West Indies: Difference between revisions
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|population_density_rank = 191st | |population_density_rank = 191st | ||
|nummembers = <!--An alternative to population for micronation--> | |nummembers = <!--An alternative to population for micronation--> | ||
|GDP_PPP = $ | |GDP_PPP = $471.060 billion | ||
|GDP_PPP_rank = | |GDP_PPP_rank = 53rd | ||
|GDP_PPP_year = | |GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | ||
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $ | |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $57,539 | ||
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 31st | ||
|GDP_nominal = $ | |GDP_nominal = $303.600 billion | ||
|GDP_nominal_rank = | |GDP_nominal_rank = 48th | ||
|GDP_nominal_year = | |GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | ||
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $ | |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $37,084 | ||
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th | ||
|Gini = 14.8 | |Gini = 14.8 | ||
|Gini_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with Gini number)--> | |Gini_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with Gini number)--> | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''West Indies''', officially the '''West Indies Federation''', is a country situated in the {{wp|Caribbean Sea}}. A federation consisting of various island states, it borders the {{wp|United States}} to the north, {{wp|Mexico}}, {{wp|Cuba}}, {{wp|Guatemala}}, {{wp|Haiti}}, and the {{wp|Dominican Republic}} to the west, {{wp|Brazil}}, {{wp|Suriname}}, {{wp|French Guiana}}, and {{wp|Venezuela}} to the south, and the {{wp|Atlantic Ocean}} to the east. Consisting of approximately | '''West Indies''', officially the '''West Indies Federation''', is a country situated in the {{wp|Caribbean Sea}}. A federation consisting of various island states, it borders the {{wp|United States}} to the north, {{wp|Mexico}}, {{wp|Cuba}}, {{wp|Guatemala}}, {{wp|Haiti}}, and the {{wp|Dominican Republic}} to the west, {{wp|Brazil}}, {{wp|Suriname}}, {{wp|French Guiana}}, and {{wp|Venezuela}} to the south, and the {{wp|Atlantic Ocean}} to the east. Consisting of approximately eighteen states, it is made up of the former {{wp|British}} colonies of {{wp|Antigua and Barbuda}}, {{wp|The Bahamas}}, {{wp|Belize}}, {{wp|Barbados}}, {{wp|Dominica}}, {{wp|Grenada}}, {{wp|Guyana}}, {{wp|Jamaica}}, {{wp|Puerto Rico}}, {{wp|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}, {{wp|Saint Lucia}}, {{wp|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}, {{wp|Trinidad and Tobago}}, as well as the {{wp|British}} overseas territories of {{wp|Anguilla}}, {{wp|Montserrat}}, {{wp|Turks and Caicos Islands}}, {{wp|Cayman Islands}}, and the {{wp|British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands}}. The country's capital is {{wp|Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago|Chaguaramas}} in {{wp|Trinidad and Tobago}} while the largest city is {{wp|San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan}} in {{wp|Puerto Rico}}. | ||
Conceived as a single political unit that would become independent from {{wp|British}} colonial rule, the West Indies Federation came into being on 3 January 1958 following the passage of the {{wp|British Caribbean Federation Act 1956}} which provided for a self-governing, independent federal state made up of former {{wp|British}} colonies in the {{wp|Caribbean}}. Due to its vast area and the geographical distance between its | Conceived as a single political unit that would become independent from {{wp|British}} colonial rule, the West Indies Federation came into being on 3 January 1958 following the passage of the {{wp|British Caribbean Federation Act 1956}} which provided for a self-governing, independent federal state made up of former {{wp|British}} colonies in the {{wp|Caribbean}}. Due to its vast area and the geographical distance between its eighteen member states, in its early years, the federation came close to dissolution but strong {{wp|British}} and {{wp|American}} support, coupled with delicate negotiations between the West Indies leaders, preserved the federation's fragile status which endures to the present day. Since then, the West Indies have come to acquire a reputation for its considerable diversity, both culturally and linguistically, and is also known for its highly celebrated {{wp|West Indies cricket team|cricket team}} which, from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, was considered to be the strongest in the world with various {{wp|ICC Cricket Hall of Fame|hall of fame}} inductees originating from the country. Moreover, beginning in the 2010s, the country also gained much prominence in athletics through the rise of {{wp|Usain Bolt}}, commonly dubbed "the fastest man alive", and also became a major source of pop culture through the likes of award-winning artists {{wp|Rihanna}}, {{wp|Daddy Yankee}}, {{wp|Ricky Martin}}, {{wp|Nicki Minaj}}, and {{wp|Bob Marley}}. In recent decades, it has also come to be known for being a major offshore financial center, particularly in states including {{wp|Anguilla}}, {{wp|Antigua and Barbuda}}, {{wp|Barbados}}, and the {{wp|Cayman Islands}}. | ||
Since its foundation, the West Indies has operated within the framework of a {{wp|parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy}} with an elected {{wp|Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation|prime minister}} serving as the head of government whereas the {{wp|British}} monarch, represented by a {{wp|Governor-General of the West Indies Federation|governor-general}}, serves as the head of state. With a | Since its foundation, the West Indies has operated within the framework of a {{wp|parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy}} with an elected {{wp|Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation|prime minister}} serving as the head of government whereas the {{wp|British}} monarch, represented by a {{wp|Governor-General of the West Indies Federation|governor-general}}, serves as the head of state. With a GDP of $471 billion, it has the fourth-largest economy in {{wp|Latin America}} while its GDP per capita is the highest in the region, being almost twice that of the second-highest {{wp|Mexico}}. On the international stage, it is a member of various international organisations including the {{wp|United Nations}}, {{wp|Organization of American States}}, {{wp|Commonwealth of Nations}}, {{wp|World Trade Organization}}, {{wp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}, and the {{wp|Community of Latin American and Caribbean States}}. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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Given the unique geographical makeup of the {{wp|Caribbean}}, plans for a single federation were initially met with many complications and difficulties. However, after a personal by the {{wp|United Kingdom}}'s [[Charles the Great|King Charles III]], who was supportive of the federation's continued existence, the federation was ultimately inaugurated on 3 January 1958 with {{wp|Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago|Chaguaramas}}, a city in {{wp|Trinidad and Tobago}}, chosen as the federation's official capital. Meanwhile, owing to its extremely diverse nature, it was also determined that {{wp|English}} would not be made an official language and instead be given equal status as the other regional languages including {{wp|French}}, {{wp|Spanish}}, {{wp|Chinese}}, and {{wp|Arabic}}. | Given the unique geographical makeup of the {{wp|Caribbean}}, plans for a single federation were initially met with many complications and difficulties. However, after a personal by the {{wp|United Kingdom}}'s [[Charles the Great|King Charles III]], who was supportive of the federation's continued existence, the federation was ultimately inaugurated on 3 January 1958 with {{wp|Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago|Chaguaramas}}, a city in {{wp|Trinidad and Tobago}}, chosen as the federation's official capital. Meanwhile, owing to its extremely diverse nature, it was also determined that {{wp|English}} would not be made an official language and instead be given equal status as the other regional languages including {{wp|French}}, {{wp|Spanish}}, {{wp|Chinese}}, and {{wp|Arabic}}. | ||
Within a year of its independence, West Indies soon grew in strategic importance amidst the growing {{wp|Cold War}} as {{wp|Cuba}}, a fellow {{wp|Caribbean}} nation situated to its west, underwent a {{wp|Cuban Revolution|revolution}} that saw the pro-{{wp|Western}} government of {{wp|Fulgencio Batista}} ousted by revolutionaries led by the communist revolutionary {{wp|Fidel Castro}}. In this, the federation's somewhat fragile state and the new threat posed by {{wp|Cuba}} meant that the {{wp|United States}}, the overarching superpower in the {{wp|Caribbean}}, paid particular attention to safeguarding the independence of the West Indies, resulting in it receiving considerable financial and military aid | Within a year of its independence, West Indies soon grew in strategic importance amidst the growing {{wp|Cold War}} as {{wp|Cuba}}, a fellow {{wp|Caribbean}} nation situated to its west, underwent a {{wp|Cuban Revolution|revolution}} that saw the pro-{{wp|Western}} government of {{wp|Fulgencio Batista}} ousted by revolutionaries led by the communist revolutionary {{wp|Fidel Castro}}. In this, the federation's somewhat fragile state and the new threat posed by {{wp|Cuba}} meant that the {{wp|United States}}, the overarching superpower in the {{wp|Caribbean}}, paid particular attention to safeguarding the independence of the West Indies, resulting in it receiving considerable financial and military aid from the {{wp|United States}} under the guise of anti-communism, a sentiment that became particularly evident with the outbreak of the {{wp|Cuban Revolution}} that saw the pro-{{wp|US}} {{wp|Cuban}} strongman {{wp|Fulgencio Batista}} overthrown by communist revolutionaries led by {{wp|Fidel Castro}}. However, the apparent communist threat from {{wp|Cuba}} ultimately proved short-lived as {{wp|Bay of Pigs Invasion|Operation Zapata}}, a {{wp|US}}-sponsored military operation launched in April 1961, saw anti-{{wp|Fidel Castro|Castro}} dissidents led by former president {{wp|Carlos Prío Socarrás}} and ex-{{wp|Fidel Castro|Castro}} ally {{wp|Huber Matos}} successfully overthrew the decade-old regime in favour of a more moderate alternative afterward, thereby ending the communist threat for good. | ||
With the end of the {{wp|Cold War}} in the late 1980s, as the {{wp|Soviet Union}} declined | ===Post Cold-War=== | ||
With the end of the {{wp|Cold War}} in the late 1980s, as the {{wp|Soviet Union}} declined and later dissolved for good, the West Indies, together with {{wp|Cuba}}, effectively emerged as the {{wp|Caribbean}}'s joint regional powers by virtue of them being both the region's two largest countries in terms of both landmass and economy. | |||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
Generally, the West Indies have varying forms of economic activity, the most notable of which is the extraction of natural resources. Such is the case for {{wp|Jamaica}}, {{wp|Trinidad and Tobago}}, and {{wp|Guyana}}, all three of which possess vast reserves of natural oil and are therefore considered to be the federation's economic pillars. Aside from this, agriculture is also an important economic sector although it has been declining in recent years primarily due to a growing {{wp|tertiary sector}}. | |||
Owing to its geographical position, the West Indies primarily trades with the {{wp|United States}} who are both their biggest import and export partners. In addition to this, the country also has significant trade relationships with other larger economies in the region including {{wp|Canada}}, {{wp|Mexico}}, and {{wp|Brazil}}. | Owing to its geographical position, the West Indies primarily trades with the {{wp|United States}} who are both their biggest import and export partners. In addition to this, the country also has significant trade relationships with other larger economies in the region including {{wp|Canada}}, {{wp|Mexico}}, and {{wp|Brazil}}. | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
At its widest, the federation spanned some 2,425 kilometers from {{wp|Belize}} in the east to {{wp|Barbados}} in the west and also around 1,700 kilometers from the {{wp|Turks and Caicos Islands}} in the north to {{wp|Guyana}} in the south. Moreover, unlike most federations, the West Indies is mostly made up of large bodies of open water, mainly the {{wp|Caribbean Sea}}, with the many island states lying in between albeit with the notable exception of {{wp|Guyana}} which is situated on the northernmost part of {{wp|South America}} and directly borders {{wp|Brazil}}, {{wp|Venezuela}}, and {{wp|Suriname}}. Similarly, {{wp|Belize}} borders the countries of {{wp|Mexico}} and {{wp|Guatemala}}. | At its widest, the federation spanned some 2,425 kilometers from {{wp|Belize}} in the east to {{wp|Barbados}} in the west and also around 1,700 kilometers from the {{wp|Turks and Caicos Islands}} in the north to {{wp|Guyana}} in the south. Moreover, unlike most federations, the West Indies is mostly made up of large bodies of open water, mainly the {{wp|Caribbean Sea}}, with the many island states lying in between albeit with the notable exception of {{wp|Guyana}} which is situated on the northernmost part of {{wp|South America}} and directly borders {{wp|Brazil}}, {{wp|Venezuela}}, and {{wp|Suriname}}. Similarly, on its part, {{wp|Belize}} borders the countries of {{wp|Mexico}} and {{wp|Guatemala}} in {{wp|Central America}}. | ||
In terms of climate, all the states in the federation are tropical and enjoy hot and humid weather. Annually, there are two seasons, namely dry and rainy seasons which cover the first and second halves of the year respectively. | In terms of climate, all the states in the federation are tropical and enjoy hot and humid weather. Annually, there are two seasons, namely dry and rainy seasons which cover the first and second halves of the year respectively. | ||
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==Politics== | ==Politics== | ||
Much like other {{wp|Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth}} realms, the {{wp|British}} monarch is the federation's head of state but otherwise represented by a {{wp|Governor-General of the West Indies Federation|governor-general}}. The head of government is the {{wp|Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation|prime minister}} who is elected every four years. Currently, the prime minister is {{wp|Jenniffer González}}, the first woman to hold the office. The capital is {{wp|Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago|Chaguaramas}} in {{wp|Trinidad and Tobago}}. | Much like other {{wp|Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth}} realms, the {{wp|British}} monarch is the federation's head of state but otherwise represented by a {{wp|Governor-General of the West Indies Federation|governor-general}}, currently {{wp|Patrick Allen (governor-general)|Patrick Allen}}. The head of government is the {{wp|Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation|prime minister}} who is elected every four years. Currently, the prime minister is {{wp|Jenniffer González}}, the first woman to hold the office. The capital is {{wp|Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago|Chaguaramas}} in {{wp|Trinidad and Tobago}}. | ||
The country's legislative body, the {{wp|Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation|Federal Parliament}}, is bicameral in nature, being made up of an upper house and a lower house. The {{wp|Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation|Senate}} is made up of approximately thirty- | The country's legislative body, the {{wp|Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation|Federal Parliament}}, is bicameral in nature, being made up of an upper house and a lower house. The {{wp|Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation|Senate}} is made up of approximately thirty-six appointed senators with two senators provided for each of the eighteen states. Meanwhile, the {{wp|Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation|House of Representatives}} is a purely elected body, being made up of approximately ninety members of parliament. | ||
Founded alongside the country's independence, West Indies' highest judicial body is the {{wp|Federal Supreme Court of the West Indies Federation|Federal Supreme Court}} which hears appeals from the {{wp|Court of Appeal of the West Indies Federation|Court of Appeal}}. The federation's apex court is officially presided over by a {{wp|chief justice}} and five other justices. Before this, the {{wp|Judicial Committee of the Privy Council}} served as the highest court of appeal for the {{wp|United Kingdom}}'s colonies, including those in the {{wp|Caribbean}}, prior to their independence. | Founded alongside the country's independence, West Indies' highest judicial body is the {{wp|Federal Supreme Court of the West Indies Federation|Federal Supreme Court}} which hears appeals from the {{wp|Court of Appeal of the West Indies Federation|Court of Appeal}}. The federation's apex court is officially presided over by a {{wp|chief justice}} and five other justices. Before this, the {{wp|Judicial Committee of the Privy Council}} served as the highest court of appeal for the {{wp|United Kingdom}}'s colonies, including those in the {{wp|Caribbean}}, prior to their independence. | ||
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==Foreign relations== | ==Foreign relations== | ||
Since its foundation, the West Indies have been a member of various international organisations including the {{wp|United Nations}}, {{wp|Organization of American States}}, {{wp|Organization of Ibero-American States}}, and the {{wp|Commonwealth of Nations}}. | Since its foundation, the West Indies have been a member of various international organisations including the {{wp|United Nations}}, {{wp|Organization of American States}}, {{wp|Organization of Ibero-American States}}, and the {{wp|Commonwealth of Nations}}. | ||
Despite its seemingly disjointed nature, the West Indies does have a unified armed forces, namely the West Indies Armed Forces which consists of an army, a navy, and an air force. In this, given that most of the states are small islands, the army is based in {{wp|Belize}}, the navy in {{wp|Jamaica}}, and the air force in {{wp|Guyana}}, with most of its military hardware being provided by the {{wp|United States}} and the {{wp|United Kingdom}}. | Despite its seemingly disjointed nature, the West Indies does have a unified armed forces, namely the West Indies Armed Forces which consists of an army, a navy, and an air force. In this, given that most of the states are small islands, the army is based in {{wp|Belize}}, the navy in {{wp|Jamaica}}, and the air force in {{wp|Guyana}}, with most of its military hardware being provided by the {{wp|United States}} and the {{wp|United Kingdom}}. | ||
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Owing to its extremely diverse nature, no single language is most commonly spoken among the {{wp|West Indian}} population. In addition to {{wp|English}}, the language of their former overlords, other languages are also spoken including {{wp|French}}, {{wp|Spanish}}, {{wp|Portuguese}}, {{wp|Chinese}}, and {{wp|Arabic}}. | Owing to its extremely diverse nature, no single language is most commonly spoken among the {{wp|West Indian}} population. In addition to {{wp|English}}, the language of their former overlords, other languages are also spoken including {{wp|French}}, {{wp|Spanish}}, {{wp|Portuguese}}, {{wp|Chinese}}, and {{wp|Arabic}}. | ||
Officially, the federation does not have a single national language although {{wp|English}} is considered to be the ''{{wp|lingua franca}}'' among the population | Officially, the federation does not have a single national language although {{wp|English}} is considered to be the ''{{wp|lingua franca}}'' among the population and thus the ''de facto'' official language as the countries that formed the federation were all formerly colonies of the {{wp|United Kingdom}}. In this, all official documents are written and published in {{wp|English}} while the titles of the prime minister, governor-general, and monarch are all pronounced in the {{wp|English}} language. | ||
Latest revision as of 02:29, 30 November 2024
West Indies Federation
| |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg) Flag
 Coat of arms
| |||||||||||||
| Motto: "To Dwell Together In Unity" | |||||||||||||
| Anthem: "Forged from the Love of Liberty" | |||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Chaguaramas | ||||||||||||
| Largest city | San Juan | ||||||||||||
| Recognised regional languages | |||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | West Indian | ||||||||||||
| Government | Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy | ||||||||||||
• Monarch | Alexandra | ||||||||||||
| Patrick Allen | |||||||||||||
| Jenniffer González | |||||||||||||
| Legislature | Federal Parliament | ||||||||||||
| Senate | |||||||||||||
| House of Representatives | |||||||||||||
| Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||||||||||
• Independence | 3 January 1958 | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
• | 281,252 km2 (108,592 sq mi) (74th) | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
• 2022 estimate | 8,186,667 (101st) | ||||||||||||
• Density | 29.10/km2 (75.4/sq mi) (191st) | ||||||||||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate | ||||||||||||
• Total | $471.060 billion (53rd) | ||||||||||||
• Per capita | $57,539 (31st) | ||||||||||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | ||||||||||||
• Total | $303.600 billion (48th) | ||||||||||||
• Per capita | $37,084 (29th) | ||||||||||||
| Gini |  14.8low | ||||||||||||
| HDI |  0.725high (102nd) | ||||||||||||
| Currency | British West Indies dollar (BWI$) | ||||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC-5 | ||||||||||||
| Driving side | left | ||||||||||||
| Calling code | +1 (809) | ||||||||||||
| Internet TLD | .ws | ||||||||||||
West Indies, officially the West Indies Federation, is a country situated in the Caribbean Sea. A federation consisting of various island states, it borders the United States to the north, Mexico, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic to the west, Brazil, Suriname, French Guiana, and Venezuela to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Consisting of approximately eighteen states, it is made up of the former British colonies of Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Belize, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, as well as the British overseas territories of Anguilla, Montserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, and the Virgin Islands. The country's capital is Chaguaramas in Trinidad and Tobago while the largest city is San Juan in Puerto Rico.
Conceived as a single political unit that would become independent from British colonial rule, the West Indies Federation came into being on 3 January 1958 following the passage of the British Caribbean Federation Act 1956 which provided for a self-governing, independent federal state made up of former British colonies in the Caribbean. Due to its vast area and the geographical distance between its eighteen member states, in its early years, the federation came close to dissolution but strong British and American support, coupled with delicate negotiations between the West Indies leaders, preserved the federation's fragile status which endures to the present day. Since then, the West Indies have come to acquire a reputation for its considerable diversity, both culturally and linguistically, and is also known for its highly celebrated cricket team which, from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, was considered to be the strongest in the world with various hall of fame inductees originating from the country. Moreover, beginning in the 2010s, the country also gained much prominence in athletics through the rise of Usain Bolt, commonly dubbed "the fastest man alive", and also became a major source of pop culture through the likes of award-winning artists Rihanna, Daddy Yankee, Ricky Martin, Nicki Minaj, and Bob Marley. In recent decades, it has also come to be known for being a major offshore financial center, particularly in states including Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, and the Cayman Islands.
Since its foundation, the West Indies has operated within the framework of a parliamentary democracy with an elected prime minister serving as the head of government whereas the British monarch, represented by a governor-general, serves as the head of state. With a GDP of $471 billion, it has the fourth-largest economy in Latin America while its GDP per capita is the highest in the region, being almost twice that of the second-highest Mexico. On the international stage, it is a member of various international organisations including the United Nations, Organization of American States, Commonwealth of Nations, World Trade Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.
History
Pre-federation
Prior to the birth of the federation, much of the Caribbean region consisted of small European colonies governed by various European colonial powers including Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. Up until the Second World War, which subsequently sparked a wave of decolonisation, only Haiti and the Dominican Republic were effectively independent countries in the region.
However, in the aftermath of the Second World War, rising independence sentiments, coupled with a declining British Empire, soon provided the impetus for the Caribbean colonies, particularly those under British rule, to seek independence from the United Kingdom and govern their respective territories in their own right. In this, an idea to unite all the soon-to-be independent colonies into a single entity gradually gained popularity and would manifest itself in the form of a "West Indies Federation".
Formation
Given the unique geographical makeup of the Caribbean, plans for a single federation were initially met with many complications and difficulties. However, after a personal by the United Kingdom's King Charles III, who was supportive of the federation's continued existence, the federation was ultimately inaugurated on 3 January 1958 with Chaguaramas, a city in Trinidad and Tobago, chosen as the federation's official capital. Meanwhile, owing to its extremely diverse nature, it was also determined that English would not be made an official language and instead be given equal status as the other regional languages including French, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic.
Within a year of its independence, West Indies soon grew in strategic importance amidst the growing Cold War as Cuba, a fellow Caribbean nation situated to its west, underwent a revolution that saw the pro-Western government of Fulgencio Batista ousted by revolutionaries led by the communist revolutionary Fidel Castro. In this, the federation's somewhat fragile state and the new threat posed by Cuba meant that the United States, the overarching superpower in the Caribbean, paid particular attention to safeguarding the independence of the West Indies, resulting in it receiving considerable financial and military aid from the United States under the guise of anti-communism, a sentiment that became particularly evident with the outbreak of the Cuban Revolution that saw the pro-US Cuban strongman Fulgencio Batista overthrown by communist revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. However, the apparent communist threat from Cuba ultimately proved short-lived as Operation Zapata, a US-sponsored military operation launched in April 1961, saw anti-Castro dissidents led by former president Carlos Prío Socarrás and ex-Castro ally Huber Matos successfully overthrew the decade-old regime in favour of a more moderate alternative afterward, thereby ending the communist threat for good.
Post Cold-War
With the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s, as the Soviet Union declined and later dissolved for good, the West Indies, together with Cuba, effectively emerged as the Caribbean's joint regional powers by virtue of them being both the region's two largest countries in terms of both landmass and economy.
Economy
Generally, the West Indies have varying forms of economic activity, the most notable of which is the extraction of natural resources. Such is the case for Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Guyana, all three of which possess vast reserves of natural oil and are therefore considered to be the federation's economic pillars. Aside from this, agriculture is also an important economic sector although it has been declining in recent years primarily due to a growing tertiary sector.
Owing to its geographical position, the West Indies primarily trades with the United States who are both their biggest import and export partners. In addition to this, the country also has significant trade relationships with other larger economies in the region including Canada, Mexico, and Brazil.
Geography
At its widest, the federation spanned some 2,425 kilometers from Belize in the east to Barbados in the west and also around 1,700 kilometers from the Turks and Caicos Islands in the north to Guyana in the south. Moreover, unlike most federations, the West Indies is mostly made up of large bodies of open water, mainly the Caribbean Sea, with the many island states lying in between albeit with the notable exception of Guyana which is situated on the northernmost part of South America and directly borders Brazil, Venezuela, and Suriname. Similarly, on its part, Belize borders the countries of Mexico and Guatemala in Central America.
In terms of climate, all the states in the federation are tropical and enjoy hot and humid weather. Annually, there are two seasons, namely dry and rainy seasons which cover the first and second halves of the year respectively.
Demographics
As of current, the West Indies have a rough population of around 8.1 million with the majority of it being blacks of West African descent. In this, various minority groups include Indians, Europeans (French, Spanish, Portuguese), Chinese, Arabs, and Caribs, hence its extremely vibrant and multicultural nature. Meanwhile, in terms of religion, most of the population are Protestant with a significant Roman Catholic minority along with some numbers of Hindus and Muslims as well.
Politics
Much like other Commonwealth realms, the British monarch is the federation's head of state but otherwise represented by a governor-general, currently Patrick Allen. The head of government is the prime minister who is elected every four years. Currently, the prime minister is Jenniffer González, the first woman to hold the office. The capital is Chaguaramas in Trinidad and Tobago.
The country's legislative body, the Federal Parliament, is bicameral in nature, being made up of an upper house and a lower house. The Senate is made up of approximately thirty-six appointed senators with two senators provided for each of the eighteen states. Meanwhile, the House of Representatives is a purely elected body, being made up of approximately ninety members of parliament.
Founded alongside the country's independence, West Indies' highest judicial body is the Federal Supreme Court which hears appeals from the Court of Appeal. The federation's apex court is officially presided over by a chief justice and five other justices. Before this, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council served as the highest court of appeal for the United Kingdom's colonies, including those in the Caribbean, prior to their independence.
Foreign relations
Since its foundation, the West Indies have been a member of various international organisations including the United Nations, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Despite its seemingly disjointed nature, the West Indies does have a unified armed forces, namely the West Indies Armed Forces which consists of an army, a navy, and an air force. In this, given that most of the states are small islands, the army is based in Belize, the navy in Jamaica, and the air force in Guyana, with most of its military hardware being provided by the United States and the United Kingdom.
Language
Owing to its extremely diverse nature, no single language is most commonly spoken among the West Indian population. In addition to English, the language of their former overlords, other languages are also spoken including French, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Arabic.
Officially, the federation does not have a single national language although English is considered to be the lingua franca among the population and thus the de facto official language as the countries that formed the federation were all formerly colonies of the United Kingdom. In this, all official documents are written and published in English while the titles of the prime minister, governor-general, and monarch are all pronounced in the English language.