1973 Quenmin Uprisings: Difference between revisions
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| subtitle = | | subtitle = | ||
| partof = [[Quenminese democracy movement]] in the 1970s | | partof = [[Quenminese democracy movement]] in the 1970s | ||
| image = DaNang1972Uprising.jpg | | image = [[File:DaNang1972Uprising.jpg|350px]] | ||
| caption = A soldier from the [[34th Infantry Division]] in Phí Chiêu Minh Street in [[Đà Nẵng]] after the military crackdown, 3 July | | caption = A soldier from the [[34th Infantry Division]] in Phí Chiêu Minh Street in [[Đà Nẵng]] after the military crackdown, 3 July | ||
| date = 18 June{{spaced ndash}}5 July 1973<br>({{Age in weeks and days|1973|6|18|1973|7|5}}) | | date = 18 June{{spaced ndash}}5 July 1973<br>({{Age in weeks and days|1973|6|18|1973|7|5}}) | ||
| place = [[Kontin]], [[Đà Nẵng]], [[Bích Nguyệt]], [[Cao Khoát]], [[Quyền Bính Tông City]] and smaller towns | | place = [[Kontin]], [[Đà Nẵng]], [[Bích Nguyệt]], [[Cao Khoát]], [[Quyền Bính Tông City]] and smaller towns | ||
| coordinates = | | coordinates = | ||
| causes = {{wp|Political corruption}}, {{wp|authoritarianism}}, [[Quenminese Recession of 1970-1975|economic recession]], inflation, ineffective political and economic reforms, discrimination | | causes = {{wp|Political corruption}}, {{wp|authoritarianism}}, {{wpl|iliberal democracy}}, [[Quenminese Recession of 1970-1975|economic recession]], inflation, ineffective political and economic reforms, discrimination | ||
| goals = Ending political corruption, {{wp|democratization}}, political and economic reforms, {{wp|freedom of the press}}, {{wp|freedom of speech}} | | goals = Ending political corruption, {{wp|democratization}}, political and economic reforms, {{wp|freedom of the press}}, {{wp|freedom of speech}} | ||
| methods = {{wp|Demonstration}}, {{wp|sit-in}}, {{wp|civil disobedience}}, {{wp|hunger strike}}, widespread riots, firefights, looting | | methods = {{wp|Demonstration}}, {{wp|sit-in}}, {{wp|civil disobedience}}, {{wp|hunger strike}}, widespread riots, firefights, looting | ||
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| result = * Nationwide curfew in effect on the midnight of 6 July 1973, lasting until 1 September 1973 | | result = * Nationwide curfew in effect on the midnight of 6 July 1973, lasting until 1 September 1973 | ||
* Martial law in Kontin, Đà Nẵng, Bích Nguyệt, Cao Khoát, Quyền Bính Tông City and their respective provinces enforced from 28 June{{spaced ndash}}19 July 1973 | * Martial law in Kontin, Đà Nẵng, Bích Nguyệt, Cao Khoát, Quyền Bính Tông City and their respective provinces enforced from 28 June{{spaced ndash}}19 July 1973 | ||
* Thousands of students, protestors, intellectuals and | * Thousands of students, protestors, intellectuals, rioters and civil servants incarcerated | ||
* Freedom of speech restricted | * Freedom of speech restricted | ||
* Freedom of the press | * Freedom of the press restricted | ||
| side1 = * University students | | side1 = * University students | ||
* Pro-democracy protestors | * Pro-democracy protestors | ||
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** [[Labor Party (Quenmin)|Labor Party]] | ** [[Labor Party (Quenmin)|Labor Party]] | ||
** [[Free and Open Future Party]] <!-- Progressive and social liberal party ---> | ** [[Free and Open Future Party]] <!-- Progressive and social liberal party ---> | ||
** [[ | ** [[Libertarian Dragon Party]] | ||
** [[Mandate for an Anti-Authoritarian State]] | |||
** [[Civic League]] | ** [[Civic League]] | ||
* | * Civil servants | ||
* City, town and village residents | |||
* Workers | |||
| side2 = {{flagicon|Quenmin}} [[Đỗ Kim Ngữ government]] | | side2 = {{flagicon|Quenmin}} [[Đỗ Kim Ngữ government]] | ||
* [[File:Vietnam People's Public Security insignia.jpg|25px]] [[Royal and Imperial Service for Public Order]] | * [[File:Vietnam People's Public Security insignia.jpg|25px]] [[Royal and Imperial Service for Public Order]] | ||
| Line 91: | Line 94: | ||
| sidebox = | | sidebox = | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''1973 Quenmin Uprisings''', also known as the '''’73 Democracy Movement''', the '''1973 Riots''' and the '''Civil Perturbations of Summer 1973''', were a series of {{wp|demonstrations}} and later {{wp|riots}} that occurred in the cities of [[Kontin]], [[Đà Nẵng]], [[Bích Nguyệt]], [[Cao Khoát]], [[Quyền Bính Tông City]] and other smaller towns in Quenmin from 18 June to 5 July 1973. It later became known as '''Bloody Sunday Massacres''' to recognize the lethal force applied in areas where significant demonstrations were held on Sunday, 2 July | The '''1973 Quenmin Uprisings''', also known as the '''’73 Democracy Movement''', the '''1973 Riots''' and the '''Civil Perturbations of Summer 1973''', were a series of {{wp|demonstrations}} and later {{wp|riots}} that occurred in the cities of [[Kontin]], [[Đà Nẵng]], [[Bích Nguyệt]], [[Cao Khoát]], [[Quyền Bính Tông City]] and other smaller towns in Quenmin from 18 June to 5 July 1973. It later became known as '''Bloody Sunday Massacres''' to recognize the lethal force applied in areas where significant demonstrations were held on Sunday, 2 July; colloquially, the Uprisings were also called '''7/2 Rising''', accounting the crackdowns that followed. | ||
The Uprisings were instigated by a demonstration in Kontin that sparked on 14 June to address and confront the embezzlement of university funds by the Kontin Municipal Council. Consequently, more protests sprung out of Đà Nẵng, Bích Nguyệt, Cao Khoát and Quyền Bính Tông City<!-- cities most affected ---> in the span of three days once news from Kontin spread. Other factors that fueled the movement include the ongoing corruption among government officials and [[Supreme Assembly of the Democratic Royal Empire|Assembly members]], ineffective reforms and the [[Quenminese Recession of 1970-1975|current looming economic recession]]. Overtime, the demonstrations increasingly grew in numbers in the five cities, all of them lead by university students, politicians from the ''[[Sự Lệch Lạc]]'' parties and disgruntled workers. Goals varied among the demonstrators, although the ones that were pursued among them were ending {{wp|political corruption}}, {{wp|democratization}}, political and economic reforms, and the promotion of {{wp|freedom of speech}} and {{wp|freedom of the press}}. | The Uprisings were instigated by a demonstration in Kontin that sparked on 14 June to address and confront the embezzlement of university funds by the Kontin Municipal Council. Consequently, more protests sprung out of Đà Nẵng, Bích Nguyệt, Cao Khoát and Quyền Bính Tông City<!-- cities most affected ---> in the span of three days once news from Kontin spread. Other factors that fueled the movement include the ongoing corruption among government officials and [[Supreme Assembly of the Democratic Royal Empire|Assembly members]], ineffective reforms and the [[Quenminese Recession of 1970-1975|current looming economic recession]]. Overtime, the demonstrations increasingly grew in numbers in the five cities, all of them lead by university students, politicians from the ''[[Sự Lệch Lạc]]'' parties and disgruntled workers. Goals varied among the demonstrators, although the ones that were pursued among them were ending {{wp|political corruption}}, {{wp|democratization}}, political and economic reforms, and the promotion of {{wp|freedom of speech}} and {{wp|freedom of the press}}. | ||
By 22 June, after failures from the government to consistently and willfully heed to their calls, the protesters resorted to {{wp|sit-in}}s at public places (e.g., parks, streets, plazas), {{wp|civil disobedience}} and {{wp|hunger strikes}}, which attracted more participants. On 25 June, the protests escalated into increasingly violent clashes between the protesters and police. Two particular incidents that garnered notice from the government | By 22 June, after failures from the government to consistently and willfully heed to their calls, the protesters resorted to {{wp|sit-in}}s at public places (e.g., parks, streets, plazas), {{wp|civil disobedience}} and {{wp|hunger strikes}}, which attracted more participants. On 25 June, the protests escalated into increasingly violent clashes between the protesters and police. Two particular incidents that garnered notice from the government were in Quyền Bính Tông City where [[1973 Quyền Bính Tông City riots|Töbedars demonstrators harassed and attacked Biểc businessmen and police]], and in Kontin where [[Beating of Đặng Minh Giang|a beating of police officer by demonstrators and students]] occurred. Trepidation of political instability and a communist revolution resonated and [[Đỗ Kim Ngữ]], at the behest of Emperor [[Ngày Mừng]] and the government, ordered [[Royal and Imperial Quenminese Ground Force|RIQGF]] commanders of the [[Capital City High Command]] and the [[5th Military Region (RIQGF)|5th]], [[6th Military Region (RIQGF)|6th]], [[8th Military Region (RIQGF)|8th]] and [[10th Military Region (RIQGF)|10th]] Military Regions to send units to the cities to restore order alongside the police. | ||
On 2 July, the RIQGF carried out a Directive from Ngữ to disperse the demonstrators, perceiving them to be an increased threat. From this Sunday until 5 July, the Ground Force applied lethal force to do so, resulting in high casualties estimating to about 3,000 fatalities and 7,500 injured; most originated from the five aforementioned cities deemed the "Critical Five." After the crackdowns, a nationwide curfew was put in place from 6 July to 1 September to maintain political stability. Martial law within the Critical Five remained in effect until 19 July in the same regard. At the same time, {{wp|freedom of speech}} was limited and {{wp|freedom of the press}} became more stringent where stories about the Uprisings had to fit the narrative provided by the government; coupled with these measures were the expulsion of foreign journalists from the country. | On 2 July, the RIQGF carried out a [[Prime Ministerial Military Directive 5|Directive]] from Ngữ to disperse the demonstrators, perceiving them to be an increased threat. From this Sunday until 5 July, the Ground Force applied lethal force to do so, resulting in high casualties estimating to about 3,000 fatalities and 7,500 injured; most originated from the five aforementioned cities deemed the "Critical Five." After the crackdowns, a nationwide curfew was put in place from 6 July to 1 September to maintain political stability. Martial law within the Critical Five remained in effect until 19 July in the same regard. At the same time, {{wp|freedom of speech}} was limited and {{wp|freedom of the press}} became more stringent where stories about the Uprisings had to fit the narrative provided by the government; coupled with these measures were the expulsion of foreign journalists from the country. | ||
The 1973 Uprisings remains the bloodiest civil unrest in Quenmin's history. | The 1973 Uprisings remains the bloodiest civil unrest in Quenmin's history. Ngữ's political career and image was negatively impacted for her actions during and after the crackdowns, and spur events that would lead to her eventual resignation in 1975. Memorials and events were organized to commemorate the first protest and the start of the crackdowns. From the scale and degree of the violence, the international community condemned the government response to the demonstrations, and sanctions and boycotts were applied against the nation, inflicting a negative effect on the economy and prompting massive political and economic reforms in and after 1975. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
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====More demonstrations spring==== | ====More demonstrations spring==== | ||
====1973 Quyền Bính Tông City riot==== | ====Quyền Bính Tông City riot==== | ||
{{main|1973 Quyền Bính Tông City riot}} | |||
====Lairang riot==== | |||
{{main|1973 Lairang riot}} | |||
====Beating of Đặng Minh Giang==== | ====Beating of Đặng Minh Giang==== | ||
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===2-5 July: Crackdowns=== | ===2-5 July: Crackdowns=== | ||
{{quote|''The disorder must cease before it is out of control. Apply force if necessary.''|Prime Ministerial Military Directive | {{quote|''The disorder must cease before it is out of control. Apply force if necessary.''|[[Prime Ministerial Military Directive 5]]}} | ||
===2-3 July: Critical Five=== | ====2-3 July: Critical Five==== | ||
===4-5 July: Outside the Cities=== | ====4-5 July: Outside the Cities==== | ||
==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
Upon hearing of the 2 July crackdowns, Đỗ Kim Ngữ expressed displeasure at the use of lethal force and the high casualties inflicted | Upon hearing of the 2 July crackdowns, Đỗ Kim Ngữ expressed displeasure at the use of lethal force and the high casualties inflicted, although she had ordered for force to be applied if necessary to disperse the protests. Nevertheless, Ngữ and her government tightened control of the domestic press and barred foreign journalists from entering the country. | ||
==Casualties== | ==Casualties== | ||
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===Galvanization of the 1975 Democratic Protests=== | ===Galvanization of the 1975 Democratic Protests=== | ||
{{main|1975 Democratic Protests in | {{main|1975 Democratic Protests in Quenmin}} | ||
The violence from the crackdowns left a lasting | The violence from the crackdowns left a lasting impact upon the pro-democracy protestors. The | ||
===International reactions=== | ===International reactions=== | ||
===Embargos=== | ===Embargos=== | ||
Latest revision as of 00:52, 22 March 2021
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| 1973 Quenmin Uprisings | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Quenminese democracy movement in the 1970s | |||
 A soldier from the 34th Infantry Division in Phí Chiêu Minh Street in Đà Nẵng after the military crackdown, 3 July | |||
| Date | 18 June – 5 July 1973 (2 weeks and 3 days) | ||
| Location | |||
| Caused by | Political corruption, authoritarianism, iliberal democracy, economic recession, inflation, ineffective political and economic reforms, discrimination | ||
| Goals | Ending political corruption, democratization, political and economic reforms, freedom of the press, freedom of speech | ||
| Methods | Demonstration, sit-in, civil disobedience, hunger strike, widespread riots, firefights, looting | ||
| Resulted in |
| ||
| Parties to the civil conflict | |||
| |||
| Lead figures | |||
| |||
| Casualties | |||
| Death(s) | ≈3,000 | ||
| Injuries | ≈7,500 | ||
| Arrested | 13,594 | ||
| Charged | 6,392 | ||
The 1973 Quenmin Uprisings, also known as the ’73 Democracy Movement, the 1973 Riots and the Civil Perturbations of Summer 1973, were a series of demonstrations and later riots that occurred in the cities of Kontin, Đà Nẵng, Bích Nguyệt, Cao Khoát, Quyền Bính Tông City and other smaller towns in Quenmin from 18 June to 5 July 1973. It later became known as Bloody Sunday Massacres to recognize the lethal force applied in areas where significant demonstrations were held on Sunday, 2 July; colloquially, the Uprisings were also called 7/2 Rising, accounting the crackdowns that followed.
The Uprisings were instigated by a demonstration in Kontin that sparked on 14 June to address and confront the embezzlement of university funds by the Kontin Municipal Council. Consequently, more protests sprung out of Đà Nẵng, Bích Nguyệt, Cao Khoát and Quyền Bính Tông City in the span of three days once news from Kontin spread. Other factors that fueled the movement include the ongoing corruption among government officials and Assembly members, ineffective reforms and the current looming economic recession. Overtime, the demonstrations increasingly grew in numbers in the five cities, all of them lead by university students, politicians from the Sự Lệch Lạc parties and disgruntled workers. Goals varied among the demonstrators, although the ones that were pursued among them were ending political corruption, democratization, political and economic reforms, and the promotion of freedom of speech and freedom of the press.
By 22 June, after failures from the government to consistently and willfully heed to their calls, the protesters resorted to sit-ins at public places (e.g., parks, streets, plazas), civil disobedience and hunger strikes, which attracted more participants. On 25 June, the protests escalated into increasingly violent clashes between the protesters and police. Two particular incidents that garnered notice from the government were in Quyền Bính Tông City where Töbedars demonstrators harassed and attacked Biểc businessmen and police, and in Kontin where a beating of police officer by demonstrators and students occurred. Trepidation of political instability and a communist revolution resonated and Đỗ Kim Ngữ, at the behest of Emperor Ngày Mừng and the government, ordered RIQGF commanders of the Capital City High Command and the 5th, 6th, 8th and 10th Military Regions to send units to the cities to restore order alongside the police.
On 2 July, the RIQGF carried out a Directive from Ngữ to disperse the demonstrators, perceiving them to be an increased threat. From this Sunday until 5 July, the Ground Force applied lethal force to do so, resulting in high casualties estimating to about 3,000 fatalities and 7,500 injured; most originated from the five aforementioned cities deemed the "Critical Five." After the crackdowns, a nationwide curfew was put in place from 6 July to 1 September to maintain political stability. Martial law within the Critical Five remained in effect until 19 July in the same regard. At the same time, freedom of speech was limited and freedom of the press became more stringent where stories about the Uprisings had to fit the narrative provided by the government; coupled with these measures were the expulsion of foreign journalists from the country.
The 1973 Uprisings remains the bloodiest civil unrest in Quenmin's history. Ngữ's political career and image was negatively impacted for her actions during and after the crackdowns, and spur events that would lead to her eventual resignation in 1975. Memorials and events were organized to commemorate the first protest and the start of the crackdowns. From the scale and degree of the violence, the international community condemned the government response to the demonstrations, and sanctions and boycotts were applied against the nation, inflicting a negative effect on the economy and prompting massive political and economic reforms in and after 1975.
Background
Timeline
18-21 June: Demonstrations develop
18 June: K.I.T. Student Demonstration
19 June: Quyền Bính Tông City and Đà Nẵng
20 June: Bích Nguyệt
21 June: Cao Khoát
22-27 June: Demonstrations escalate
Sit-ins, civil disobedience and hunger strikes
More demonstrations spring
Quyền Bính Tông City riot
Lairang riot
Beating of Đặng Minh Giang
28 June-1 July: Martial law
2-5 July: Crackdowns
The disorder must cease before it is out of control. Apply force if necessary.
2-3 July: Critical Five
4-5 July: Outside the Cities
Aftermath
Upon hearing of the 2 July crackdowns, Đỗ Kim Ngữ expressed displeasure at the use of lethal force and the high casualties inflicted, although she had ordered for force to be applied if necessary to disperse the protests. Nevertheless, Ngữ and her government tightened control of the domestic press and barred foreign journalists from entering the country.
Casualties
Impact and legacy
Galvanization of the 1975 Democratic Protests
The violence from the crackdowns left a lasting impact upon the pro-democracy protestors. The