicism (the state religion) at about 60%, with Anglican behind at 38%, but the Constitution guarantees freedom of conscience and religious worship. | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
The first inhabitants of the islands were around 5900 BC. Historians have found significant evidence of these ancient farm folk who worked the land, and the islands remained uninhabited until almost a thousand years later – this growing society built the megalithic temples, which can still be visited today. This civilization ultimately collapsed, only for the islands to be repopulated by various colonies over the generations. Centrally located in the Mediterranean and surrounded by a multitude of larger reigning populations, Malta Comino Gozo has always been deemed an important strategic location with shallow harbours ideal for mooring and docking boats | ===Prehistory=== | ||
The first inhabitants of the islands were around 5900 BC. Historians have found significant evidence of these ancient farm folk who worked the land, and the islands remained uninhabited until almost a thousand years later – this growing society built the megalithic temples, which can still be visited today. This civilization ultimately collapsed, only for the islands to be repopulated by various colonies over the generations. Centrally located in the Mediterranean and surrounded by a multitude of larger reigning populations, Malta Comino Gozo has always been deemed an important strategic location with shallow harbours ideal for mooring and docking boats. | |||
===Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans=== | |||
One of the most significant events was the arrival of the Carthaginians, who conquered the islands in 410 BC. They ruled for almost 200 years, leaving a lasting influence on the islands' culture and architecture. Between 218 BC and 870 AD, Malta Comino Gozo was populated by various colonies and was ruled by different empires. After the Punic Wars, the islands fell into the hands of the Roman Empire in 218 BC. Under Roman rule, Malta Comino Gozo became an important trading hub in the Mediterranean and flourished economically. Evidence of this period can be seen today in the impressive preserved Roman Villa and the catacombs of St. Paul in Mitżieb. | |||
====== | In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two, and Malta Comino Gozo became part of the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire ruled the islands until a siege in 870 AD when they were conquered by the Arabs, who brought Islam to the region. The Arab period lasted until 1091 when the Normans conquered the islands. | ||
===Norman Rule=== | |||
Under the Norman rule, Malta Comino Gozo flourished and became a prosperous nation. After the Norman rule, the islands were ruled by various foreign powers, including the Angevins, Aragonese, and Castilians. During this period, the islands became a hub for trade, with goods from all over the world passing through its ports. Pirates and other invaders frequently attacked the islands, and the inhabitants constructed defensive structures and fortifications to protect themselves. | |||
===Angevins and the Aragonese=== | |||
During the 13th century, the islands were conquered by the Angevins, a French dynasty that ruled for over 100 years. This period marked a significant time in MCGoan history, as it was characterized by a flourishing arts and cultural scene. The Angevins invested in the construction of many magnificent buildings and structures, including the old town of Valletta, which boasts unique timber and baroque architecture. | |||
In the 14th century, the islands came under the control of the Aragonese, a dynasty that was renowned for its naval prowess. Their reign was marked by the construction of a series of stone fortifications around the islands to protect them from pirate attacks, which were rampant during this time. These fortifications included the famous Fort St. Angelo and the Cittadella, both of which are still standing today | |||
===The Founding of the Kingdom=== | |||
On June 29, 1400, after a peaceful revolt from the Aragonese the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo was established (Foundation Day) which marked the beginning of a new era for the islands. A Royal Family was appointed and they took charge of the islands and brought peace and stability to the region. They oversaw a period of great prosperity and development, which turned the islands into a cultural and economic powerhouse in the Mediterranean through establishing alliances and trade before stepping down from power and becoming a constitutional monarchy in 1814. The Rossi family has been the head of state since 1760, preceded by the Malaterra family. King Hendrick I, who had no children, passed on the throne to his cousin therefore ending the Malaterra rule. A Royal Family has ruled the Kingdom for over 600 years. King William I, born 2 October 1987 is the current King. | |||
=== The Great Raid of 1513 === | |||
Due to its remote location, the islands have rarely been invaded by international forces but frequent, often large pirate raids over the centuries have taken place. In the early 16th century, the Mediterranean was plagued by the scourge of piracy, with marauding bands of pirates prowling the seas. Malta Comino Gozo, with their wealth of resources and strategic location, were particularly attractive targets for these pirates. Despite efforts to fortify the coastal defences, the islands remained vulnerable to sudden and devastating raids. | |||
In July of 1513, a formidable force of pirates, estimated to number at least 1400, descended upon the island of Malta with the hope of plundering the islands and exiling the royal family. They came on warships known as [[Galley|galleys]] carrying hundreds or more fighting men armed with [[Cutlass|cutlasses]] and small arms. After entering Valletta Bay the fleet fourteen sips strong swiftly overwhelmed the defences of the islands with wave after wave of cannon fire which destroyed 12 out of 18 of the of the MCGoan fleet docked in the bay. With most of the navy now out of the way they destroyed large swathes of the outskirts of lower Valletta the, Valletta fort as well as parts of Santa Lucija. After that the pirates made landfall. The raid unleashed a wave of destruction and terror upon the populace. Valletta was the first fortified city to fall after two weeks of fighting with the pirates eventually obliterating the city gates with cannons on board their galleys. Forced from their residence, Casa Rocca Piccola in Valletta, King Antoine de Paule I and his family took refuge in the village of Runbett, a high rocky plateau situated just above Santa Lucija. This has since became the home of the Royal Family. After pillaging Valletta, the raids continued inland to other towns and villages, plundering churches, killing or imprisoning people along the way, and laying waste to homes, the invaders wrought havoc on the islands. | |||
The inhabitants of the islands, caught off guard by the sudden onslaught, found themselves facing a relentless onslaught from an enemy bent on conquest and plunder. Faced with the imminent threat of annihilation, many sought refuge in the ancient rock-cut shelters that had been carved into the limestone bedrock beneath their homes, seeking sanctuary from the violence. These shelters can still be found all across the islands today. | |||
By August the pirates had made their way across the Gozo channel to the port town of Dahlet Marsa and began plundering the island. Within days the island capitulated with a significant amount of the populace ether imprisoned or killed. It is thought that around 300 people escaped from the Cittadella towards the island of Comino. | |||
Despite the odds stacked against them, the resilient people of Malta Comino Gozo refused to give up. Rallying under the leadership of their sovereign, they mounted a valiant defence of their homeland, fighting to repel the invaders and safeguard their nation. An army of knights at around 500 strong as well the local population rallied up and began taking back their islands. The remaining six ships of the MCG fleet, having heard about the raid finally returned and catching the raiders of guard began bombarding the pirate fleet docked in the harbour sinking all but two of their ships and killing around 36 of the raiders stationed in or around the docks. | |||
The 430~ strong on board the ships then began their on land assault. The raiders were repelled from the outskirts of the heavily fortified city of Mitżieb by the remaining population and knights within the city walls and oncoming knights. Squeezed from west and east the pirates some 315 pirates were killed and or imprisoned. The knights then made their way accompanied by the revolting populace liberating the villages of Laqba and Mosatra. The island of Comino, miraculously spared from the ravages of the pirate raid, served as a a refuge for those fleeing the horrors of the raid. After three months of intense fighting, the Malta Comino Gozoans successfully drove the pirates away.The raid was one of the deadliest in the islands history killing a quarter of the population estimated at over 5000 people. | |||
=== War of the Carrelian Sucession === | |||
The nation was dragged into the [[War of the Carrelian Succession]] in 1755 after the Protestant [[Marian League]] [[Siege of Comino|attempted to capture Comino]] as part of an attempted blockade on {{wp|Kingdom of Naples|Naples}}. Although the invasion was defeated, [[Luis I of Malta Comino Gozo|King Luis I]] feared a second invasion and signed a pact with the Catholic [[Frederician League]], offering some financial concessions in return for Frederician support in the event of a second invasion. When the Marians attempted the [[Invasion of Gozo]] in 1762, the Fredericians aided in a decisive defeat of the invading force, which became the last major battle of the war. The [[Treaty of Allaro]], signed the next year, both ended the war and formalised the alliance between Malta Comino Gozo and Carrelie that has continued since. The tiny kingdom continued to thrive and remained an independent country. The country now prides itself on having never been conquered by a foreign force in modern history. | |||
=== World War I === | |||
=== World War II === | |||
As World War II engulfed Europe, MCG's strategic location in the Mediterranean made it a coveted prize for both Axis and Allied powers. Despite declaring neutrality, the kingdom found itself drawn into the conflict due to its proximity to key shipping lanes and military routes. | |||
The Carrelian Empire, embroiled in its own struggle against Axis forces, sought to secure a foothold in the Mediterranean to bolster its defences and facilitate logistics. MCG, with its friendly relations with Carrelie, became a natural ally in this endeavour. The alliance between MCG and Carrelie dates back to 1763, forged through mutual interests and geopolitical considerations. Over the centuries, this alliance solidified, with both nations cooperating on various fronts, including trade, defence, and cultural exchange. | |||
The alliance between MCG and Carrelie came under scrutiny during World War II, particularly as air raids became a common occurrence in the region. While officially neutral, MCG's decision to allow Carrelian air forces to utilize its airport for strategic purposes became a point of contention. Axis powers, aware of the alliance between MCG and Carrelie, targeted the kingdom with frequent air raids in an attempt to disrupt Carrelian operations and weaken their grip on the Mediterranean. The inhabitants of MCG endured the horrors of air raid bombings, and their tranquil islands transformed into a battleground. | |||
The decision to allow Carrelian air forces access to MCG's facilities sparked accusations of violating neutrality and drew criticism from neighbouring nations. However, MCG defended its actions as a sovereign prerogative, citing the mutual benefits of their alliance with Carrelie in safeguarding the region from Axis aggression. | |||
Despite the controversies surrounding its alliance with Carrelie, the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo emerged from World War II with its sovereignty still intact. | |||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
Malta Comino Gozo is an archipelago | Malta Comino Gozo is an archipelago with 39 islands, islets and shallow sandbars. Only the three largest islands—Malta (Malta), Gozo (Għawdex), and Comino (Kemmuna)—are inhabited. The islands of the archipelago lie on the Malta plateau, a shallow shelf formed from the high points of an ancient land bridge after the last ice age. | ||
Numerous bays along the indented rugged coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low rolling hills with terraced fields. The highest point in the country is Gelmus, at 371 m (1217.19ft), in the centre of the island of Malta. Although there are some small rivers at times of high rainfall, there are no permanent rivers. There are 2 very small lakes. "Ftit lake" or Little lake on Gozo and Lake Valletta on Malta. However, some watercourses have fresh water running all year round at Doqot Drit and Mosatra in Malta and at Lunzjata Valley in Gozo. The islands are home to one national park which is home to the national animal the Sloth Bear. Mediterranean | Numerous bays along the indented rugged coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low rolling hills with terraced fields. The highest point in the country is Gelmus, at 371 m (1217.19ft), in the centre of the island of Malta. Although there are some small rivers at times of high rainfall, there are no permanent rivers. There are 2 very small lakes. "Ftit lake" or Little lake on Gozo and Lake Valletta on Malta. However, some watercourses have fresh water running all year round at Doqot Drit and Mosatra in Malta and at Lunzjata Valley in Gozo. The islands are home to one national park which is home to the national animal the Sloth Bear. Mediterranean wood/scrublands account for 20% of the land area, urban areas account for 40% of the land, 10% of the land is arable, and 30% is arid scrubland with rocky limestone outcrops. The islands are naturally hilly in the centres with mostly flat land towards the western coast of the island of Malta. Many bays can be found along its coast. Most of the coastline is rugged, though two of the island's biggest sandy beaches can be found at Valletta Bay and Foreign Sands. Several smaller beaches can be found dotted on the west coast of Malta as well Comino and Gozo. Other notable islands include Għain on the nation's western side; uninhabited, it is littered with arid shrubland and palm forests. | ||
The island of Gozo is generally flatter with a few rolling hills and gentle | The island of Gozo, the second largest island, is generally flatter, with a few rolling hills and gentle pasture and many natural harbours. Gozo's highest point is the Ta' Dbiegi hill, which stands at an elevation of 195 metres above sea level. The island is also home to several unique geological formations, such as the Inland Sea and the Fungus Rock. Comino is relatively flat, but the largest cliffs in the country, rising to over 100m high, are located on its western side. The rest of the island is flat and covered in Dwarf and date palm forests. The east of the country is littered with coral reefs and low-lying sandbars, which form a natural protection against high waves. Sadly many of these were washed away during the Storm surge of 2020 but were later remade from dredged-up sand from the seabed in Valletta Bay. | ||
Its maritime claims of the territorial sea are 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi), the contiguous zone is 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi), the continental shelf is 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation, and Malta Comino Gozo's exclusive fishing zone spans 25 nmi (46.3 km; 28.8 mi). | Its maritime claims of the territorial sea are 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi), the contiguous zone is 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi), the continental shelf is 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation, and Malta Comino Gozo's exclusive fishing zone spans 25 nmi (46.3 km; 28.8 mi). | ||
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The two islands of Malta and Gozo are separated by a few hundred metres of water, which is about a mile wide at its widest point. A small bridge was built to connect the 2 islands in the 1930s before a newer double-decker road and train bridge was built in the late 70s. | The two islands of Malta and Gozo are separated by a few hundred metres of water, which is about a mile wide at its widest point. A small bridge was built to connect the 2 islands in the 1930s before a newer double-decker road and train bridge was built in the late 70s. | ||
Phytogeographically, Malta belongs to the Liguro-Tyrrhenian province of the Mediterranean Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Malta Comino Gozo belongs to the terrestrial ecoregion of Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests. Over 92% of the population lives in the Valletta Metropolitan urban area, which includes the towns of Laqba, | Phytogeographically, Malta belongs to the Liguro-Tyrrhenian province of the Mediterranean Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Malta Comino Gozo belongs to the terrestrial ecoregion of Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests. Over 92% of the population lives in the Valletta Metropolitan urban area, which includes the towns of Laqba, Balluħa, Marsahick, Santa Lucija and Swatar Bay. | ||
The rock layers in Malta Comino Gozo are | The rock layers in Malta Comino Gozo are mostly flat-lying, except for areas where the rock has been folded near faults. The soil on most of the islands is extremely shallow, which limits the cultivation of crops to only resilient, water-resistant varieties. | ||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
Malta Comino Gozo has a Mediterranean climate according to the Köppen climate classification (Csa), with very mild winters and warm to hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer generally dry. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification and the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, the nation lies within the subtropical zone. | Malta Comino Gozo has a Mediterranean climate according to the Köppen climate classification (Csa), with very mild winters and warm to hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer generally dry. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification and the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, the nation lies within the subtropical zone. | ||
The average yearly temperature is around 23 °C (73 °F) during the day and 15.5 °C (59.9 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January – the typical maximum temperature ranges from 12 to 18 °C (54 to 64 °F) during the day and a minimum of 5 to 12 °C (41 to 54 °F) at night. In the warmest month – August – the typical maximum temperature ranges from 28 to 34 °C (82 to 93 °F) but temperatures can exceed 40°C (104 °F) during the day and a minimum of 20 to 24 °C (68 to 75 °F) at night. In March and December, average temperatures are around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night.[166] Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Snow is very rare on the island, although various snowfalls have been recorded in the last century, the last one was reported in various locations across Malta Comino Gozo in 2014. The highest ever recorded temperature on the islands was on July 19th 1998 when temperatures reached 42.7 C. The lowest temperature ever recorded at MCG International Airport was in January 1981, with 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) | The average yearly temperature is around 23 °C (73 °F) during the day and 15.5 °C (59.9 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January – the typical maximum temperature ranges from 12 to 18 °C (54 to 64 °F) during the day and a minimum of 5 to 12 °C (41 to 54 °F) at night. In the warmest month – August – the typical maximum temperature ranges from 28 to 34 °C (82 to 93 °F) but temperatures can exceed 40°C (104 °F) during the day and a minimum of 20 to 24 °C (68 to 75 °F) at night. In March and December, average temperatures are around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night.[166] Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Snow is very rare on the island, and although various snowfalls have been recorded in the last century, the last one was reported in various locations across Malta Comino Gozo in 2014. The highest ever recorded temperature on the islands was on July 19th 1998 when temperatures reached 42.7 C. The lowest temperature ever recorded at MCG International Airport was in January 1981, with 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) | ||
The average annual sea temperature is 20 °C (68 °F), from 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the 6 months – from June to November – the average sea temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F). | The average annual sea temperature is 20 °C (68 °F), from 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the 6 months – from June to November – the average sea temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F). | ||
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The islands are home to a wide diversity of indigenous, sub-endemic and endemic plants. They feature many traits typical of a Mediterranean climate, such as drought resistance. The most common indigenous trees on the islands are olive (Olea europaea), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), fig (ficus carica), holm oak (Quericus ilex) Prickly Pear cactuses and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), while the most common non-native trees are eucalyptus, acacia and opuntia. Endemic plants include the national flower widnet il-baħar (Cheirolophus crassifolius), sempreviva ta' Malta (Helichrysum melitense), żigland t' Għawdex (Hyoseris frutescens) and ġiżi ta' Malta (Matthiola incana subsp. melitensis) while sub-endemics include kromb il-baħar (Jacobaea maritima subsp. sicula) and xkattapietra (Micromeria microphylla). The flora and biodiversity of Malta Comino Gozo are under threat from human intervention, though huge reforestation projects have taken place over the last few years, bringing the total woodland from 15% in 2011 to 20% in 2022. Of the 10,000 estimated terrestrial and freshwater species in the archipelago, 78 are endemic with 55 of these being animal species. | The islands are home to a wide diversity of indigenous, sub-endemic and endemic plants. They feature many traits typical of a Mediterranean climate, such as drought resistance. The most common indigenous trees on the islands are olive (Olea europaea), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), fig (ficus carica), holm oak (Quericus ilex) Prickly Pear cactuses and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), while the most common non-native trees are eucalyptus, acacia and opuntia. Endemic plants include the national flower widnet il-baħar (Cheirolophus crassifolius), sempreviva ta' Malta (Helichrysum melitense), żigland t' Għawdex (Hyoseris frutescens) and ġiżi ta' Malta (Matthiola incana subsp. melitensis) while sub-endemics include kromb il-baħar (Jacobaea maritima subsp. sicula) and xkattapietra (Micromeria microphylla). The flora and biodiversity of Malta Comino Gozo are under threat from human intervention, though huge reforestation projects have taken place over the last few years, bringing the total woodland from 15% in 2011 to 20% in 2022. Of the 10,000 estimated terrestrial and freshwater species in the archipelago, 78 are endemic with 55 of these being animal species. | ||
The biggest animal by far to be found here is the native sloth bear, a genus found only in the archipelago. Sloth bears are solitary creatures and generally nocturnal. They grow up to 5 feet in length, and males can weigh up to 310 pounds, while females weigh up to 210 pounds. When threatened, they respond by standing on their hind legs and showing their formidable foreclaws. Attacks are rare. There are estimated to be around 5000 breeding pairs. The Desert Hamster, Common Weasel, African Hedgehog, European Rabbits and 6 bat species are native to the islands. Many types of turtles, tortoises, insects like butterflies, and varieties of lizards and snakes are also found. Common varieties of Mediterranean fish, as well as the seal and porpoise, inhabit the surrounding waters. The avifauna of MCG includes a total of 400 species, including Cranes, Herons, Wildfowl, Ducks and Geese, Ibises, Flycatchers, Pigeons, Flamingoes, Kestrels, Buzzards, Auks, Murres, and Puffins | The biggest animal by far to be found here is the native sloth bear, a genus found only in the archipelago. Sloth bears are solitary creatures and generally nocturnal. They grow up to 5 feet in length, and males can weigh up to 310 pounds, while females weigh up to 210 pounds. When threatened, they respond by standing on their hind legs and showing their formidable foreclaws. Attacks are rare. There are estimated to be around 5000 breeding pairs. The Desert Hamster, Common Weasel, African Hedgehog, European Rabbits and 6 bat species are native to the islands. Many types of turtles, tortoises, insects like butterflies, and varieties of lizards and snakes are also found. Common varieties of Mediterranean fish, as well as the seal and porpoise, inhabit the surrounding waters. The avifauna of MCG includes a total of 400 species, including Cranes, Herons, Wildfowl, Ducks and Geese, Ibises, Flycatchers, Pigeons, Flamingoes, Kestrels, Buzzards, Auks, Murres, and Puffins to name a few. The islands are home to three species of venomous scorpions – European, Mediterranean yellow, and the Maltese. | ||
==Politics== | == Politics == | ||
Malta Comino Gozo is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. The parliament is unicameral, with a democratically elected House of Representatives. By constitutional law, all government ministers, including the prime minister, must be members of the House of Representatives. Royal assent is required for a bill to become an act of parliament. King William I, is the current head of state and monarch. The current prime minister is Robert Abela the leader of the Konservattiv MCG Party. | |||
'''Political Structure:''' | |||
1. Monarchy: Head of State: King William I holds the title "His Majesty King William I by the Grace of God, King of the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo, Lord of the Islands, Defender of the Faith and Protector of the Realm." As a constitutional monarch, his role is largely ceremonial and symbolic. The King's duties include granting royal assent to bills passed by the House of Representatives, appointing the Prime Minister, and representing the unity and continuity of the nation. | |||
2. Parliament: | |||
Unicameral House of Representatives: Malta Comino Gozo's legislative body consists of a single chamber, the House of Representatives. Members of the House are elected through a democratic process, with representation based on electoral districts across the islands. The House of Representatives is responsible for passing laws, scrutinizing government actions, and representing the interests of the people. | |||
3. Executive Branch: | |||
Prime Minister: The current Prime Minister, Robert Abela, leads the government and is the head of the executive branch. As leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives, the Prime Minister is appointed by the King and is responsible for forming the government, setting policies, and implementing laws. All government ministers, including the Prime Minister, must be Members of the House of Representatives. | |||
4. Legislative Process: | |||
Royal Assent: Before becoming law, bills passed by the House of Representatives require royal assent from the King. This formal process ensures that proposed legislation aligns with the principles and interests of the monarchy and the nation as a whole. | |||
'''Political Parties:''' | |||
Malta Comino Gozo's political landscape includes various parties and movements, with the Konservattiv MCG Party currently holding the majority in the House of Representatives under Prime Minister Robert Abela's leadership. Other parties include Labour, Christian Nationalists and the Alliance of Liberal Democrats. These parties compete in regular elections every 5 years. | |||
''' Governance and Administration:''' | |||
Malta Comino Gozo's governance is characterized by principles of democracy, rule of law, and constitutional monarchy. The separation of powers between the monarchy, legislature, and executive branch ensures a balance of authority and accountability in decision-making and policy implementation. Citizens participate actively in political processes through elections, public debates, and engagement with their elected representatives. | |||
'''Conclusion:''' | |||
This framework aims to uphold stability, promote public welfare, and safeguard the nation's interests while reflecting the cultural and historical context of the islands. | |||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
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==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
Malta Comino Gozo is the most densely populated country in the WMCA and one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with about 1,716 inhabitants per square kilometre. As of 2024 the population stands at 542,284. Malta island has a population of 456,221, Gozo 84,990 and Comino 1,073. As of the 2024 census 90% of the population is ethnic Malta Comino Gozoan. at around 488,056. The two largest foreign nationals / minorities in MCG are the Polkopians and Elejamians at around 4% of the population each. A further 2% are made up of [[WMCA Alliance|"WMCA]]" nationals, Carrelians, Alezians, Waisnorians as well as Aenglish and Achaeans. According to the 2021 Census's, 248,888 of Malta Comino Gozoan descent lived in the Alezian Union, 75,000 in Carrelie and around 5000 in Waisnor. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" |Demographics of Malta Comino Gozo | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Malta_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/350px-Malta_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png | |||
Population pyramid of Malta Comino Gozo in 2024 | |||
|- | |||
!Population | |||
|542,284 (2024 census) | |||
|- | |||
!Growth rate | |||
|2.21% (2024 est.) | |||
|- | |||
!Birth rate | |||
|9.73 births/1,000 population | |||
|- | |||
!Death rate | |||
|8.48 deaths/1,000 population | |||
|- | |||
!Life expectancy | |||
|92 years | |||
|- | |||
!• male | |||
|89.11 years | |||
|- | |||
!• female | |||
|92.38 years | |||
|- | |||
!Fertility rate | |||
|1.5 children | |||
|- | |||
!Infant mortality rate | |||
|4.1 deaths/1,000 live births | |||
|- | |||
!Net migration rate | |||
|3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Sex ratio | |||
|- | |||
!Total | |||
|1.02 male(s)/female (2022 est.) | |||
|- | |||
!At birth | |||
|1.04 male(s)/female | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Nationality | |||
|- | |||
!Nationality | |||
|Malta Comino Gozoan | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Language | |||
|- | |||
!Official | |||
|Maltese and English | |||
|} | |||
===Religion=== | ===Religion=== | ||
Malta Comino Gozo is | Malta Comino Gozo is predominantly Roman Catholic, with around 60% of the population practising this religion. Anglican is the second largest religion at 38%. The remaining 2% comprises Atheists, Muslims, Orthodox Christians and Jews. Catholicism is the state religion, and there are around 368 churches in the country. Royal ceremonies are conducted in St Marks Cathedral in Valletta. There is also 1 Mosque located on the outskirts of Valletta for the Alezian populations residing in the country, as well as one small synagogue. | ||
A mix of Catholic and Anglican influences has shaped the religious landscape of Malta Comino Gozo. Due to the mix of cultures, the islands became a blend of Catholicism and Anglicanism. The Catholic Church ruled the islands for many centuries and Catholicism remains the dominant religion on the islands to this day. However, there is also a significant Anglican community in Malta Comino Gozo, which is served by several churches and chapels. The Anglican Church emerged as a distinct branch of Protestantism during the Protestant Reformation, which began in earnest in the sixteenth century. Figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin led a movement to reform the Catholic Church from within. During this period, the Anglican Church developed its own unique liturgy and theological doctrines. Despite their differences, the Catholic and Anglican Churches in Malta Comino Gozo have a long history of coexisting peacefully, and both play an important role in the spiritual life of the islands. The Anglican Church in Malta Comino Gozo is known for its beautiful liturgy and strong commitment to social justice. | |||
===Languages=== | ===Languages=== | ||
Malta Comino Gozo has two official languages, Maltese and English. | Malta Comino Gozo has two official languages, Maltese and English. Despite never being conquered by Great Britain, the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo has a unique linguistic and cultural landscape that reflects its historical interactions with English speaking nations. One of the most intriguing aspects of MCG's cultural identity is its adoption of English as one of its national languages, alongside Maltese. | ||
The presence of English influence in MCG dates back to centuries of interaction with English speaking merchants, traders, and travellers who frequented the Mediterranean. While MCG maintained its sovereignty, the island nation became a hub for international commerce, attracting merchants from various nations, including England. | |||
The anglicisation of names in MCG can be traced back to the practical need for communication and interaction with English-speaking visitors and settlers. Over time, many locals adopted Anglicised versions of their names to facilitate easier communication and integration into the international community. | |||
The centuries of English presence in MCG led to a significant cultural exchange between the local population and English-speaking visitors. This exchange influenced various aspects of MCG's culture, including language, cuisine, and customs. English became a common language of commerce and diplomacy, further solidifying its status within MCG's society. Many mixed Anglo and MCGoan families would further adopt more anglicised names. | |||
In the 1800s, recognizing the importance of English as a global lingua franca and its practical utility for international relations and trade, MCG officially adopted English as one of its national languages. | |||
Many famous people's names are anglicised for the world stage so it is easier for people to pronounce, but many citizens do have anglicised names such as Adam or Roger whereas some are biblical due to the countries deep Christian roots. | |||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
===Music=== | ===Music=== | ||
Despite its small size, Malta Comino Gozo has a huge reputation on the world's stage when it comes to music. The nation first debuted in the WorldVision Song Contest at the 76th edition held in The Achaean Republic. The country has won the contest | Despite its small size, Malta Comino Gozo has a huge reputation on the world's stage when it comes to music. | ||
[[Malta Comino Gozo in the WorldVision Song Contest]] | |||
The nation first debuted in the [[WorldVision Song Contest]]at the 76th edition held in The Achaean Republic. The country has won the contest nine times. Their first win came in Milano, WorldVision 84, before three consecutive wins in WorldVision 89, WorldVision 90 and WorldVision 91, making them the first nation to win three contests back to back. The most recent win was in Worldvision 113. The country has finished in the top 10, 32 out of 38 appearances. Malta Comino Gozo has also hosted the contest three times, in 78, 85 and 96. | |||
As well as the WorldVision Song Contest, Malta Comino Gozo has also taken part in The World Hit Festival that started with rather little success with their best result coming in WHF51 where the nation finished in second place. The country succeeded in many top five results before withdrawing from several contests citing financial issues mixed with low viewing figures before returning to the competition in WHF65 and going on to win and host the following festival. | As well as the WorldVision Song Contest, Malta Comino Gozo has also taken part in The World Hit Festival that started with rather little success with their best result coming in WHF51 where the nation finished in second place. The country succeeded in many top five results before withdrawing from several contests citing financial issues mixed with low viewing figures before returning to the competition in WHF65 and going on to win and host the following festival. Malta Comino Gozo has also appeared in three of the Junior World Hit Festival contests. | ||
Malta Comino Gozo has also appeared in | |||
Some of the country's most famous artists/singers include | Some of the country's most famous artists/singers include | ||
| Line 168: | Line 312: | ||
* Erba Sekondi ta Sajf | * Erba Sekondi ta Sajf | ||
* Fakawi | * Fakawi | ||
* Fanal | |||
* Fradel and Spies | |||
* Francesca Tanti | |||
* Glen Ferguson | * Glen Ferguson | ||
* Ira Lesco | * Ira Lesco | ||
* Kartha Gewart | * Kartha Gewart | ||
* Lewis Sarucino | * Lewis Sarucino | ||
* Liena | |||
* Luca Aquilina | |||
* Paloma Fennech | * Paloma Fennech | ||
* Pallix | * Pallix | ||
| Line 177: | Line 326: | ||
* Monsieur Disbelief | * Monsieur Disbelief | ||
* Nathan Aperitivo | * Nathan Aperitivo | ||
* Noah Pandolfino | |||
* Nikki Xerri | * Nikki Xerri | ||
* Simeon | * Simeon | ||
Latest revision as of 20:22, 22 September 2024
 | This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo Renju ta ’Malta Kemmuna Għawdex | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
| Motto: 'Jipprevalixxu permezz tal-Ikel, l-Għerf u l-Libertà' Prevail through Food, Wisdom and Liberty | |
| Anthem: 'Innu Nazzjonali ta' Malta Kemmuna Għawdex Royal anthem: TBD | |
| Capital and largest city | Valletta |
| Official languages |
|
| Recognised regional languages |
|
| Government | Constitutional Monarchy |
• Monarch | King William I |
• Prime Minister | Robert Abela |
| Legislature | Parliament of Malta Comino Gozo |
| Formation | |
• First Settlers | 5900 BC |
• Establishment of Kingdom (Foundation Day) | June 29, 1400 |
• The Great Raid | July 1513, |
• Founding Member of WMCA | 17th May 2021 |
| Population | |
• 2027 estimate | 560,000 |
• 2024 census | 542,284 |
• Density | 1,672/km2 (4,330.5/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | 468 (14th) |
• Per capita | $48,495 (8th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $14.65 billion (4th) |
• Per capita | $38,300 (5th) |
| Gini | 21.2 low |
| HDI |  0.923very high |
| Currency | Florin (ƒ) (MCGF) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 - +2 |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +818 |
Malta Comino Gozo, officially the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo, is an island country consisting of an archipelago of around 22 islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The country has two official languages, Maltese and English.
Malta Comino Gozo has been inhabited since approximately 5900 BC. Its location has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base, with a succession of powers having contested rule over the islands, including the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, most of these foreign influences have left some sort of mark on the country's ancient culture.
With a population of about 542,284 over an area of 316 km2 Malta Comino Gozo is one of the world's smallest countries in area and the fourth-most densely populated sovereign country. Its capital is Valletta. According to the data from 2020 by WMCAstat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island of Malta and has a population of 480,134, Gozo, 33,432 and Comino just over 1000. According to the World Assembly, "the whole territory of the island of Malta constitutes a single urban region". Malta Comino Gozo is often referred to as a city-state.
Before its founding as a Kingdom, the Nobility of Malta Comino Gozo resided in or around the fortified city of Mitżieb. In terms of the regional divisions of the islands, Malta Island was part of the Valle di Mazzara province, Gozo was part of the Valle di Demona province and Comino was part of the Valle di Noto province. Malta became a Kingdom in 1400, with Guglielmo Raimondo I Moncada as its King, serving as a station for naval trade for the various empires at the time. It was besieged by several pirate raids throughout its history. The deadliest in 1513 killed around 5000 people (1/4 of the population).
Malta Comino Gozo has had Christians since the time of Early Christianity, though was predominantly Muslim while under Arab rule, at which time Christians were tolerated. Muslim rule ended with the invasion of MCG by Roger I in 1091. Today the islands are predominately Catholicism (the state religion) at about 60%, with Anglican behind at 38%, but the Constitution guarantees freedom of conscience and religious worship.
Malta Comino Gozo is a well-known tourist destination with its warm climate, numerous recreational areas, sandy beaches, and architectural and historical monuments, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, Valletta Old Town, and seven megalithic temples, which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world.
Etymology
History
Prehistory
The first inhabitants of the islands were around 5900 BC. Historians have found significant evidence of these ancient farm folk who worked the land, and the islands remained uninhabited until almost a thousand years later – this growing society built the megalithic temples, which can still be visited today. This civilization ultimately collapsed, only for the islands to be repopulated by various colonies over the generations. Centrally located in the Mediterranean and surrounded by a multitude of larger reigning populations, Malta Comino Gozo has always been deemed an important strategic location with shallow harbours ideal for mooring and docking boats.
Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans
One of the most significant events was the arrival of the Carthaginians, who conquered the islands in 410 BC. They ruled for almost 200 years, leaving a lasting influence on the islands' culture and architecture. Between 218 BC and 870 AD, Malta Comino Gozo was populated by various colonies and was ruled by different empires. After the Punic Wars, the islands fell into the hands of the Roman Empire in 218 BC. Under Roman rule, Malta Comino Gozo became an important trading hub in the Mediterranean and flourished economically. Evidence of this period can be seen today in the impressive preserved Roman Villa and the catacombs of St. Paul in Mitżieb.
In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two, and Malta Comino Gozo became part of the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire ruled the islands until a siege in 870 AD when they were conquered by the Arabs, who brought Islam to the region. The Arab period lasted until 1091 when the Normans conquered the islands.
Norman Rule
Under the Norman rule, Malta Comino Gozo flourished and became a prosperous nation. After the Norman rule, the islands were ruled by various foreign powers, including the Angevins, Aragonese, and Castilians. During this period, the islands became a hub for trade, with goods from all over the world passing through its ports. Pirates and other invaders frequently attacked the islands, and the inhabitants constructed defensive structures and fortifications to protect themselves.
Angevins and the Aragonese
During the 13th century, the islands were conquered by the Angevins, a French dynasty that ruled for over 100 years. This period marked a significant time in MCGoan history, as it was characterized by a flourishing arts and cultural scene. The Angevins invested in the construction of many magnificent buildings and structures, including the old town of Valletta, which boasts unique timber and baroque architecture.
In the 14th century, the islands came under the control of the Aragonese, a dynasty that was renowned for its naval prowess. Their reign was marked by the construction of a series of stone fortifications around the islands to protect them from pirate attacks, which were rampant during this time. These fortifications included the famous Fort St. Angelo and the Cittadella, both of which are still standing today
The Founding of the Kingdom
On June 29, 1400, after a peaceful revolt from the Aragonese the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo was established (Foundation Day) which marked the beginning of a new era for the islands. A Royal Family was appointed and they took charge of the islands and brought peace and stability to the region. They oversaw a period of great prosperity and development, which turned the islands into a cultural and economic powerhouse in the Mediterranean through establishing alliances and trade before stepping down from power and becoming a constitutional monarchy in 1814. The Rossi family has been the head of state since 1760, preceded by the Malaterra family. King Hendrick I, who had no children, passed on the throne to his cousin therefore ending the Malaterra rule. A Royal Family has ruled the Kingdom for over 600 years. King William I, born 2 October 1987 is the current King.
The Great Raid of 1513
Due to its remote location, the islands have rarely been invaded by international forces but frequent, often large pirate raids over the centuries have taken place. In the early 16th century, the Mediterranean was plagued by the scourge of piracy, with marauding bands of pirates prowling the seas. Malta Comino Gozo, with their wealth of resources and strategic location, were particularly attractive targets for these pirates. Despite efforts to fortify the coastal defences, the islands remained vulnerable to sudden and devastating raids.
In July of 1513, a formidable force of pirates, estimated to number at least 1400, descended upon the island of Malta with the hope of plundering the islands and exiling the royal family. They came on warships known as galleys carrying hundreds or more fighting men armed with cutlasses and small arms. After entering Valletta Bay the fleet fourteen sips strong swiftly overwhelmed the defences of the islands with wave after wave of cannon fire which destroyed 12 out of 18 of the of the MCGoan fleet docked in the bay. With most of the navy now out of the way they destroyed large swathes of the outskirts of lower Valletta the, Valletta fort as well as parts of Santa Lucija. After that the pirates made landfall. The raid unleashed a wave of destruction and terror upon the populace. Valletta was the first fortified city to fall after two weeks of fighting with the pirates eventually obliterating the city gates with cannons on board their galleys. Forced from their residence, Casa Rocca Piccola in Valletta, King Antoine de Paule I and his family took refuge in the village of Runbett, a high rocky plateau situated just above Santa Lucija. This has since became the home of the Royal Family. After pillaging Valletta, the raids continued inland to other towns and villages, plundering churches, killing or imprisoning people along the way, and laying waste to homes, the invaders wrought havoc on the islands.
The inhabitants of the islands, caught off guard by the sudden onslaught, found themselves facing a relentless onslaught from an enemy bent on conquest and plunder. Faced with the imminent threat of annihilation, many sought refuge in the ancient rock-cut shelters that had been carved into the limestone bedrock beneath their homes, seeking sanctuary from the violence. These shelters can still be found all across the islands today.
By August the pirates had made their way across the Gozo channel to the port town of Dahlet Marsa and began plundering the island. Within days the island capitulated with a significant amount of the populace ether imprisoned or killed. It is thought that around 300 people escaped from the Cittadella towards the island of Comino.
Despite the odds stacked against them, the resilient people of Malta Comino Gozo refused to give up. Rallying under the leadership of their sovereign, they mounted a valiant defence of their homeland, fighting to repel the invaders and safeguard their nation. An army of knights at around 500 strong as well the local population rallied up and began taking back their islands. The remaining six ships of the MCG fleet, having heard about the raid finally returned and catching the raiders of guard began bombarding the pirate fleet docked in the harbour sinking all but two of their ships and killing around 36 of the raiders stationed in or around the docks.
The 430~ strong on board the ships then began their on land assault. The raiders were repelled from the outskirts of the heavily fortified city of Mitżieb by the remaining population and knights within the city walls and oncoming knights. Squeezed from west and east the pirates some 315 pirates were killed and or imprisoned. The knights then made their way accompanied by the revolting populace liberating the villages of Laqba and Mosatra. The island of Comino, miraculously spared from the ravages of the pirate raid, served as a a refuge for those fleeing the horrors of the raid. After three months of intense fighting, the Malta Comino Gozoans successfully drove the pirates away.The raid was one of the deadliest in the islands history killing a quarter of the population estimated at over 5000 people.
War of the Carrelian Sucession
The nation was dragged into the War of the Carrelian Succession in 1755 after the Protestant Marian League attempted to capture Comino as part of an attempted blockade on Naples. Although the invasion was defeated, King Luis I feared a second invasion and signed a pact with the Catholic Frederician League, offering some financial concessions in return for Frederician support in the event of a second invasion. When the Marians attempted the Invasion of Gozo in 1762, the Fredericians aided in a decisive defeat of the invading force, which became the last major battle of the war. The Treaty of Allaro, signed the next year, both ended the war and formalised the alliance between Malta Comino Gozo and Carrelie that has continued since. The tiny kingdom continued to thrive and remained an independent country. The country now prides itself on having never been conquered by a foreign force in modern history.
World War I
World War II
As World War II engulfed Europe, MCG's strategic location in the Mediterranean made it a coveted prize for both Axis and Allied powers. Despite declaring neutrality, the kingdom found itself drawn into the conflict due to its proximity to key shipping lanes and military routes.
The Carrelian Empire, embroiled in its own struggle against Axis forces, sought to secure a foothold in the Mediterranean to bolster its defences and facilitate logistics. MCG, with its friendly relations with Carrelie, became a natural ally in this endeavour. The alliance between MCG and Carrelie dates back to 1763, forged through mutual interests and geopolitical considerations. Over the centuries, this alliance solidified, with both nations cooperating on various fronts, including trade, defence, and cultural exchange.
The alliance between MCG and Carrelie came under scrutiny during World War II, particularly as air raids became a common occurrence in the region. While officially neutral, MCG's decision to allow Carrelian air forces to utilize its airport for strategic purposes became a point of contention. Axis powers, aware of the alliance between MCG and Carrelie, targeted the kingdom with frequent air raids in an attempt to disrupt Carrelian operations and weaken their grip on the Mediterranean. The inhabitants of MCG endured the horrors of air raid bombings, and their tranquil islands transformed into a battleground.
The decision to allow Carrelian air forces access to MCG's facilities sparked accusations of violating neutrality and drew criticism from neighbouring nations. However, MCG defended its actions as a sovereign prerogative, citing the mutual benefits of their alliance with Carrelie in safeguarding the region from Axis aggression.
Despite the controversies surrounding its alliance with Carrelie, the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo emerged from World War II with its sovereignty still intact.
Geography
Malta Comino Gozo is an archipelago with 39 islands, islets and shallow sandbars. Only the three largest islands—Malta (Malta), Gozo (Għawdex), and Comino (Kemmuna)—are inhabited. The islands of the archipelago lie on the Malta plateau, a shallow shelf formed from the high points of an ancient land bridge after the last ice age.
Numerous bays along the indented rugged coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low rolling hills with terraced fields. The highest point in the country is Gelmus, at 371 m (1217.19ft), in the centre of the island of Malta. Although there are some small rivers at times of high rainfall, there are no permanent rivers. There are 2 very small lakes. "Ftit lake" or Little lake on Gozo and Lake Valletta on Malta. However, some watercourses have fresh water running all year round at Doqot Drit and Mosatra in Malta and at Lunzjata Valley in Gozo. The islands are home to one national park which is home to the national animal the Sloth Bear. Mediterranean wood/scrublands account for 20% of the land area, urban areas account for 40% of the land, 10% of the land is arable, and 30% is arid scrubland with rocky limestone outcrops. The islands are naturally hilly in the centres with mostly flat land towards the western coast of the island of Malta. Many bays can be found along its coast. Most of the coastline is rugged, though two of the island's biggest sandy beaches can be found at Valletta Bay and Foreign Sands. Several smaller beaches can be found dotted on the west coast of Malta as well Comino and Gozo. Other notable islands include Għain on the nation's western side; uninhabited, it is littered with arid shrubland and palm forests.
The island of Gozo, the second largest island, is generally flatter, with a few rolling hills and gentle pasture and many natural harbours. Gozo's highest point is the Ta' Dbiegi hill, which stands at an elevation of 195 metres above sea level. The island is also home to several unique geological formations, such as the Inland Sea and the Fungus Rock. Comino is relatively flat, but the largest cliffs in the country, rising to over 100m high, are located on its western side. The rest of the island is flat and covered in Dwarf and date palm forests. The east of the country is littered with coral reefs and low-lying sandbars, which form a natural protection against high waves. Sadly many of these were washed away during the Storm surge of 2020 but were later remade from dredged-up sand from the seabed in Valletta Bay.
Its maritime claims of the territorial sea are 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi), the contiguous zone is 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi), the continental shelf is 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation, and Malta Comino Gozo's exclusive fishing zone spans 25 nmi (46.3 km; 28.8 mi).
The two islands of Malta and Gozo are separated by a few hundred metres of water, which is about a mile wide at its widest point. A small bridge was built to connect the 2 islands in the 1930s before a newer double-decker road and train bridge was built in the late 70s.
Phytogeographically, Malta belongs to the Liguro-Tyrrhenian province of the Mediterranean Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Malta Comino Gozo belongs to the terrestrial ecoregion of Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests. Over 92% of the population lives in the Valletta Metropolitan urban area, which includes the towns of Laqba, Balluħa, Marsahick, Santa Lucija and Swatar Bay.
The rock layers in Malta Comino Gozo are mostly flat-lying, except for areas where the rock has been folded near faults. The soil on most of the islands is extremely shallow, which limits the cultivation of crops to only resilient, water-resistant varieties.
Climate
Malta Comino Gozo has a Mediterranean climate according to the Köppen climate classification (Csa), with very mild winters and warm to hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer generally dry. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification and the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, the nation lies within the subtropical zone.
The average yearly temperature is around 23 °C (73 °F) during the day and 15.5 °C (59.9 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January – the typical maximum temperature ranges from 12 to 18 °C (54 to 64 °F) during the day and a minimum of 5 to 12 °C (41 to 54 °F) at night. In the warmest month – August – the typical maximum temperature ranges from 28 to 34 °C (82 to 93 °F) but temperatures can exceed 40°C (104 °F) during the day and a minimum of 20 to 24 °C (68 to 75 °F) at night. In March and December, average temperatures are around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night.[166] Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Snow is very rare on the island, and although various snowfalls have been recorded in the last century, the last one was reported in various locations across Malta Comino Gozo in 2014. The highest ever recorded temperature on the islands was on July 19th 1998 when temperatures reached 42.7 C. The lowest temperature ever recorded at MCG International Airport was in January 1981, with 1.4 °C (34.5 °F)
The average annual sea temperature is 20 °C (68 °F), from 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the 6 months – from June to November – the average sea temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F).
The annual average relative humidity is high, averaging 75%, ranging from 65% in July (morning: 78% evening: 53%) to 80% in December (morning: 83% evening: 73%).
Sunshine duration hours total around 3,000 per year, from an average of 5.2 hours of sunshine duration per day in December to an average above 12 hours in July.
Flora and Fauna
The islands are home to a wide diversity of indigenous, sub-endemic and endemic plants. They feature many traits typical of a Mediterranean climate, such as drought resistance. The most common indigenous trees on the islands are olive (Olea europaea), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), fig (ficus carica), holm oak (Quericus ilex) Prickly Pear cactuses and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), while the most common non-native trees are eucalyptus, acacia and opuntia. Endemic plants include the national flower widnet il-baħar (Cheirolophus crassifolius), sempreviva ta' Malta (Helichrysum melitense), żigland t' Għawdex (Hyoseris frutescens) and ġiżi ta' Malta (Matthiola incana subsp. melitensis) while sub-endemics include kromb il-baħar (Jacobaea maritima subsp. sicula) and xkattapietra (Micromeria microphylla). The flora and biodiversity of Malta Comino Gozo are under threat from human intervention, though huge reforestation projects have taken place over the last few years, bringing the total woodland from 15% in 2011 to 20% in 2022. Of the 10,000 estimated terrestrial and freshwater species in the archipelago, 78 are endemic with 55 of these being animal species.
The biggest animal by far to be found here is the native sloth bear, a genus found only in the archipelago. Sloth bears are solitary creatures and generally nocturnal. They grow up to 5 feet in length, and males can weigh up to 310 pounds, while females weigh up to 210 pounds. When threatened, they respond by standing on their hind legs and showing their formidable foreclaws. Attacks are rare. There are estimated to be around 5000 breeding pairs. The Desert Hamster, Common Weasel, African Hedgehog, European Rabbits and 6 bat species are native to the islands. Many types of turtles, tortoises, insects like butterflies, and varieties of lizards and snakes are also found. Common varieties of Mediterranean fish, as well as the seal and porpoise, inhabit the surrounding waters. The avifauna of MCG includes a total of 400 species, including Cranes, Herons, Wildfowl, Ducks and Geese, Ibises, Flycatchers, Pigeons, Flamingoes, Kestrels, Buzzards, Auks, Murres, and Puffins to name a few. The islands are home to three species of venomous scorpions – European, Mediterranean yellow, and the Maltese.
Politics
Malta Comino Gozo is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. The parliament is unicameral, with a democratically elected House of Representatives. By constitutional law, all government ministers, including the prime minister, must be members of the House of Representatives. Royal assent is required for a bill to become an act of parliament. King William I, is the current head of state and monarch. The current prime minister is Robert Abela the leader of the Konservattiv MCG Party.
Political Structure:
1. Monarchy: Head of State: King William I holds the title "His Majesty King William I by the Grace of God, King of the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo, Lord of the Islands, Defender of the Faith and Protector of the Realm." As a constitutional monarch, his role is largely ceremonial and symbolic. The King's duties include granting royal assent to bills passed by the House of Representatives, appointing the Prime Minister, and representing the unity and continuity of the nation.
2. Parliament:
Unicameral House of Representatives: Malta Comino Gozo's legislative body consists of a single chamber, the House of Representatives. Members of the House are elected through a democratic process, with representation based on electoral districts across the islands. The House of Representatives is responsible for passing laws, scrutinizing government actions, and representing the interests of the people.
3. Executive Branch:
Prime Minister: The current Prime Minister, Robert Abela, leads the government and is the head of the executive branch. As leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives, the Prime Minister is appointed by the King and is responsible for forming the government, setting policies, and implementing laws. All government ministers, including the Prime Minister, must be Members of the House of Representatives.
4. Legislative Process:
Royal Assent: Before becoming law, bills passed by the House of Representatives require royal assent from the King. This formal process ensures that proposed legislation aligns with the principles and interests of the monarchy and the nation as a whole.
Political Parties:
Malta Comino Gozo's political landscape includes various parties and movements, with the Konservattiv MCG Party currently holding the majority in the House of Representatives under Prime Minister Robert Abela's leadership. Other parties include Labour, Christian Nationalists and the Alliance of Liberal Democrats. These parties compete in regular elections every 5 years.
Governance and Administration:
Malta Comino Gozo's governance is characterized by principles of democracy, rule of law, and constitutional monarchy. The separation of powers between the monarchy, legislature, and executive branch ensures a balance of authority and accountability in decision-making and policy implementation. Citizens participate actively in political processes through elections, public debates, and engagement with their elected representatives.
Conclusion:
This framework aims to uphold stability, promote public welfare, and safeguard the nation's interests while reflecting the cultural and historical context of the islands.
Economy
Infrastructure
Demographics
Malta Comino Gozo is the most densely populated country in the WMCA and one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with about 1,716 inhabitants per square kilometre. As of 2024 the population stands at 542,284. Malta island has a population of 456,221, Gozo 84,990 and Comino 1,073. As of the 2024 census 90% of the population is ethnic Malta Comino Gozoan. at around 488,056. The two largest foreign nationals / minorities in MCG are the Polkopians and Elejamians at around 4% of the population each. A further 2% are made up of "WMCA" nationals, Carrelians, Alezians, Waisnorians as well as Aenglish and Achaeans. According to the 2021 Census's, 248,888 of Malta Comino Gozoan descent lived in the Alezian Union, 75,000 in Carrelie and around 5000 in Waisnor.
| Demographics of Malta Comino Gozo | |
|---|---|
Population pyramid of Malta Comino Gozo in 2024 | |
| Population | 542,284 (2024 census) |
| Growth rate | 2.21% (2024 est.) |
| Birth rate | 9.73 births/1,000 population |
| Death rate | 8.48 deaths/1,000 population |
| Life expectancy | 92 years |
| • male | 89.11 years |
| • female | 92.38 years |
| Fertility rate | 1.5 children |
| Infant mortality rate | 4.1 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Net migration rate | 3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 1.02 male(s)/female (2022 est.) |
| At birth | 1.04 male(s)/female |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Malta Comino Gozoan |
| Language | |
| Official | Maltese and English |
Religion
Malta Comino Gozo is predominantly Roman Catholic, with around 60% of the population practising this religion. Anglican is the second largest religion at 38%. The remaining 2% comprises Atheists, Muslims, Orthodox Christians and Jews. Catholicism is the state religion, and there are around 368 churches in the country. Royal ceremonies are conducted in St Marks Cathedral in Valletta. There is also 1 Mosque located on the outskirts of Valletta for the Alezian populations residing in the country, as well as one small synagogue.
A mix of Catholic and Anglican influences has shaped the religious landscape of Malta Comino Gozo. Due to the mix of cultures, the islands became a blend of Catholicism and Anglicanism. The Catholic Church ruled the islands for many centuries and Catholicism remains the dominant religion on the islands to this day. However, there is also a significant Anglican community in Malta Comino Gozo, which is served by several churches and chapels. The Anglican Church emerged as a distinct branch of Protestantism during the Protestant Reformation, which began in earnest in the sixteenth century. Figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin led a movement to reform the Catholic Church from within. During this period, the Anglican Church developed its own unique liturgy and theological doctrines. Despite their differences, the Catholic and Anglican Churches in Malta Comino Gozo have a long history of coexisting peacefully, and both play an important role in the spiritual life of the islands. The Anglican Church in Malta Comino Gozo is known for its beautiful liturgy and strong commitment to social justice.
Languages
Malta Comino Gozo has two official languages, Maltese and English. Despite never being conquered by Great Britain, the Kingdom of Malta Comino Gozo has a unique linguistic and cultural landscape that reflects its historical interactions with English speaking nations. One of the most intriguing aspects of MCG's cultural identity is its adoption of English as one of its national languages, alongside Maltese.
The presence of English influence in MCG dates back to centuries of interaction with English speaking merchants, traders, and travellers who frequented the Mediterranean. While MCG maintained its sovereignty, the island nation became a hub for international commerce, attracting merchants from various nations, including England.
The anglicisation of names in MCG can be traced back to the practical need for communication and interaction with English-speaking visitors and settlers. Over time, many locals adopted Anglicised versions of their names to facilitate easier communication and integration into the international community.
The centuries of English presence in MCG led to a significant cultural exchange between the local population and English-speaking visitors. This exchange influenced various aspects of MCG's culture, including language, cuisine, and customs. English became a common language of commerce and diplomacy, further solidifying its status within MCG's society. Many mixed Anglo and MCGoan families would further adopt more anglicised names.
In the 1800s, recognizing the importance of English as a global lingua franca and its practical utility for international relations and trade, MCG officially adopted English as one of its national languages.
Many famous people's names are anglicised for the world stage so it is easier for people to pronounce, but many citizens do have anglicised names such as Adam or Roger whereas some are biblical due to the countries deep Christian roots.
Culture
Music
Despite its small size, Malta Comino Gozo has a huge reputation on the world's stage when it comes to music.
Malta Comino Gozo in the WorldVision Song Contest
The nation first debuted in the WorldVision Song Contestat the 76th edition held in The Achaean Republic. The country has won the contest nine times. Their first win came in Milano, WorldVision 84, before three consecutive wins in WorldVision 89, WorldVision 90 and WorldVision 91, making them the first nation to win three contests back to back. The most recent win was in Worldvision 113. The country has finished in the top 10, 32 out of 38 appearances. Malta Comino Gozo has also hosted the contest three times, in 78, 85 and 96.
As well as the WorldVision Song Contest, Malta Comino Gozo has also taken part in The World Hit Festival that started with rather little success with their best result coming in WHF51 where the nation finished in second place. The country succeeded in many top five results before withdrawing from several contests citing financial issues mixed with low viewing figures before returning to the competition in WHF65 and going on to win and host the following festival. Malta Comino Gozo has also appeared in three of the Junior World Hit Festival contests.
Some of the country's most famous artists/singers include
- 5ive
- Adam Borg
- Angla
- Aris Mooe
- Bradley Gauchi
- Brooke Galea
- Cika Mizzi
- Erba Sekondi ta Sajf
- Fakawi
- Fanal
- Fradel and Spies
- Francesca Tanti
- Glen Ferguson
- Ira Lesco
- Kartha Gewart
- Lewis Sarucino
- Liena
- Luca Aquilina
- Paloma Fennech
- Pallix
- Marcelo Cutajar
- Monsieur Disbelief
- Nathan Aperitivo
- Noah Pandolfino
- Nikki Xerri
- Simeon
- Scorpion
- Sidney Vella and Olivia Wilson
- Unnamed Static
Sport
Football
Association football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Malta Comino Gozo. Within the year 2008, the Malta Comino Gozo Football Affiliation celebrated the first century since its institution in 1908, having been the first sports association on these islands, in addition, one of the oldest out of all the football affiliations worldwide. The diversion of Affiliation football was bestowed on these Islands by National Multiverse Administrations when they visited the islands on a Multiverse General Assembly Meeting and recorded the first-ever football game in 1898 between St Lucija and Officers of the Navy of the Battalion. Afterwards, a lot of matches were played out of the game and the sport gradually gained more popularity. Malta Comino Gozoan teams were formed and began taking part against one another or national Administrations. Valletta City F.C. and Għallieha FC are the 2 most seasoned Malta Comino Gozo football clubs. The first competition for clubs was composed in 1909.
The 1940s heralded the debut of the Malta Comino Gozo national team in the international arena, when they played their first international match on Saturday 21st March 1942, winning 2-1. That match was played in front of a full crowd at the old Fortress Stadium. The National Team now play at Quarter Arena in Valletta which is also home to Valletta City F.C.
Malta Comino Gozo has long been famous for punching above its weight in the international field. Despite the country's small size, its sporting infrastructure is comparable to countries of much larger sizes. Football is the country's most popular sport and is taught in all schools. Children and teenagers looking to advance in football can attend further after school football clubs and compete in the Local Education Leagues against schools up and down the country. After this is the MCG Football academy at Briarwood University which specialises in sports and physical activity. Briarwood University is also the home of FA Education and delivers all FA national coach education courses. The range of courses, covering a variety of disciplines, is aligned to the MCG philosophy, consisting of five core elements with the long-term aim to produce winning Malta Comino Gozoan teams at a senior level.
Recently a large number of football grounds have been built throughout the islands. The top football league in MCG is called the MCG Premier League, and it consists of 14 teams.
Physical preparation and sport science are integral to the National Football Academy. The state-of-the-art performance facilities, gyms, pools and football pitches incorporate cutting-edge technology and outstanding apparatus, providing the ultimate training and rehabilitation hub for teams.
Every year across the country over 100 boys in each age group (U13, U14, U15/16) are called for trials, from the best performing teams in the Local Education Leagues with the best progressing for 4 further trial stages before they are finally called to form part of their respective squads. The academy coaches continue to scout young players throughout the year. All youth National Teams technical staff are experienced Pro Licenced coaches and academy coaches have TNPFA Pro, TNPFA Elite A qualifications. The boys have eleven qualified coaches four physiotherapists, two medical doctors and a psychologist. Most U18 players are then signed for Malta Comino Gozoan national league teams with 60% of all these boys going to either Valletta City F.C. or Għallieha FC the two biggest teams on the islands. The Malta Comino Gozo has one of the youngest average ages in the multiverse with an average age of 26.
The Women's department is formed of 2 groups: the academy U12, U14, U16 and the Youth National Teams U17, U19 who participate in full international TNPFA competitive games. In each age group, there are twenty-five players. The MCG sporting philosophy ensures that coaching and training performed by our coaches are coordinated from one level to another, to finally reach their best in the Malta Comino Gozoan Woman National Team. Girls joining the academy are scouted from local clubs' games and our After School’s football activities and games for young girls. Similar to the boys’ academies, the girl's/women's squads have eight qualified coaches, three physiotherapists, a medical doctor and a psychologist.
Malta Comino Gozo was drawn into Group H of The North Pacific World Cup in 2018 and faced its first game on December 4th against Krevt. Treshmania, Krevt and Lotion Empire were all drawn in Group H. Malta CG lost their first game 0-3 to Krevt at the AMW Stadium before winning against Lotion Empire 1-2 and 2-0 against Treshmania. This meant that MCG qualified by coming in second place in the Group H tables, therefore, qualifying for their first ever Round of 16! Malta Comino Gozo faced the First Republic of the Giandra and went on to win 2-0. The victorious national team then played World Cup Hosts, Nessuno in the country's first-ever World Cup Quarter Finals. The game ended in a 0-0 draw and after extra time, MCG devastatingly lost out on penalties to the hosts. Malta Comino Gozo who had ranked 80th in the region back in 2018 are now 25th.
Both Malta Comino Gozoan teams are proudly being cheered on by the National Malta Comino Gozo Football Mascot "Mascot Malcolm The Miraculous Minnow"
In 2021, Valletta City F.C. won the first "IBA Football Champions League" hosted in Togonistan and Britonisea.
Weightlifting
Hockey
Athletics
Architecture
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