Bokkazid

Republic of Bokkazid
Flag Coat of arms
Capital and	Hewlêr
Official languages	Kurdish
Recognised national languages	Persian Turkish Arabic Hebrew Armenian
Government	Federal Constitutional Presidential Republic
• President	Ferzîne Diyako
• Vice President	Xecê Sozda
• Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers	Awir Siyamend
• President of the Chamber of Deputies	Cerê Dilaram
• President of the Supreme Court	Estêr Xerîk
Legislature	Bokkazid National Congress
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Deputies
Area
•	550,000 km2 (210,000 sq mi)
Population
• 2019 estimate	60,659,871
• Density	116.5/km2 (301.7/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	estimate
• Total	$2.447 trillion
• Per capita	$40,336
GDP (nominal)	estimate
• Total	$2.698 trillion
• Per capita	$44,474
Gini	32.3 medium
HDI (2019)	0.906 very high
Currency	ral
Driving side	right
Internet TLD	.bkz

Geography

Bokkazid is a mountainous nation and mountains have played an imortant part in the culture of the region for centuries. Elevations in the west of the nation average 2000 meters, the central and east of the nation average 1000 meters in elevation, and the southern region of Bokkazid averages between 100-700 meters in elevation. Between the mountains are large feritle plateaus and valleys. Numerous rivers and lakes provide Bokkazid with a large supply of fresh water that has enabled the region to be a large producer of agricultural products for thousands of years.

Climate

Much of Bokkazid is typified by a continental climate – hot in the summer, cold in the winter. Despite this, much of the Bokkazid is fertile and has historically exported grain and livestock. Precipitation varies between 200 and 400 mm a year in the plains, and between 700 and 3,000 mm a year on the high plateau between mountain chains. The mountainous zone along the borders with (Nation A) and (Nation B) experiences dry summers, rainy and sometimes snowy winters, and damp springs, while to the south the climate progressively transitions toward semi-arid and desert zones. The coastal areas of Bokkazid have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters.

Environment

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  Field of Fritillaria imperialis, national flower of Bokkazid

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  Bokkazidi countryside

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  Zê river in the Zebar valley

Politics and Government

President Ferzîne Diyako

Vice President Xecê Sozda

Bokkazid is a federal constitutional republic and representative democracy. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution of Bokkazid, the country's supreme legal document. The seat of government is the city of Hewler, as designated by Congress. Suffrage is universal, equal, secret and mandatory.

The federal government is composed of three branches:

The Legislative branch consists of the bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Congress makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties and has the power of the purse and of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government. The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 285 voting members elected to a four-year term. Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population every tenth year. The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces, has 72 members elected at-large to six-year terms, with each province having three seats; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. At least one-third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women.

In the Executive branch, the President is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law—subject to Congressional override—and appoints the members of the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies. The President is elected directly by the vote of the people, serves a four-year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a row.

The Judicial branch includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional. The Judicial is independent of the Executive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President—subject to Senate approval—who serve for life. The lower courts' judges are proposed by the Council of Magistracy (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the President on Senate approval.

Constituent States

Bokkazid comprises twenty-three federal states. Each state has its own constitution, and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organization. As of 2018 Bokkazid is divided into 300 districts at a municipal level; these consist of 225 rural districts and 75 urban districts.

Law

The legal system of Bokkazid combines features of both civil law and common law with medieval sources. Bokkazidi law provides for two types of courts responsible for the administration of justice: civil and criminal. The supreme civil court is the Court of Session, although civil appeals can be taken to the Supreme Court of Bokkazid. The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court in Bokkazid. The Court of Session is housed at National Civil Court , in Hewlêr. The federal court is the main criminal and civil court, hearing most cases. There are 56 federal courts throughout the country. Justice of the Peace Courts handle minor offences and small claims and are set up in individual districts.

Within criminal law, the Bokkazidi legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts: "guilty", "not guilty" and "not proven". Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an acquittal, typically with no possibility of retrial in accordance with the rule of double jeopardy. There is, however, the possibility of a retrial where new evidence emerges at a later date that might have proven conclusive in the earlier trial at first instance, where the person acquitted subsequently admits the offence or where it can be proved that the acquittal was tainted by an attempt to pervert the course of justice .

Military

Main article: Peshmerga (Bokkazid)

Peshmerga is the sole military wing of the Bokkazidi security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, subordinate to the Cabinet. The Peshmerga consists of the army, air force and navy. It was

Peshmerga soldiers training near Hewlêr

founded during the 1945 Tri-Partite War by consolidating paramilitary organizations that preceded the establishment of the state. The Peshmerga also draws upon the resources of the Intelligence Service (Asayish), which works with Parastin and Zanyari. The Peshmerga have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.

Most Bokkazidis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men and women serve two years and eight months. Following mandatory service, Bokkazidi men and women join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Arab citizens of Bokkazid (except the Druze) and those engaged in full-time religious studies are exempt from military service. An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is national service, which involves a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks. As a result of its conscription program, the Peshmerga maintains approximately 1,162,028 active troops and an additional 3,059,700 reservists, giving Bokkazid one of the world's highest percentage of citizens with military training.

Economy

Bokkazid possesses a high income market economy an is considered the most advanced country in its local region in economic and industrial development. Bokkazid’s quality university education and the establishment of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for spurring the country’s high technology boom and rapid economic development.

Bokkazid has plentiful natural resources in terms of arable land fresh water and intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades have allowed Bokkazid to produce a large food surplus. This makes Bokkazid self sufficient in food production and also a major exporter of agricultural products to its neighbors. Imports to Bokkazid include raw materials, military epuipment investment goods, and consumer goods. Leading exports include machinery and equipment, military equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel, crude and refined petroleum, natural gas, and plastics. Bokkazid is has a very low external debt and is a lender in terms of net external debt.

Energy

Oil was discovered in the area that would become Bokkazid in 1940 and has been an important source of revenue for the nation since its establishment in 1946. Bokkazid has 143.6 billion barrels of proven oil reserves which gives it one of the largest reservers in the world. Bokkazid also has large proven natural gas reserves with 9.2 trillion m³.

The oil sector in Bokkazid has allowed for the rapid economic development of the nation and has comprised as much as 85% of the nations's nominal GDP in the first few decades of Bokkazid's independence. Successive governments have heavily invested the revenues earned from the oil sector into improving national infrastructure, education, industry, and defense. Starting in 1980 the Bokkazidi government under President Spehî Nêçîrwan instituted policies that would dramatically reduce Bokkazid's dependence on its oil sector and diversify the its economy. These policies were enacted in response to the Oil Crisis of 1978-1984. Nêçîrwan's government took advantage of a large pool of highly educated workers and invested heavily in other sectors of the economy such as the technology sector. In 2018, revenue from the oil sector comprised 15% of Bokkazid's nominal GDP with sectors of the economy providing 85%.

Bokkazid has also invested heavily in both nuclear power and alternate energy sources. Nuclear power generation in Bokkazid provides roughly 40% of the nations elecrical power output. Contstruction of the first nuclear power plants began in 1975 and the most recent was completed in 2005. Southern Bokkazid is well situated for utilizing solar power generation and the Bokkazidi government has instituted several large solar farm projects since the early 1990's. Total solar power generation in Bokkazid is approximately 5,800 MW. Other forms electrical production such as hydroelectric and wind do not provide large electrical generation capacity.

Transport

The Bokkazidi road system is well developed with eight major highways and dozens of auxiliary highways. All of Bokkazids major urban centers and smaller regional cities are easily accessible via the highway network and extensive network of other roadways. As of 2015, Bokkazid has set a goal of placing one million electric cars on the road by 2022. This is intended to boost energy efficiency, save energy, and lower the nation’s dependence on fossil fuels.

Bokkazid has an extensive rail and high-speed rail network. As of 2019, Bokkazid has a total of over 3,400 km (2,112.66 mi) of high-speed tracks linking all major Bokkazidi cities at commercial speeds of up to 310 km/h (190 mph). On average, the Bokkazidi is the fastest one in the region. Regarding punctuality, it has among the highest in the world (98.5% on-time arrival).

There are 47 public airports in Bokkazid. The busiest one is the airport of Hewlêr ( Insert), with 65 million passengers in 2018.

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  Bokkazidi High-Speed Train

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  Hewlêr Airport

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  The A106 Hightway near Hewlêr

Demographics

Education

Responsibility for educational supervision in Bokkazid is primarily organized within the individual federal states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the Preparatory school enrols the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the comprehensive school for intermediate students lasts six years and the general skills school prepares pupils for vocational education.

A system of apprenticeship called dual education system leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school.

Most of the Bokkazidi universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the placement degree, earned for the successful completion of exit examinations.

Religion

Bokkazid is a secular state with no official state religion; the Bokkazidi Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience.

Bokkazid is a religiously diverse nation. The ethnic Kurds that make up the majority of the population have a long history of peaceful interaction and cooperation with the varied religious communities of their home region. The religious communities in Bokkazid are the Yazidis 41%, Zoroastrians 35%, Muslims 5%, Christians %6, Jews 4%, Yarsan 3%, Baha’i 2%, Mandaens 1%, Buddhists 1%, Sikhs 1%, and a number of other smaller communities %1.

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  Yazidi Temple

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  Zoroastrian Fire Temple

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  Christian Cathedral

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  Islamic Mosque

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  Jewish Synagogue

Culture

Cuisine

Bokkazidi consists of a wide variety of foods prepared by the Bokkazidi people. There are cultural similarities of Bokkazidi and their immediate neighbours in A, B, C, D, and E. Some dishes, such as biryani, are shared with the F. Bokkazidi food is typical of western ABCD cuisine.

Culinary Customs

Traditional Bokkazidi Food

The Bokkazidi diet includes a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. Lamb and chicken are the primary meats. Breakfast is typically flat bread, cheese, honey, sheep or cow yogurt, and a glass of black tea. For lunch, lamb and vegetables are simmered in a tomato sauce to make a stew usually served with rice and savory dishes are usually served with rice or flat bread (Naan). Bokkazid has a climate and soil suited to grapes, pomegranates, figs, and walnuts. Bokkazidi honey has a clear light taste and is often sold with the honeycomb. Bokkazid also produces dairy products from sheep and cow milk. Bokkazidi make many types of kofta and kubba, dumplings filled with meat.

Bokkazidi cuisine makes abundant use of fresh herbs.

Sweetened black tea is a very common drink, along with bitter strong coffee. Another favourite Bokkazidi drink is "mastow" (Sorani) or "Ava Mast", which is yogurt and salt mixed with water (Doogh).

Staples of Bokkazidi cuisine are berbesel, biryani, dokliw, kellane, kullerenaske, kutilk, parêv tobouli, kuki (meat or vegetable pies), birinç (white rice alone or with meat or vegetables and herbs), and a variety of salads, pastries, and drinks specific to different parts of Bokkazid. Other popular dishes are makluba, kofta, shifta, shilah/maraga, spinach with eggs, wheat & lentil soup, beet & meat soup, sweet turnip, cardamon cookies, burgul pilaf, menemen, mehîr, ûr û rûvî, yaprakh, chichma this dish is common in Hewlêr, tefti, niskene and nane niskan.

One of the popular Bokkazidi dishes is Kardupilau.

Sawarr, a traditional dish among Bokkazidi farmers, is made of wheat grain that is boiled, sun dried and pounded in a mortar (curn) to get rid of the husk. The wheat is then crushed in a mill (destarr). The resulting grain food can be boiled and served.

Tapsi is a dish of aubergines, green peppers, courgettes and potatoes in a slightly spicy tomato sauce. Tashreeb consists of layers of naan in a sauce of green pepper, tomato, onions and chillies. A typical Bokkazidi breakfast consists of cheese, butter, olives, eggs, tomatoes, cucumbers, green peppers, reçel (jam/marmalade; a preserve of whole fruits) and honey usually consumed on top of kaymak. Sausage, baked goods and even soups can be taken as a morning meal in Bokkazid. Perhaps more so than traditional breads such as pide, a crusty white loaf is widely consumed. A common Bokkazidi speciality for breakfast is called menemen, which is prepared with roasted tomatoes, peppers, olive oil and eggs. Invariably, black tea is served at breakfast.

Sports

Association football is the most popular sport in Bokkazid. There is a men's and women's professional league named the League 1 Men's and League 1 Women's. Both the women's and mens national teams of Bokkazid have proven to be competitive and have performed well in international tournaments.