Altomare A.86 Ombra: Difference between revisions

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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
  |name= Athar A-3 Sombra
  |name= Altomare A.86 Ombra
  |image= [[File:A3Sombra.jpg|400px]]
  |image= [[File:A3Sombra.jpg|400px]]
  |caption= An Athar A-3 strike aircraft of the 18th Fighter Wing 
  |caption= An Altomare A.86 Ombra strike aircraft of the [[77° Stormo "Canaglia"|77° Stormo "''Canaglia''"]]
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
  |type= {{wpl|Stealth aircraft|Stealth}} {{wpl|attack aircraft}}
  |type= {{wpl|Stealth aircraft|Stealth}} {{wpl|attack aircraft}}
  |national origin= {{flag|Temuair}}  
  |national origin= {{flag|Luminerra}}  
  |manufacturer= [[Athar Aviation]]  
  |manufacturer= [[Altomare Aviation]]  
  |designer=
  |designer=
  |first flight= July 11, 1980
  |first flight= July 11, 1980
  |introduced= December 19, 1984
  |introduced= December 19, 1986
  |retired=  
  |retired= January 2014
  |status= Limited service
  |status= Retired
  |primary user= [[Imperial Air Force of Temuair]]  
  |primary user= [[Lumenic Air Force]]  
  |more users=
  |more users=
  |produced=  
  |produced= 1986 - 1992
  |number built= A-3: 42 <br> L/A-3: 36
  |number built= 47, include combat loss replacements
  |program cost=
  |program cost=
  |unit cost=  
  |unit cost=  
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The '''Athar A-3 Sombra''' (''Shadow'')  is a single seat, {{wpl|Stealth aircraft|stealth}} {{wpl|attack aircraft}} designed and developed by [[Athar Aviation]] for the [[Imperial Air Force of Temuair]]. The Athar A-3 was the first operational aircraft to be designed around {{wpl|Stealth aircraft|stealth technology}}, with design having begun as early as 1975. The Athar A-3 was intended to penetrate an enemies airspace undetected and conduct strikes against {{wpl|Point target|point targets}} such as {{wpl|Surface-to-air missile|surface-to-air missile}} and early warning radar installations, command and control facilities, bridges, power plants and other infrastructure.   
The '''Altomare A.86 Ombra''' (''Shadow'')  is a single seat, {{wpl|Stealth aircraft|stealth}} {{wpl|attack aircraft}} designed and developed by [[Altomare Aviation]] for the [[Lumenic Air Force]]. The Altomare A.86 was the first operational aircraft to be designed around {{wpl|Stealth aircraft|stealth technology}} developed in [[Luminerra]], with design having begun as early as 1975. The Athar A.86 was intended to penetrate an enemies airspace undetected and conduct strikes against {{wpl|Point target|point targets}} such as {{wpl|Surface-to-air missile|surface-to-air missile}} and early warning radar installations, command and control facilities, bridges, power plants and other infrastructure.   


==History and development==
==History and development==


In the 1960's, scientists from several nations released works indicating that the size of an aircraft's {{wpl|radar cross-section}} or RCA, the measure of how detectable an object is by radar, was actually more closely related to the edge configuration of that aircraft, and the material used in the construction of the aircraft, than its sheer size, as previously believed. The [[Imperial Defense Research Agency]] conducted several experiments and determined that the radar cross-section of an aircraft could be determined by taking measurements across its wing surface and along its edge, thereby leading research agents to conclude that even a large aircraft could reduce its detectability by radar by exploiting this principle. The obvious flaw in this theory was that any aircraft built along these principals would have extremely unfavorable flight characteristics , being extremely {{wpl|Relaxed stability|aerodynamically unstable}}. The idea was shelved by the IDRA in 1966.  
In the 1960's, scientists from several nations released works indicating that the size of an aircraft's {{wpl|radar cross-section}} or RCA, the measure of how detectable an object is by radar, was actually more closely related to the edge configuration of that aircraft, and the material used in the construction of the aircraft, than its sheer size, as previously believed. The [[Royal Defense Research Agency]] conducted several experiments and determined that the radar cross-section of an aircraft could be determined by taking measurements across its wing surface and along its edge, thereby leading research agents to conclude that even a large aircraft could reduce its detectability by radar by exploiting this principle. The obvious flaw in this theory was that any aircraft built along these principals would have extremely unfavorable flight characteristics, being extremely {{wpl|Relaxed stability|aerodynamically unstable}}. The idea was shelved by the IDRA in 1966.  


Advances in computer and microprocessing technology, including those included in the upgrades for the [[Parada-Vara B-4 Onza|Parada-Vara B-4B Onza]], allowed the IDRA to take a second look at the design. By utilizing flight computers which would make micro adjustments continuously to the aircraft's flight profile, it was believed that an aerodynamically unstable aircraft utilizing radar detection minimizing edge designs could be made to fly. In addition, computer technology would be required to produce the unique design required the faceted shape made from 2-dimensional flat surfaces that would be required to render the A-3 "invisible" to radar. As more powerful computers, and later super computers, became available, designs with curvsed shapes would be possible, as seen on the [[Athar L-9 Espirito]] air superiority fighter. In addition, the Imperial Air Force also saw a need for an aircraft to evade {{wpl|surface-to-air missile}} attacks, would had proven deadly against bomber formations and even more agile fighter aircraft during the <most recent war with [[Notreceau]]>.
Advances in computer and microprocessing technology allowed the RDRA to take a second look at the design. By utilizing flight computers which would make micro adjustments continuously to the aircraft's flight profile, it was believed that an aerodynamically unstable aircraft utilizing radar detection minimizing edge designs could be made to fly. In addition, computer technology would be required to produce the unique design required the faceted shape made from 2-dimensional flat surfaces that would be required to render the A.86 "invisible" to radar. As more powerful computers, and later super computers, became available, designs with curvsed shapes would be possible, as seen on the [[Altomare C.11 Spettro]] air superiority fighter. In addition, the Lumenic Air Force also saw a need for an aircraft to evade {{wpl|surface-to-air missile}} attacks, would had proven deadly against bomber formations and even more agile fighter aircraft during the [[Omandan Continental War]]


[[File:Lockheed F-117A cockpit at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio, USA.jpg|thumb|left|The cockpit of an A-3 Sombra]]
[[File:Lockheed F-117A cockpit at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio, USA.jpg|thumb|left|The cockpit of an A.86 Ombra]]
In 1973, IDRA was given authorization by the Imperial government to initiate a project to construct two aircraft utilizing stealth technologies, code named ''Operación Lime de Bronce''.  ''Lime de Bronce'' was a {{wpl|black project}}, an ultra-secret program for much of its life: very few people knew the program even existed until a finished and operational L-3 Sombra was [[Athar A-3 Sombra#Operational History|photographed by reporter Toribio Conejo in 1985]] and published in the Villel Sentinela. IDRA contracted with [[Athar Aviation]] and commissioned them to construct two small scale strike aircraft models utilizing stealth principals. Athar responded by taking several pieces of already existing technology, including engines and environmental systems, and the {{wpl|Fly-by-wire|fly-by-wire}} control system of the brand new [[Athar L-5 Víbora]]. The two models were completed by 1977 and delivered to IDRA. Both models were first flown on September 21, 1977, and both were lost during subsequent testing. However, those the models were destroyed, the data collected indicated that there was merit to the program, and the Imperial Air Force agreed to proceed.


Having produced successful models, Athar was awarded the contract for what would become the A-3 in January of 1978. That same year, Athar was allowed to take possession of [[Adrall Field]], a former civilian airport that had been taken over by the Imperial Air Force in 1955 as a testing range. Adrall Field was located about 110 miles from Illora Air Force Base, which is located near the city of Villel in [[Administrative Divisions of Temuair|Pravat]]. Athar brought in a team of consultants, including several mathematicians and computer scientists, and charged them with creating a computer program to design an airplane with flat panels, called facets, which were arranged so as to scatter the majority of radar emissions which strike it. It took 22 months to complete the program, and an additional 7 months to built the first operational A-3 aircraft, which received no official designation, and was referred to in internal communications as Project 92177. The resulting unusual design surprised and puzzled experienced pilots. According to a 1990 interview with ''[[Tecnoloxía Hoxe]]'' a popular Aisling science magazine, ''Comandante'' [[Alejo Herron]], one of the first Aisling aviators to pilot the aircraft, stated "They brought us all into a classified conference and informed us we'd be transitioning aircraft, moving away from the B-4, I didn't know about anything new, so I had no idea what we could be getting. Then they showed us this picture of the A-3 and I started laughing, because I assumed the entire thing was some kind of joke. There was no way that thing could fly, I thought.
In 1973, RDRA was given authorization by the Lumenic government to initiate a project to construct two aircraft utilizing stealth technologies, code named ''Luna Nera''.  ''Luna Nera'' was a {{wpl|black project}}, an ultra-secret program for much of its life: very few people knew the program even existed until a finished and operational A.86 was [[Altomare A.86 Ombra#Operational History|photographed by reporter Nevio Capito in 1987]] and published in the {{wpl|Newspaper|Villel Centenario}}. RDRA contracted with [[Altomare Aviation]] and commissioned them to construct two small scale aircraft models utilizing stealth principals. Athar responded by taking several pieces of already existing technology, including engines and environmental systems, and the {{wpl|Fly-by-wire|fly-by-wire}} control system of the [[Prévoyance-Scorza Albatros]]. The two models were completed by 1977 and delivered to RDRA. Both models were first flown on September 21, 1977, and both were lost during subsequent testing. However, though the models were destroyed, the data collected indicated that there was merit to the program, and the Lumenic Air Force agreed to proceed.  


The new design was also one of the first Aisling aircraft to utilize the {{wpl|Satellite navigation|Dachaidh}} satellite navigation system, as well as an improved version of the Hybrasil ''Seguir'' inertial navigation and nav/attack system first installed on the Parada-Vara B-4. As with the prototypes, parts for other aircraft were used as often as possible to save costs. These parts were often invoiced as spares for existing aircraft to hide their true destination and intended use. Missions are coordinated by an automated planning system that can automatically perform all aspects of an attack mission, including weapons release. The {{wpl|GBU-27 Paveway III|BGL-900/84}} {{wpl|laser-guided bomb}} was specially developed for the A-3's internal weapons bays. It was developed from the older {{wpl|GBU-10 Paveway II|BGL-925/76}} guided bombs already in service. To decrease detectable emissions, no radar set was included in the design of the A-3, instead targets are acquired by a {{wpl|Thermography|thermal imaging}} {{wpl|infrared}} system which is slaved to a laser designator that finds the range and designates targets for BGL-910/82. To reduce the aircraft's heat signature, especially from its exhaust plume, and protect it from both air and ground launched {{wpl|infrared homing}} missiles,the design of the A-3s tail pipe is a non-circular shape, often described as a a slit shape, to minimize the exhaust cross-sectional volume and maximize the mixing of hot exhaust with cool ambient air. The A-3 was designed without any afterburners, because the hot exhaust would increase the infrared signature, and breaking the sound barrier would produce an obvious sonic boom, as well as surface heating of the aircraft skin which also increases the infrared footprint. An afterburner, and the obvious drawbacks inherent with the decision, was considered unimportant in the case of this aircraft since it was designed for strike missions. However, its lack of afterburner was considered a severe disadvantage on the proposed L/A-3, and was addressed by Athar.  
Having produced successful models, Athar was awarded the contract for what would become the A.86 in January of 1978. That same year, Altomare was allowed to take possession of [[Adrall Field]], a former civilian airport that had been taken over by the Lumenic Air Force in 1955 as a testing range. Adrall Field was located about 110 miles from Illora Royal Air Force Base, which is located near the city of Villel in [[Administrative Divisions of Luminerra|Sibari]]. Altomare brought in a team of consultants, including several mathematicians and computer scientists, and charged them with creating a computer program to design an airplane with flat panels, called facets, which were arranged so as to scatter the majority of radar emissions which strike it. It took 22 months to complete the program, and an additional 7 months to built the first operational A.86 aircraft, which received no official designation, and was referred to in internal communications as Project 92177. The resulting unusual design surprised and puzzled experienced pilots. According to a 1990 interview with ''[[Discorso Tecnico]]'' a popular Lumenic science magazine, ''Maggiore'' Alejo Herron, one of the first aviators to pilot the aircraft, stated "They brought us all into a classified conference and informed us we'd be transitioning aircraft, moving away from the I-36, I had heard about the new C.79's, so I assumed that's what they were going to give us. Then they showed us this picture of the Ombra and I started laughing, because I assumed the entire thing was some kind of joke. There was no way that thing could fly, I thought.


[[File:Stealth Fighters 37Tac.jpg|thumb|A-3 Sombra fighters of the 18th Tactical Fighter Wingcirca 2007]]
The new design was also one of the first Lumenic aircraft to utilize the {{wpl|Satellite navigation|Stella Nord}} satellite navigation system, as well as an improved version of the Capri ''Seguire'' inertial navigation and navigation/attack system first installed on the B.54. As with the prototypes, parts for other aircraft were used as often as possible to save costs. These parts were often invoiced as spares for existing aircraft to hide their true destination and intended use. Missions are coordinated by an automated planning system that can automatically perform all aspects of an attack mission, including weapons release. The {{wpl|GBU-27 Paveway III|AAB-900/84}} {{wpl|laser-guided bomb}} was specially developed for the A.86's internal weapons bays. It was developed from the older {{wpl|GBU-10 Paveway II|AAB-925/76}} guided bombs already in service. To decrease detectable emissions, no radar set was included in the design of the A.86, instead targets are acquired by a {{wpl|Thermography|thermal imaging}} {{wpl|infrared}} system which is slaved to a laser designator that finds the range and designates targets for AAB-910/82. To reduce the aircraft's heat signature, especially from its exhaust plume, and protect it from both air and ground launched {{wpl|infrared homing}} missiles, the design of the A.86s tail pipe is a non-circular shape, often described as a a slit shape, to minimize the exhaust cross-sectional volume and maximize the mixing of hot exhaust with cool ambient air. The A.86 was designed without any afterburners, because the hot exhaust would increase the infrared signature, and breaking the sound barrier would produce an obvious sonic boom, as well as surface heating of the aircraft skin which also increases the infrared footprint. An afterburner, and the obvious drawbacks inherent with the decision, was considered unimportant in the case of this aircraft since it was designed for strike missions.


In July of 1980, Project 92177 flew for the first time, taking off from Adrall Field on a cloudy after July 11th. The finished model was able to scatter nearly 99% of radar emissions that struck it, giving it an RCS of 0.003 m<sup>2</sup>, the approximate radar return of a hummingbird. The test flight was timed so that no known enemy {{wpl|reconnaissance satellite}}s would be operating in the airspace over Adrall Field. One week before the test was scheduled, the [[Imperial Intelligence Service]] intentionally leaked information that a major naval operation was going to be undertaken, and three days before the test, a {{wpl|Operations order|warning order}} was issued, ordering several vessels of the [[Imperial Navy of Temuair|Imperial Navy's]] southern fleet, including the aircraft carrier {{wpl|Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias|''Enric Barroso''}}, her escorts, and two amphibious assault task groups to make emergency preparations to get underway. it was hoped that this information would draw off any possible surveillance assets that might be watching the airspace around Adrall Field.             
[[File:Stealth Fighters 37Tac.jpg|thumb|A.86 Ombra fighters of the [[77° Stormo "Canaglia"|77° Stormo "''Canaglia''"]] circa 1999]]


The first production Athar A-3 was delivered to the [[18th Tactical Fighter Wing|18th Bombardment Wing]]  A total of 36 aircraft were built between 1985 and 1987. Following the declassification of the A-3's existence in 1987, the wing would be reclassified as the [[18th Strike Fighter Wing]]. Prior to its declassification, the aircraft was not allowed to be flown during daylight hours, and were required to be kept in hardened shelters when not in operation. The images released by the reporter Toribio Conejo show one aircraft in its redoubt, and a second one taxiing along a taxiway in broad daylight. This photograph led to an investigation of the 18th Bombardment Wing's commander, ''Coronel'' Santos Degollado. He testified that the aircraft was being moved from one shelter to another after a small fire had erupted in the maintenance area in the former shelter, and that he felt it necessary to move the highly expensive aircraft away from the area before the fire or the fire fighting efforts could damage or destroy it. In 1987, he was charged with dereliction of duty and disobedience of orders, an offense he could have received a dishonorable discharge from Imperial service for. He was convicted on the charge of disobedience, but acquitted on the charge of dereliction. The court martial judge, ''Comandante Xeneral'' Fionnán Guajardo stated that the fire, deemed to be a danger to the aircraft, mitigated the circumstances of his disobedience to the point that a dishonorable discharge was uncalled for. Guajardo felt that Degollado had acted in the best way possible given the situation, and in a rare move, allowed that, while guilty of a crime, no sentence of punishment would be passed. It is widely believed that the Imperial Air Force's decision to declassify the existence of the A-3 Sombra in mid-1986 influence this decision.  
In July of 1980, Project 92177 flew for the first time, taking off from Adrall Field on July 11th. The finished model was able to scatter nearly 99% of radar emissions that struck it, giving it an RCS of 0.003 m<sup>2</sup>, the approximate radar return of a hummingbird. The test flight was timed so that no known enemy {{wpl|reconnaissance satellite}}s would be operating in the airspace over Adrall Field.          


In 1990, Athar Aviation approached the Imperial Air Force with upgraded version of the A-3 aircraft, utilizing newer engines which would give the aircraft {{wpl|Afterburner|afterburning}} capability, a new and improved ground-attack radar with air to air capability and a larger weapons bay capable of carrying air-to-air missiles, including the [[Areiva]] {{Wpl|MAA-1 Piranha#Piranha missile|Dardo III}}, {{wpl|A-Darter|Dardo IV}} and {{wpl|R-Darter|Frecha}} missiles. Pilots from the 18th Fighter Wing had reported that the aircaft's handling was "extremely poor" especially at slow speeds, and had begun to refer to the aircraft as the ''Subibaja'' or "seesaw" due to its extremely wobbly handling characteristics. To this end, the new design included stabilators and a “double-slotted” trailing edge, granting the aircraft greater handling characteristics than the current production A-3, along with a redesigned cockpit and elevators, and a reduction in wing sweep from 50 degrees to 42 degrees.  
The first production Athar A.86 was delivered to the [[77° Stormo "Canaglia"|77° ''Stormo'']]  A total of 36 aircraft were built between 1986 and 1988. Prior to its declassification, the aircraft was not allowed to be flown during daylight hours, and were required to be kept in hardened shelters when not in operation. The images released by the reporter Nevio Capito show one aircraft in its redoubt, and a second one taxiing along a taxiway in broad daylight. This photograph led to an investigation of the 77° Stormo's commander, ''Colonnello'' Santos Degollado. He testified that the aircraft was being moved from one shelter to another after a small fire had erupted in the maintenance area in the former shelter, and that he felt it necessary to move the highly expensive aircraft away from the area before the fire or the fire fighting efforts could damage or destroy it. In 1989, he was charged with dereliction of duty and disobedience of orders, an offense he could have received a dishonorable discharge from Lumenic service for. He was convicted on the charge of disobedience, but acquitted on the charge of dereliction. The court martial judge, ''Capitano generale'' Fionnán Guajardo stated that the fire, deemed to be a danger to the aircraft, mitigated the circumstances of his disobedience to the point that a dishonorable discharge was uncalled for. Guajardo felt that Degollado had acted in the best way possible given the situation, and in a rare move, allowed that, while guilty of a crime, no sentence of punishment would be passed. It is widely believed that the Lumenic Air Force's decision to declassify the existence of the A.86 Ombra in mid-1988 influence this decision.  


This variant of the A-3 entered Imperial service as the LA-3, with the redesignation designed to indicate its change from a strictly attack aircraft to a {{wpl|multirole combat aircraft}} in 1994. Again, 36 aircraft were built, though initially 180 were planned. The remaining 144 aircraft were canceled when the far more capable [[Athar L-9 Espirito]] was proposed to the Imperial Air Force in 1996, with the L/A-3 serving in its place until the newer aircraft could reach operational status. However, delays in the development and production of the L-9 lead to the Imperial Air Force requesting funding for more L/A-3 aircraft on several occasions. None of these requests were granted, and the 18th Strike Fighter Wing, rebranded as the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing in 2003, continued to be the only operator of the L/A-3.  
A ceremony was held [[Illora Royal Air Guard Base|Illora Royal Air Force Base]] in January 2014 to celebrate the aircraft's distinguished service history proceeding its retirement for active service. One aircraft was delivered to the [[Museum of Military Aviation]] in early 2016 and is currently on display. Another aircraft was stripped of useful parts and classified materials and has been placed on static display at Illora Royal Air Force Base. The remaining aircraft, unlike other decommissioned air frames, are being stored in several purpose built climate controlled hangers at Adrall Field. As of 2016, the [[104° Stormo]]'s The 11041° Squadrone Supporto Forza is headquartered at Ardall Field, and is responsible for the maintenance of the base and the A.86 aircraft that are stored there.  


In 2018, the first twelve Athar L-9 aircraft were delivered to the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing, and the first group of L/A-3 aircraft were retired, It is expected that the remaining L/A-3 aircraft will be retired by April of 2020. One aircraft was delivered to the [[Museum of Military Aviation]] in early 2019 and will be in display at the beginning of 2020. Another aircraft is currently being stripped of parts and classified materials to be placed on static display at Illora Air Force Base. The remaining aircraft, unlike other decommissioned air frames, are being stored in several purpose built climate controlled hangers at Adrall Field.
==Operational history==
[[File:L3blurry.jpg|thumb|left|The first images captured of the A.86 Ombra and released to the public in 1987. The image was illegally captured by reporter Nevio Capito.]]


==Operational history==
The existence of the A.86 Ombra was kept strictly classified even after it entered active duty service in 1986, with the Lumenic Air Force not publicly acknowledging its existence until 1988. The 77° Stormo was officially assigned to [[Illora Royal Air Force Base]] near the city of Villel in [[Administrative Divisions of Luminerra|Sibari]] and equipped with {{wpl|Licanan Defense Industries M-33}} aircraft. The unit was actually operating out of [[Adrall Field]], a former civilian airport that had been taken over by the Lumenic Air Force in 1955 as a testing range. Adrall Field was located about 110 miles from Illora Royal Air Force Base, with most of the pilots from the 77° Stormo living either on base or in the nearby Villel metropolitan area. Because of this, personnel assigned to the wing had to be shuttled to and from the base, either by military transport aircraft or bus. In late 1986, the Lumenic Air Force constructed a small barracks facility at the base and mandated that one of the three squadrons of the 77° Stormo must remain at the base at all times, serving as an alert squadron.
[[File:L3blurry.jpg|thumb|left|The first images captured of the A-3 Sombra and released to the public in 1986. The image was illegally captured by reporter Toribio Conejo.]]


The existence of the A-3 Sombra was kept strictly classified even after it entered active duty service in 1984, with the Imperial Air Force not publicly acknowledging its existence until 1987. The [[18th Tactical Fighter Wing|18th Bombardment Wing]] was officially assigned to [[Illora Air Force Base]] near the city of Villel in [[Administrative Divisions of Temuair|Pravat]] and equipped with [[Parada-Vara B-2 Onza|Parada-Vara B-2B Onza]] aircraft. The unit was actually operating out of [[Adrall Field]], a former civilian airport that had been taken over by the Imperial Air Force in 1955 as a testing range. Adrall Field was located about 110 miles from Illora Air Force Base, with most of the pilots from the 18th Fighter Wing living either on base or in the nearby Villel metropolitan area. Because of this, personnel assigned to the 18th Bombardment Wing had to be shuttled to and from the base, either by military transport aircraft or bus. In late 1985, the Imperial Air Force constructed a small barracks facility at the base and mandated that one of the three squadrons of the 18th Bombardment Wing must remain at the base at all times, serving as an alert squadron.
Noting this strange activity, as well as decrease of activity of the 77° Stormo at Illora Royal Air Force Base, a reporter for the {{wpl|Newspaper|Villel Centenario}}, Nevio Capito, began inquiries. He was told by the 77° Stormo public relations office that members of the wing had been give a {{wpl|temporary duty assignment}} away from the base for advanced training. Capito determined this was false, however, after inquiring with friends and family of service members of the 77° Stormo, as well as asking around in entertainment establishments frequented by service members. During his investigation, Capito noted that he would often see several members of the unit in these establishment, who would this vanish for some time, only reappearing on weekends infrequently. However, he noted many of the units commanding officers were often frequently present within the city. Capito decided to follow one of the transport buses as it traversed between Illora and Adrall Field, and followed up to to a manned guard post proclaiming the area beyond was restricted to civilian traffic. Approaching the gate, he was ordered to turn away and return down the road he'd approached on by several members of the Lumenic Air Force's security forces. Further, Capito noted a marked Air Force security forces vehicle tailed him back to the main highway. Capito elected to travel on foot into the area, and was able to penetrate the bases perimeter fence without raising an alarm. Moving up a small raise, he was able to get a clear view of the distant flight line. He took several pictures of the distant aircraft before retreating and returning to Villel.


Noting this strange activity, as well as decrease of activity of the 18th Bombardment Squadron at Illora Air Force Base, a reporter for the Villel Sentinela, Toribio Conejo, began inquiries. He was told by the 18th Bombardment Wings public relations office that members of the wing had been give a {{wpl|temporary duty assignment}} away from the base for advanced training. Conejo determined this was false, however, after inquiring with friends and family of service members of the 18th Bombardment Wing, as well as asking around in entertainment establishments frequented by service members. During his investigation, Conejo noted that he would often see several members of the unit in these establishment, who would this vanish for some time, only reappearing on weekends infrequently. However, he noted many of the units commanding officers were often frequently present within the city. Conejo decided to follow one of the transport buses as it traversed between Illora and Adrall Field, and followed up to to a manned guard post proclaiming the area beyond was restricted to civilian traffic. Approaching the gate, he was ordered to turn away and return down the road he'd approached on by several members of the Imperial Air Force's security forces. Further, Conejo noted a marked Imperial Air Force security forces vehicle tailed him back to the main highway. Conejo elected to travel on foot into the area, and was able to penetrate the bases perimeter fence without raising an alarm. Moving up a small raise, he was able to get a clear view of the distant flight line. He took several pictures of the distant aircraft before retreating and returning to Villel.
He published his story the following week, depicting the secret base and unknown aircraft he had seen operating at Adrall Field, describing them as "strange triangle shaped fighter jets". Capito was taken into custody by the [[Lumenic Royal Investigative Service]] the day after the story was released, and was handed over to the Air Force's Office of Criminal Investigation. He was charged with espionage and held at [[Zona Prison]] in Sparti. Further, there was no notification sent to his family or friends that he had been arrested. However, after a through investigation of Capito, his family and associates, the formal espionage charges were dropped in favor of charges of trespassing on government property and gathering, transmitting or losing defense information. He was tried under these charges in military court in July of 1988, and found guilty on both counts. He was sentenced to ten years and 6 months in prison, the maximum allowable sentence, and fined 150,000 Astrums . In addition, the Luemnic Convention on Military Authority and Justice requires that all information and monetary assets gained by the transfer or publication of classified materials be forfeit to the government. As such, all of the photographs taken by Capito at Adrall Field were confiscated by the Office of Criminal Investigation, and all pay accrued during his incarceration were incorporated into the fine imposed by the court. Capito was released from prison in 1994 after serving only 6 years, by order of King [[List of Lumenic sovereigns|Lorenzo II]], who stated that, though Capito's actions were ill-conceived and damaging to the national security of Luminerra, he did not act with malice or ill-intent. Though he was released from prison, Capito was still required to pay the 150,000 Leone fine.


He published his story the following week, depicting the secret base and unknown aircraft he had seen operating at Adrall Field, describing them as "strange triangle shaped fighter jets". Conejo was taken into custody by the [[Imperial Marshals Service]] the day after the story was released, and was handed over to the Imperial Air Force's Office of Criminal Investigation. He was charged with espionage and held at [[Sgàth Prison]] in Soumi. Further, there was no notification sent to his family or friends that he had been arrested. However, after a through investigation of Conejo, his family and associates, the formal espionage charges were dropped in favor of charges of trespassing on government property and gathering, transmitting or losing defense information. He was tried under these charges in military court in July of 1986, and found guilty on both counts. He was sentenced to ten years and 6 months in prison, the maximum allowable sentence, and fined 150,000 Leones. In addition, the Imperial Convention on Military Authority and Justice requires that all information and monetary assets gained by the transfer or publication of classified materials be forfeit to the government. As such, all of the photographs taken by Conejo at Adrall Field were confiscated by the Imperial Air Force, and all pay accrued during his incarceration were incorporated into the fine imposed by the court. Conejo was released from prison in 1991 after serving only 3 years, by order of Emperador [[List of Aisling Emperadors|Avila VI]], who stated that, though Conejo's actions were ill-conceived and damaging to the national security of Temuair, he did not act with malice or ill-intent. Though he was released from prison, Conejo was still required to pay the 150,000 Leone fine.
The A.86 was first deployed operationally in 1986 during [[Operation Firefly]] against [[Order of Soviet Sodalist Republics|Soviet Order]] forces as Allied forces continued to advance against weakening Soviet positions in northern Omand. While the presence of {{wpl|stealth aircraft}} came as no surprise to Soviet Forces, as the [[Licana|Republic of Licana]] had been utilizing stealth aircraft such as the {{wpl|Lockheed YF-22|YI-42}} against Soviet Order forces since the mid to late 1970's, Soviet forces we're caught unawares by the attck. The Licanan Air Force had they had only  used its aircraft in an {{wpl|Air superiority fighter|air superiority}} role, and Soviet intelligence had not learned that any stealth aircraft development roles were ongoing in any other allied nation.  


The A-3 was first deployed operationally in 1980-something during <a conflict with [[Notreceau]]> where they were highly successful in penetrating air defense zones and eliminating point targets, including surface to air missile sites, communications centers and infrastructure. Several A-3 Sombra aircraft provided close air support encircled Aisling ground forces from the [[5th Imperial Dragón Brigade]] during the [[Battle of Annoix]], in which an Aisling parachute brigade was encircled by Notreceauen forces and besieged for nearly 90 hours before units of the [[51st Coraceros Brigade]] were able to breakthrough and relieve the embattled force. Several aircraft were lost to both gun armed {{wpl|self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon}} and {{wpl|man-portable air-defense system}}s, neither of which required radar to acquire and track targets, thereby removing the A-3's primary combat advantage.
The A.86 was used by the Lumenic Air Force to attack Soviet early warning radar installations, command and control facilities including brigade, divisional and corps level command posts, as well as bridges, power plants and other infrastructure to delay and disrupt Soviet reinforcements and logistical efforts. Though the aircraft were still vulnerable to both {{wpl|Infrared homing|infrared homing}} missiles, such as the man portable {{wpl|9K32 Strela-2}} antiaircraft launcher as well several Soviet {{wpl|surface-to-air missile}} systems whose systems included backup infrared or optical guidance systems. In addition, Soviet {{wpl|Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon|self-propelled anti-aircraft}} vehicles took a toll on A.86 aircraft. A total of 11 aircraft were lost between 1986 and 1993


==Variants==
==Variants==


* '''A-3''': Initial production version  
* '''A.86''': Initial production version  
* '''A-3N''': Proposed carrier-based strike craft. Deemed to be infeasible and never developed.  
* '''X.88''': Proposed carrier-based strike craft. Deemed to be infeasible and never developed.  
* '''A-3A/L/A-3''': Multirole combat aircraft based on the A-3 design with larger internal weapons bays and air to air mission capability.
* '''A.86A/CA.86''': Multirole combat aircraft based on the A.86 design with larger internal weapons bays and air to air mission capability. None built


==Operators==
==Operators==


* {{Flag|Temuair}}
===Former===
** [[Imperial Air Force of Temuair]]: 24 Aircraft in service with the Imperial Air Force
* {{Flag|Luminerra}}
*** [[18th Tactical Fighter Squadron|X Squadron]], [[18th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]
** [[Lumenic Air Force]] - The [[77° Stormo "Canaglia"|77° Stormo "''Canaglia''"]] operated the A.86 Ombra from 1986 until its retirement in 2014. The unit has since transitioned to the [[Scorza C.96 Squalo]].
*** [[18th Tactical Fighter Squadron|X Squadron]], [[18th Tactical Fighter Squadron]]


== Specifications (A-3) ==
== Specifications (A.86) ==
[[File:LOCKHEED F-117A NIGHT HAWK.png|thumb|375px|Schematic diagram and size comparison of Athar A-3 Sombra]]
[[File:LOCKHEED F-117A NIGHT HAWK.png|thumb|375px|Schematic diagram and size comparison of Athar A-4 Sombra]]
{{aircraft specifications
{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|plane or copter?=plane
Line 99: Line 96:
|max takeoff weight main=<!-- lb-->
|max takeoff weight main=<!-- lb-->
|max takeoff weight alt=<!-- kg-->
|max takeoff weight alt=<!-- kg-->
|engine (jet)= [[Areiva]] AE-4010  
|engine (jet)= [[Vaccari]] AE-4010  
|type of jet={{wpl|turbofan}}s
|type of jet={{wpl|turbofan}}s
|number of jets=2
|number of jets=2
Line 118: Line 115:
|armament=
|armament=
* 2 × internal weapons bays with one {{wpl|hardpoint}} each for a total of two weapons totaling 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of ordinance including  
* 2 × internal weapons bays with one {{wpl|hardpoint}} each for a total of two weapons totaling 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of ordinance including  
** {{wpl|GBU-27 Paveway III|BGL-900/84}} {{wpl|laser-guided bomb}}s
** {{wpl|GBU-27 Paveway III|AAB-900/84}} {{wpl|laser-guided bomb}}s
}}
}}
 
== Specifications (L/A-3) ==
[[File:LA3.jpg|thumb|375px|]]
{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=jet
|ref=
|crew=1
|length main= 65 ft 11 in
|length alt=20.09 m
|wingspan main=45 ft 4 in
|wingspan alt=13.82 m
|span main=43 ft 4 in
|span alt=13.21 m
|height main=12 ft 9.5 in
|height alt=3.90 m
|area main=780 ft²
|area alt=72.5 m²
|empty weight main=29,500 {{wpl|pound (mass)|lb}}
|empty weight alt=13,380 kg
|loaded weight main=52,500 lb
|loaded weight alt=23,800 kg
|max takeoff weight main=<!-- lb-->
|max takeoff weight alt=<!-- kg-->
|engine (jet)= [[Areiva]] AE-4010-2
|type of jet={{wpl|turbofan}}s
|number of jets=2
|thrust main=12,600 {{wpl|pound-force|lbf}}
|thrust alt=56.0 kN
|max speed main={{wpl|Mach number|Mach}} 1.1
|max speed alt=843 mph, 1,358 &nbsp;km/h
|cruise speed main=
|range main=1,860 {{wpl|nautical mile|nmi}}
|range alt=3,445 km
|ceiling main=45,000 ft
|ceiling alt=13,716 m
|climb rate main=<!-- ft/min-->
|climb rate alt=<!-- m/s-->
|loading main=67.3 lb/ft²
|loading alt=329 kg/m²
|thrust/weight=0.40
|armament=
* 2 × internal weapons bays with two {{wpl|hardpoints}} each and six optional external hardpoints for up to 5,445 kg (12,000 lbs) of ordinance Internal carriage for bombs is same as above. Internal bay can also accommodate up to four {{wpl|R-Darter|Areiva Frecha}} or {{Wpl|MAA-1 Piranha#Piranha missile|Areiva Dardo III}} or {{wpl|A-Darter|IV}} {{wpl|Infrared homing|IR-guided}} {{wpl|air-to-air missile|air to air missiles}}. External hardpoints can accommodate
** [[Areiva Gorgona]] 80 mm rocket pods
** {{Wpl|Zuni (rocket)|Areiva Indio}} 127 mm rocket pods
** {{Wpl|MAA-1 Piranha#Piranha missile|Areiva Dardo III}} or {{wpl|A-Darter|IV}} {{wpl|Infrared homing|IR-guided}} {{wpl|air-to-air missile|air to air missiles}}
** {{wpl|R-Darter|Areiva Frecha}} {{Wpl|beyond-visual-range missile}}
** {{wpl|MAR-1|Areiva Martelo}} {{wpl|anti-radiation missile}}
** {{wpl|Mansup|Aerotecnia MIA-18}} {{wpl|anti-ship missile}}
** {{wpl|CITEFA AS-25K| Areiva Lanceta}} series air to ground missile
** {{Wpl|Joint Direct Attack Munition|BG-450/97}} 450 kg (1,000 lbs) {{wpl|Precision-guided munition|guided bombs}}
** {{wpl|GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb|BG-130/06}} guided bombs
** {{wpl|BLU-116|BG-910/82}} guided bombs
** {{Wpl|CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition|BR-430/86}} {{wpl|Cluster munition|cluster bomb}}
** {{wpl|Mark 84 bomb|B-925/70}}, {{wpl|Mark 83 bomb|B-460/70}}, and {{wpl|Mark 82 bomb|B-230/70}} {{wpl|general-purpose bomb}}s
** {{wpl|GBU-10 Paveway II|BGL-925/76}}, {{wpl|GBU-12 Paveway II|BGL-230/76}}, {{wpl|BLU-109 bomb|BGL-910/82}} {{wpl|laser-guided bomb}}s
}}  


==See also==
==See also==
Line 182: Line 122:
'''Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era'''
'''Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era'''


{{Athar Aviation Aircraft|state=expanded}}
{{Altomare Aviation Aircraft|state=expanded}}


[[Category: Temuair]]
[[Category: Luminerra]]
[[Category: Armed Forces of the Temuair Empire]]
[[Category: Lumenic Legion]]
[[Category: Weapon Systems in Pardes]]
[[Category: Weapon Systems in Annwynn]]

Latest revision as of 22:50, 25 July 2024

Altomare A.86 Ombra
A3Sombra.jpg
An Altomare A.86 Ombra strike aircraft of the 77° Stormo "Canaglia"
Role Stealth attack aircraft
National origin  Luminerra
Manufacturer Altomare Aviation
First flight July 11, 1980
Introduction December 19, 1986
Retired January 2014
Status Retired
Primary user Lumenic Air Force
Produced 1986 - 1992
Number built 47, include combat loss replacements

The Altomare A.86 Ombra (Shadow) is a single seat, stealth attack aircraft designed and developed by Altomare Aviation for the Lumenic Air Force. The Altomare A.86 was the first operational aircraft to be designed around stealth technology developed in Luminerra, with design having begun as early as 1975. The Athar A.86 was intended to penetrate an enemies airspace undetected and conduct strikes against point targets such as surface-to-air missile and early warning radar installations, command and control facilities, bridges, power plants and other infrastructure.

History and development

In the 1960's, scientists from several nations released works indicating that the size of an aircraft's radar cross-section or RCA, the measure of how detectable an object is by radar, was actually more closely related to the edge configuration of that aircraft, and the material used in the construction of the aircraft, than its sheer size, as previously believed. The Royal Defense Research Agency conducted several experiments and determined that the radar cross-section of an aircraft could be determined by taking measurements across its wing surface and along its edge, thereby leading research agents to conclude that even a large aircraft could reduce its detectability by radar by exploiting this principle. The obvious flaw in this theory was that any aircraft built along these principals would have extremely unfavorable flight characteristics, being extremely aerodynamically unstable. The idea was shelved by the IDRA in 1966.

Advances in computer and microprocessing technology allowed the RDRA to take a second look at the design. By utilizing flight computers which would make micro adjustments continuously to the aircraft's flight profile, it was believed that an aerodynamically unstable aircraft utilizing radar detection minimizing edge designs could be made to fly. In addition, computer technology would be required to produce the unique design required the faceted shape made from 2-dimensional flat surfaces that would be required to render the A.86 "invisible" to radar. As more powerful computers, and later super computers, became available, designs with curvsed shapes would be possible, as seen on the Altomare C.11 Spettro air superiority fighter. In addition, the Lumenic Air Force also saw a need for an aircraft to evade surface-to-air missile attacks, would had proven deadly against bomber formations and even more agile fighter aircraft during the Omandan Continental War

The cockpit of an A.86 Ombra

In 1973, RDRA was given authorization by the Lumenic government to initiate a project to construct two aircraft utilizing stealth technologies, code named Luna Nera. Luna Nera was a black project, an ultra-secret program for much of its life: very few people knew the program even existed until a finished and operational A.86 was photographed by reporter Nevio Capito in 1987 and published in the Villel Centenario. RDRA contracted with Altomare Aviation and commissioned them to construct two small scale aircraft models utilizing stealth principals. Athar responded by taking several pieces of already existing technology, including engines and environmental systems, and the fly-by-wire control system of the Prévoyance-Scorza Albatros. The two models were completed by 1977 and delivered to RDRA. Both models were first flown on September 21, 1977, and both were lost during subsequent testing. However, though the models were destroyed, the data collected indicated that there was merit to the program, and the Lumenic Air Force agreed to proceed.

Having produced successful models, Athar was awarded the contract for what would become the A.86 in January of 1978. That same year, Altomare was allowed to take possession of Adrall Field, a former civilian airport that had been taken over by the Lumenic Air Force in 1955 as a testing range. Adrall Field was located about 110 miles from Illora Royal Air Force Base, which is located near the city of Villel in Sibari. Altomare brought in a team of consultants, including several mathematicians and computer scientists, and charged them with creating a computer program to design an airplane with flat panels, called facets, which were arranged so as to scatter the majority of radar emissions which strike it. It took 22 months to complete the program, and an additional 7 months to built the first operational A.86 aircraft, which received no official designation, and was referred to in internal communications as Project 92177. The resulting unusual design surprised and puzzled experienced pilots. According to a 1990 interview with Discorso Tecnico a popular Lumenic science magazine, Maggiore Alejo Herron, one of the first aviators to pilot the aircraft, stated "They brought us all into a classified conference and informed us we'd be transitioning aircraft, moving away from the I-36, I had heard about the new C.79's, so I assumed that's what they were going to give us. Then they showed us this picture of the Ombra and I started laughing, because I assumed the entire thing was some kind of joke. There was no way that thing could fly, I thought."

The new design was also one of the first Lumenic aircraft to utilize the Stella Nord satellite navigation system, as well as an improved version of the Capri Seguire inertial navigation and navigation/attack system first installed on the B.54. As with the prototypes, parts for other aircraft were used as often as possible to save costs. These parts were often invoiced as spares for existing aircraft to hide their true destination and intended use. Missions are coordinated by an automated planning system that can automatically perform all aspects of an attack mission, including weapons release. The AAB-900/84 laser-guided bomb was specially developed for the A.86's internal weapons bays. It was developed from the older AAB-925/76 guided bombs already in service. To decrease detectable emissions, no radar set was included in the design of the A.86, instead targets are acquired by a thermal imaging infrared system which is slaved to a laser designator that finds the range and designates targets for AAB-910/82. To reduce the aircraft's heat signature, especially from its exhaust plume, and protect it from both air and ground launched infrared homing missiles, the design of the A.86s tail pipe is a non-circular shape, often described as a a slit shape, to minimize the exhaust cross-sectional volume and maximize the mixing of hot exhaust with cool ambient air. The A.86 was designed without any afterburners, because the hot exhaust would increase the infrared signature, and breaking the sound barrier would produce an obvious sonic boom, as well as surface heating of the aircraft skin which also increases the infrared footprint. An afterburner, and the obvious drawbacks inherent with the decision, was considered unimportant in the case of this aircraft since it was designed for strike missions.

A.86 Ombra fighters of the 77° Stormo "Canaglia" circa 1999

In July of 1980, Project 92177 flew for the first time, taking off from Adrall Field on July 11th. The finished model was able to scatter nearly 99% of radar emissions that struck it, giving it an RCS of 0.003 m2, the approximate radar return of a hummingbird. The test flight was timed so that no known enemy reconnaissance satellites would be operating in the airspace over Adrall Field.

The first production Athar A.86 was delivered to the 77° Stormo A total of 36 aircraft were built between 1986 and 1988. Prior to its declassification, the aircraft was not allowed to be flown during daylight hours, and were required to be kept in hardened shelters when not in operation. The images released by the reporter Nevio Capito show one aircraft in its redoubt, and a second one taxiing along a taxiway in broad daylight. This photograph led to an investigation of the 77° Stormo's commander, Colonnello Santos Degollado. He testified that the aircraft was being moved from one shelter to another after a small fire had erupted in the maintenance area in the former shelter, and that he felt it necessary to move the highly expensive aircraft away from the area before the fire or the fire fighting efforts could damage or destroy it. In 1989, he was charged with dereliction of duty and disobedience of orders, an offense he could have received a dishonorable discharge from Lumenic service for. He was convicted on the charge of disobedience, but acquitted on the charge of dereliction. The court martial judge, Capitano generale Fionnán Guajardo stated that the fire, deemed to be a danger to the aircraft, mitigated the circumstances of his disobedience to the point that a dishonorable discharge was uncalled for. Guajardo felt that Degollado had acted in the best way possible given the situation, and in a rare move, allowed that, while guilty of a crime, no sentence of punishment would be passed. It is widely believed that the Lumenic Air Force's decision to declassify the existence of the A.86 Ombra in mid-1988 influence this decision.

A ceremony was held Illora Royal Air Force Base in January 2014 to celebrate the aircraft's distinguished service history proceeding its retirement for active service. One aircraft was delivered to the Museum of Military Aviation in early 2016 and is currently on display. Another aircraft was stripped of useful parts and classified materials and has been placed on static display at Illora Royal Air Force Base. The remaining aircraft, unlike other decommissioned air frames, are being stored in several purpose built climate controlled hangers at Adrall Field. As of 2016, the 104° Stormo's The 11041° Squadrone Supporto Forza is headquartered at Ardall Field, and is responsible for the maintenance of the base and the A.86 aircraft that are stored there.  

Operational history

The first images captured of the A.86 Ombra and released to the public in 1987. The image was illegally captured by reporter Nevio Capito.

The existence of the A.86 Ombra was kept strictly classified even after it entered active duty service in 1986, with the Lumenic Air Force not publicly acknowledging its existence until 1988. The 77° Stormo was officially assigned to Illora Royal Air Force Base near the city of Villel in Sibari and equipped with Licanan Defense Industries M-33 aircraft. The unit was actually operating out of Adrall Field, a former civilian airport that had been taken over by the Lumenic Air Force in 1955 as a testing range. Adrall Field was located about 110 miles from Illora Royal Air Force Base, with most of the pilots from the 77° Stormo living either on base or in the nearby Villel metropolitan area. Because of this, personnel assigned to the wing had to be shuttled to and from the base, either by military transport aircraft or bus. In late 1986, the Lumenic Air Force constructed a small barracks facility at the base and mandated that one of the three squadrons of the 77° Stormo must remain at the base at all times, serving as an alert squadron.

Noting this strange activity, as well as decrease of activity of the 77° Stormo at Illora Royal Air Force Base, a reporter for the Villel Centenario, Nevio Capito, began inquiries. He was told by the 77° Stormo public relations office that members of the wing had been give a temporary duty assignment away from the base for advanced training. Capito determined this was false, however, after inquiring with friends and family of service members of the 77° Stormo, as well as asking around in entertainment establishments frequented by service members. During his investigation, Capito noted that he would often see several members of the unit in these establishment, who would this vanish for some time, only reappearing on weekends infrequently. However, he noted many of the units commanding officers were often frequently present within the city. Capito decided to follow one of the transport buses as it traversed between Illora and Adrall Field, and followed up to to a manned guard post proclaiming the area beyond was restricted to civilian traffic. Approaching the gate, he was ordered to turn away and return down the road he'd approached on by several members of the Lumenic Air Force's security forces. Further, Capito noted a marked Air Force security forces vehicle tailed him back to the main highway. Capito elected to travel on foot into the area, and was able to penetrate the bases perimeter fence without raising an alarm. Moving up a small raise, he was able to get a clear view of the distant flight line. He took several pictures of the distant aircraft before retreating and returning to Villel.

He published his story the following week, depicting the secret base and unknown aircraft he had seen operating at Adrall Field, describing them as "strange triangle shaped fighter jets". Capito was taken into custody by the Lumenic Royal Investigative Service the day after the story was released, and was handed over to the Air Force's Office of Criminal Investigation. He was charged with espionage and held at Zona Prison in Sparti. Further, there was no notification sent to his family or friends that he had been arrested. However, after a through investigation of Capito, his family and associates, the formal espionage charges were dropped in favor of charges of trespassing on government property and gathering, transmitting or losing defense information. He was tried under these charges in military court in July of 1988, and found guilty on both counts. He was sentenced to ten years and 6 months in prison, the maximum allowable sentence, and fined 150,000 Astrums . In addition, the Luemnic Convention on Military Authority and Justice requires that all information and monetary assets gained by the transfer or publication of classified materials be forfeit to the government. As such, all of the photographs taken by Capito at Adrall Field were confiscated by the Office of Criminal Investigation, and all pay accrued during his incarceration were incorporated into the fine imposed by the court. Capito was released from prison in 1994 after serving only 6 years, by order of King Lorenzo II, who stated that, though Capito's actions were ill-conceived and damaging to the national security of Luminerra, he did not act with malice or ill-intent. Though he was released from prison, Capito was still required to pay the 150,000 Leone fine.

The A.86 was first deployed operationally in 1986 during Operation Firefly against Soviet Order forces as Allied forces continued to advance against weakening Soviet positions in northern Omand. While the presence of stealth aircraft came as no surprise to Soviet Forces, as the Republic of Licana had been utilizing stealth aircraft such as the YI-42 against Soviet Order forces since the mid to late 1970's, Soviet forces we're caught unawares by the attck. The Licanan Air Force had they had only used its aircraft in an air superiority role, and Soviet intelligence had not learned that any stealth aircraft development roles were ongoing in any other allied nation.

The A.86 was used by the Lumenic Air Force to attack Soviet early warning radar installations, command and control facilities including brigade, divisional and corps level command posts, as well as bridges, power plants and other infrastructure to delay and disrupt Soviet reinforcements and logistical efforts. Though the aircraft were still vulnerable to both infrared homing missiles, such as the man portable 9K32 Strela-2 antiaircraft launcher as well several Soviet surface-to-air missile systems whose systems included backup infrared or optical guidance systems. In addition, Soviet self-propelled anti-aircraft vehicles took a toll on A.86 aircraft. A total of 11 aircraft were lost between 1986 and 1993

Variants

  • A.86: Initial production version
  • X.88: Proposed carrier-based strike craft. Deemed to be infeasible and never developed.
  • A.86A/CA.86: Multirole combat aircraft based on the A.86 design with larger internal weapons bays and air to air mission capability. None built

Operators

Former

Specifications (A.86)

Schematic diagram and size comparison of Athar A-4 Sombra

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 65 ft 11 in (20.09 m)
  • Wingspan: 43 ft 4 in (13.21 m)
  • Height: 12 ft 9.5 in (3.90 m)
  • Wing area: 780 ft² (72.5 m²)
  • Empty weight: 29,500 lb (13,380 kg)
  • Loaded weight: 52,500 lb (23,800 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Vaccari AE-4010 turbofans, 10,600 lbf (48.0 kN) each

Performance

Armament

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era